UPSC Exam > UPSC Notes > Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly > Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs
Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs | Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download
| Download, print and study this document offline |
Please wait while the PDF view is loading
Page 1
??????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ??? ?????????????
????????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????????
?????:
z ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? (EV) ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????? ‘??????’
(Tesla) ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? 2021 ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????
?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???
z ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? EV ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???
????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? (????- ????, ???????????? ?? ???????? ???) ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????
??? ????? ???
z ??????????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???, ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ????
?????? ??????? ?? ??????????? (???? ??? ????? ?? ?????????) ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??
?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ??, ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??
?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????
????????? ?????? ?? ???:
?????? ??? ??????? ??????? (TERI) ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????, ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????,
??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????, ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????
z ??????? ????????: ‘????? ??? ??????? ???????? (World Air Quality Report), 2019’ ?? ???????, ????? ???????? ?? ??????
??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????????? 30 ????? ??? ?? 21 ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????
????? ??? ????? ???
? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????? (Paris Agreement)
?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????
z ????? ??????: ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????
? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???
? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???
??? ??????????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????
????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????:
z ??????? ???????? ?? ???: ??????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? (?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??
???? ?? ??????) ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???
? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??, ??? ????/???????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??
????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ??????
???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????
z ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????: ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????
????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????-??? (Li-ion) ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???
Page 2
??????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ??? ?????????????
????????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????????
?????:
z ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? (EV) ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????? ‘??????’
(Tesla) ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? 2021 ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????
?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???
z ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? EV ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???
????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? (????- ????, ???????????? ?? ???????? ???) ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????
??? ????? ???
z ??????????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???, ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ????
?????? ??????? ?? ??????????? (???? ??? ????? ?? ?????????) ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??
?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ??, ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??
?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????
????????? ?????? ?? ???:
?????? ??? ??????? ??????? (TERI) ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????, ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????,
??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????, ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????
z ??????? ????????: ‘????? ??? ??????? ???????? (World Air Quality Report), 2019’ ?? ???????, ????? ???????? ?? ??????
??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????????? 30 ????? ??? ?? 21 ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????
????? ??? ????? ???
? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????? (Paris Agreement)
?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????
z ????? ??????: ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????
? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???
? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???
??? ??????????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????
????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????:
z ??????? ???????? ?? ???: ??????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? (?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??
???? ?? ??????) ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???
? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??, ??? ????/???????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??
????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ??????
???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????
z ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????: ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????
????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????-??? (Li-ion) ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???
? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? 65%
?????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? 60% ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???
? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???
? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????
???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ????
z ??? ?? ????????: ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? 10-15% ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??-?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??, ???? ????? ???????
??????????? ?????? ?? ???? 90% ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??
????? ?? ????????? 70% ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???
? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ??????????? ???, ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????
?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???????
z ????????? ?????? ??? ??????: ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????
?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????
? ?? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? 20 ?????? ????? ????? ???, ???? ????????? ????/???????? ????? ??? 2000 ?? ???? ????? ?????
????
? ??? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????
??? ?? ???:
z ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????: ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ?? ???????
?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????
? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????
z ????? ???????? ???????: ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????
????? ??? ????? ???
? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????????
?????, ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???????
z ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????: ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????
???? ?? ????? ???
? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????
??? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???
z ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????: ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??
??????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????, ????????, ?????????? ?? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???
????? ???
z ?????????????: ??????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????
???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ?? ????
??????
z ???????: ???????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ????
??? ?????? ??? ????? ??, ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???
????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? (??????) ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????
???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????/???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????
???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????
Page 3
??????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ??? ?????????????
????????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????????
?????:
z ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? (EV) ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????? ‘??????’
(Tesla) ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? 2021 ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????
?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???
z ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? EV ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???
????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? (????- ????, ???????????? ?? ???????? ???) ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????
??? ????? ???
z ??????????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???, ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ????
?????? ??????? ?? ??????????? (???? ??? ????? ?? ?????????) ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??
?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ??, ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??
?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????
????????? ?????? ?? ???:
?????? ??? ??????? ??????? (TERI) ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????, ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????,
??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????, ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????
z ??????? ????????: ‘????? ??? ??????? ???????? (World Air Quality Report), 2019’ ?? ???????, ????? ???????? ?? ??????
??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????????? 30 ????? ??? ?? 21 ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????
????? ??? ????? ???
? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????? (Paris Agreement)
?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????
z ????? ??????: ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????
? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???
? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???
??? ??????????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????
????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????:
z ??????? ???????? ?? ???: ??????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? (?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??
???? ?? ??????) ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???
? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??, ??? ????/???????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??
????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ??????
???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????
z ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????: ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????
????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????-??? (Li-ion) ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???
? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? 65%
?????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? 60% ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???
? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???
? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????
???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ????
z ??? ?? ????????: ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? 10-15% ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??-?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??, ???? ????? ???????
??????????? ?????? ?? ???? 90% ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??
????? ?? ????????? 70% ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???
? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ??????????? ???, ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????
?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???????
z ????????? ?????? ??? ??????: ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????
?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????
? ?? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? 20 ?????? ????? ????? ???, ???? ????????? ????/???????? ????? ??? 2000 ?? ???? ????? ?????
????
? ??? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????
??? ?? ???:
z ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????: ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ?? ???????
?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????
? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????
z ????? ???????? ???????: ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????
????? ??? ????? ???
? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????????
?????, ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???????
z ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????: ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????
???? ?? ????? ???
? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????
??? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???
z ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????: ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??
??????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????, ????????, ?????????? ?? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???
????? ???
z ?????????????: ??????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????
???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ?? ????
??????
z ???????: ???????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ????
??? ?????? ??? ????? ??, ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???
????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? (??????) ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????
???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????/???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????
???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????
??????? ??????, ???????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????
??????:
z COVID-19 ????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????????????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ??
?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????, ??????????? ???? ???????? ??? ??
?????? ??????, ???????, ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???
z ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???????????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ????????
????? ??? ????? ??, ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ‘???????? ???????, ????????????? ?? ???????? ???? [National Science,
Technology and Innovation Policy (STIP)] 2020’ ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? STIP ??? ????? ??? ???
????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????
????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? STI ????????????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ???
????????? ???? ???
???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????:
z ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????: ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ????-
??-???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????? ???
? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???? ???????????????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????-??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????????
??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????
? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???????-???????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????
z ?? ???, ?? ??????: STIP ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? (??????? ?? ??????) ??
??:???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ???
? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????, ????????, ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???
? ??? ??? ?? ???? ? ????? ?????????????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????????
???? ??? ?????? ???? ???
z ?????? ?? ?????? ??????: ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???
? ????????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????, ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???????????
???????? ??????
? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? (R&D) ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??; ????????? R&D
??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????????? ????? 16% ?? ???
? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????/?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???/????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??
?????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ???
? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ??, ???? ???????-????????? ?? ???????, ??????? ?? ?????????,
???????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???? ?????????-?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????
z ????????? ???? ?? ????????: ?? ???? ????????? ????? ??????????? (Traditional Knowledge Systems-TKS) ??
????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??????, ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ????????
?? ????????? ???? ???
? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??, ??????? ??
?????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????????????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?
z ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????: ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? (Science Technology Innovation
Observatory) ?? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????
Page 4
??????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ??? ?????????????
????????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????????
?????:
z ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? (EV) ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????? ‘??????’
(Tesla) ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? 2021 ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????
?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???
z ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? EV ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???
????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? (????- ????, ???????????? ?? ???????? ???) ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????
??? ????? ???
z ??????????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???, ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ????
?????? ??????? ?? ??????????? (???? ??? ????? ?? ?????????) ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??
?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ??, ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??
?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????
????????? ?????? ?? ???:
?????? ??? ??????? ??????? (TERI) ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????, ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????,
??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????, ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????
z ??????? ????????: ‘????? ??? ??????? ???????? (World Air Quality Report), 2019’ ?? ???????, ????? ???????? ?? ??????
??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????????? 30 ????? ??? ?? 21 ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????
????? ??? ????? ???
? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????? (Paris Agreement)
?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????
z ????? ??????: ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????
? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???
? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???
??? ??????????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????
????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????:
z ??????? ???????? ?? ???: ??????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? (?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??
???? ?? ??????) ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???
? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??, ??? ????/???????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??
????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ??????
???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????
z ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????: ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????
????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????-??? (Li-ion) ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???
? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? 65%
?????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? 60% ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???
? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???
? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????
???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ????
z ??? ?? ????????: ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? 10-15% ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??-?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??, ???? ????? ???????
??????????? ?????? ?? ???? 90% ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??
????? ?? ????????? 70% ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???
? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ??????????? ???, ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????
?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???????
z ????????? ?????? ??? ??????: ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????
?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????
? ?? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? 20 ?????? ????? ????? ???, ???? ????????? ????/???????? ????? ??? 2000 ?? ???? ????? ?????
????
? ??? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????
??? ?? ???:
z ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????: ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ?? ???????
?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????
? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????
z ????? ???????? ???????: ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????
????? ??? ????? ???
? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????????
?????, ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???????
z ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????: ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????
???? ?? ????? ???
? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????
??? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???
z ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????: ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??
??????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????, ????????, ?????????? ?? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???
????? ???
z ?????????????: ??????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????
???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ?? ????
??????
z ???????: ???????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ????
??? ?????? ??? ????? ??, ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???
????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? (??????) ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????
???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????/???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????
???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????
??????? ??????, ???????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????
??????:
z COVID-19 ????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????????????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ??
?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????, ??????????? ???? ???????? ??? ??
?????? ??????, ???????, ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???
z ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???????????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ????????
????? ??? ????? ??, ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ‘???????? ???????, ????????????? ?? ???????? ???? [National Science,
Technology and Innovation Policy (STIP)] 2020’ ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? STIP ??? ????? ??? ???
????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????
????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? STI ????????????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ???
????????? ???? ???
???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????:
z ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????: ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ????-
??-???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????? ???
? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???? ???????????????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????-??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????????
??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????
? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???????-???????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????
z ?? ???, ?? ??????: STIP ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? (??????? ?? ??????) ??
??:???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ???
? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????, ????????, ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???
? ??? ??? ?? ???? ? ????? ?????????????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????????
???? ??? ?????? ???? ???
z ?????? ?? ?????? ??????: ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???
? ????????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????, ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???????????
???????? ??????
? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? (R&D) ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??; ????????? R&D
??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????????? ????? 16% ?? ???
? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????/?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???/????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??
?????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ???
? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ??, ???? ???????-????????? ?? ???????, ??????? ?? ?????????,
???????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???? ?????????-?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????
z ????????? ???? ?? ????????: ?? ???? ????????? ????? ??????????? (Traditional Knowledge Systems-TKS) ??
????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??????, ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ????????
?? ????????? ???? ???
? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??, ??????? ??
?????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????????????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?
z ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????: ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? (Science Technology Innovation
Observatory) ?? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????
? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??
???? ?? ‘?????? ?????? ????’ (STI Development Bank) ?? ???????? ?? ???????
??? ?? ???:
z ??????? ?????: ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ????, ??? ????? ?????-??????? ???????????
??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????
? ????? ??? ????????????????, ??????????, ??????, ??? ???????, ??????? ?????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???, ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????
???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????
? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ???
???????????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????
? ?????????????? (????????) ????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???
z ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????: ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? (Gross Domestic
Expenditure on R&D-GRED) ???? ??? ?????? ?????? (GDP) ??? ????? 0.6% ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????????
?? GERD-GDP ??????? (1.5% ?? 3%) ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???
? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? (R&D) ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ????
?????? ??????? ?????
? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ‘?? ????’ ?? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????
?????? ????????
z ???? ???????????? ??? ????????: ???? ????????????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? 4.0 ???? ?????? ??, ???????? ??????? ??
????????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????
? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ???????????? ???????????????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????
? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ????-?????, ??????, ???????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????
???
z ?????? ????????: ????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ‘???????, ????????????? ?? ???????? ????????’ (STIP
diplomacy) ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????
? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???
????????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????
???????:
???? ?? ????? ??? ???????, ????????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????
50 ????? ?? ????? ??? 48??? ???? (???? 2015 ?? 81??? ????? ??? ????? ??????) ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????
?????????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ???
?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ‘???????, ????????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??????’ ??? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???, ???
????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????-???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????
?????? ??? ???? ????
???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????
????? ??? ?????
???? ?? ??? ????????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? (International Financial Services Centres Authority-
IFSCA) ????????????? ?????????? ????? ????? (IOSCO) ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???
z ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? (SEBI) IOSCO ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???
Page 5
??????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ??? ?????????????
????????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????????
?????:
z ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? (EV) ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????? ‘??????’
(Tesla) ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? 2021 ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????
?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???
z ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? EV ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???
????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? (????- ????, ???????????? ?? ???????? ???) ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????
??? ????? ???
z ??????????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???, ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ????
?????? ??????? ?? ??????????? (???? ??? ????? ?? ?????????) ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??
?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ??, ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??
?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????
????????? ?????? ?? ???:
?????? ??? ??????? ??????? (TERI) ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????, ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????,
??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????, ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????
z ??????? ????????: ‘????? ??? ??????? ???????? (World Air Quality Report), 2019’ ?? ???????, ????? ???????? ?? ??????
??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????????? 30 ????? ??? ?? 21 ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????
????? ??? ????? ???
? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????? (Paris Agreement)
?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????
z ????? ??????: ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????
? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???
? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???
??? ??????????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????
????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????:
z ??????? ???????? ?? ???: ??????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? (?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??
???? ?? ??????) ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???
? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??, ??? ????/???????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??
????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ??????
???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????
z ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????: ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????
????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????-??? (Li-ion) ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???
? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? 65%
?????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? 60% ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???
? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???
? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????
???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ????
z ??? ?? ????????: ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? 10-15% ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??-?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??, ???? ????? ???????
??????????? ?????? ?? ???? 90% ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??
????? ?? ????????? 70% ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???
? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ??????????? ???, ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????
?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???????
z ????????? ?????? ??? ??????: ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????
?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????
? ?? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? 20 ?????? ????? ????? ???, ???? ????????? ????/???????? ????? ??? 2000 ?? ???? ????? ?????
????
? ??? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????
??? ?? ???:
z ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????: ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ?? ???????
?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????
? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????
z ????? ???????? ???????: ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????
????? ??? ????? ???
? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????????
?????, ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???????
z ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????: ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????
???? ?? ????? ???
? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????
??? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???
z ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????: ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??
??????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????, ????????, ?????????? ?? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???
????? ???
z ?????????????: ??????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????
???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ?? ????
??????
z ???????: ???????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ????
??? ?????? ??? ????? ??, ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???
????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? (??????) ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????
???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????/???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????
???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????
??????? ??????, ???????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????
??????:
z COVID-19 ????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????????????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ??
?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????, ??????????? ???? ???????? ??? ??
?????? ??????, ???????, ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???
z ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???????????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ????????
????? ??? ????? ??, ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ‘???????? ???????, ????????????? ?? ???????? ???? [National Science,
Technology and Innovation Policy (STIP)] 2020’ ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? STIP ??? ????? ??? ???
????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????
????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? STI ????????????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ???
????????? ???? ???
???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????:
z ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????: ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ????-
??-???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????? ???
? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???? ???????????????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????-??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????????
??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????
? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???????-???????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????
z ?? ???, ?? ??????: STIP ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? (??????? ?? ??????) ??
??:???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ???
? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????, ????????, ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???
? ??? ??? ?? ???? ? ????? ?????????????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????????
???? ??? ?????? ???? ???
z ?????? ?? ?????? ??????: ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???
? ????????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????, ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???????????
???????? ??????
? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? (R&D) ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??; ????????? R&D
??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????????? ????? 16% ?? ???
? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????/?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???/????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??
?????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ???
? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ??, ???? ???????-????????? ?? ???????, ??????? ?? ?????????,
???????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???? ?????????-?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????
z ????????? ???? ?? ????????: ?? ???? ????????? ????? ??????????? (Traditional Knowledge Systems-TKS) ??
????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??????, ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ????????
?? ????????? ???? ???
? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??, ??????? ??
?????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????????????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?
z ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????: ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? (Science Technology Innovation
Observatory) ?? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????
? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??
???? ?? ‘?????? ?????? ????’ (STI Development Bank) ?? ???????? ?? ???????
??? ?? ???:
z ??????? ?????: ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ????, ??? ????? ?????-??????? ???????????
??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????
? ????? ??? ????????????????, ??????????, ??????, ??? ???????, ??????? ?????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???, ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????
???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????
? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ???
???????????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????
? ?????????????? (????????) ????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???
z ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????: ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? (Gross Domestic
Expenditure on R&D-GRED) ???? ??? ?????? ?????? (GDP) ??? ????? 0.6% ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????????
?? GERD-GDP ??????? (1.5% ?? 3%) ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???
? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? (R&D) ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ????
?????? ??????? ?????
? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ‘?? ????’ ?? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????
?????? ????????
z ???? ???????????? ??? ????????: ???? ????????????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? 4.0 ???? ?????? ??, ???????? ??????? ??
????????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????
? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ???????????? ???????????????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????
? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ????-?????, ??????, ???????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????
???
z ?????? ????????: ????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ‘???????, ????????????? ?? ???????? ????????’ (STIP
diplomacy) ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????
? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???
????????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????
???????:
???? ?? ????? ??? ???????, ????????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????
50 ????? ?? ????? ??? 48??? ???? (???? 2015 ?? 81??? ????? ??? ????? ??????) ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????
?????????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ???
?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ‘???????, ????????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??????’ ??? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???, ???
????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????-???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????
?????? ??? ???? ????
???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????
????? ??? ?????
???? ?? ??? ????????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? (International Financial Services Centres Authority-
IFSCA) ????????????? ?????????? ????? ????? (IOSCO) ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???
z ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? (SEBI) IOSCO ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???
???? ?????:
???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? (IFSCA):
z IFSCA ?? ???????? ?????? 2020 ??? ????????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????, 2019 ?? ??? ?? ?? ???
z ?? IFSC ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???
z ????? ???????? ????????? (???????) ?? ???? ???? (GIFT City) ??? ????? ???
z ?? ????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ????? ????? (IFSC) ??? ??????? ????????, ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????
?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???
z ???? ???????? IFSC ??? ‘?? ?? ????? ??????’ ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??
?? ???
????:
z ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????-???? ????? ????? ???? ???????
??????????? ?? ???? ?? ????????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????
???????????? ????????? ???? ????? (IOSCO):
z ????????: ?????? 1983
z ????????: ???????, ????
? IOSCO ??? ?????? ??????? ?? (IOSCO Asia Pacific Hub) ???????????, ???????? ??? ????? ???
z ?? ????????????? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? IOSCO ???? ?? 95% ?? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???
????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ???
z ?? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? G20 ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? (FSB) ?? ???? ????? ????
????? ???
? ??????? ???????? ?????? (FSB) ?? ????????????? ?????? ??, ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???
z IOSCO ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? FSB ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???
?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???
z IOSCO ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ‘????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????’ (IFRS) ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??, ????? IOSCO
???? ????????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ????????????? ??? ?? (???????) ???????? ???? ?????? ???
? IFRS ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????????????? ????? ????? ?????? (IASB) ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ???????
?? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???
??????:
z ???????? ?? ???????, ??????, ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????????????? ???
?? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????, ??????? ? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ????, ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????
z ?????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????-??????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????
?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?????
z ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????????
????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????
z ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????, ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??
????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????-??????? ???? ?? ?????
Read More
|
2206 docs|810 tests
|
Related Exams
About this Document
|
4.95/5 Rating |
|
Nov 23, 2024 Last updated |
Document Description: Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs for UPSC 2024 is part of Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly preparation.
The notes and questions for Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs have been prepared according to the UPSC exam syllabus. Information about Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs covers topics
like and Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs Example, for UPSC 2024 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, notes, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs.
Introduction of Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs in English is available as part of our Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly
for UPSC & Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs in Hindi for Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly course.
Download more important topics related with notes, lectures and mock test series for UPSC
Exam by signing up for free. UPSC: Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs | Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly
Description
Full syllabus notes, lecture & questions for Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs | Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly - UPSC | Plus excerises question with solution to help you revise complete syllabus for Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly | Best notes, free PDF download
Information about Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs
In this doc you can find the meaning of Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs defined & explained in the simplest way possible. Besides explaining types of
Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs theory, EduRev gives you an ample number of questions to practice Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs tests, examples and also practice UPSC
tests
|
2206 docs|810 tests
|
Download as PDF
|
Explore Courses for UPSC exam
|
|
Signup for Free!
Signup to see your scores go up within 7 days! Learn & Practice with 1000+ FREE Notes, Videos & Tests.
Related Searches
Semester Notes
,MCQs
,Weekly & Monthly
,Weekly & Monthly
,Objective type Questions
,Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs | Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily
,video lectures
,Important questions
,Summary
,Extra Questions
,Previous Year Questions with Solutions
,Free
,study material
,mock tests for examination
,Viva Questions
,Exam
,Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs | Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily
,past year papers
,Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs | Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily
,Weekly & Monthly
,practice quizzes
,Sample Paper
,ppt
,shortcuts and tricks
;
Additional Information about Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs for UPSC Preparation
Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs Free PDF Download
The Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs is an invaluable resource that delves deep into the core of the UPSC exam.
These study notes are curated by experts and cover all the essential topics and concepts, making your preparation more efficient and effective.
With the help of these notes, you can grasp complex subjects quickly, revise important points easily,
and reinforce your understanding of key concepts. The study notes are presented in a concise and easy-to-understand manner,
allowing you to optimize your learning process. Whether you're looking for best-recommended books, sample papers, study material,
or toppers' notes, this PDF has got you covered. Download the Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs now and kickstart your journey towards success in the UPSC exam.
Importance of Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs
The importance of Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs cannot be overstated, especially for UPSC aspirants.
This document holds the key to success in the UPSC exam.
It offers a detailed understanding of the concept, providing invaluable insights into the topic.
By knowing the concepts well in advance, students can plan their preparation effectively.
Utilize this indispensable guide for a well-rounded preparation and achieve your desired results.
Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs Notes
Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs Notes offer in-depth insights into the specific topic to help you master it with ease.
This comprehensive document covers all aspects related to Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs.
It includes detailed information about the exam syllabus, recommended books, and study materials for a well-rounded preparation.
Practice papers and question papers enable you to assess your progress effectively.
Additionally, the paper analysis provides valuable tips for tackling the exam strategically.
Access to Toppers' notes gives you an edge in understanding complex concepts.
Whether you're a beginner or aiming for advanced proficiency, Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs Notes on EduRev are your ultimate resource for success.
Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs UPSC Questions
The "Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs UPSC Questions" guide is a valuable resource for all aspiring students preparing for the
UPSC exam. It focuses on providing a wide range of practice questions to help students gauge
their understanding of the exam topics. These questions cover the entire syllabus, ensuring comprehensive preparation.
The guide includes previous years' question papers for students to familiarize themselves with the exam's format and difficulty level.
Additionally, it offers subject-specific question banks, allowing students to focus on weak areas and improve their performance.
Study Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs on the App
Students of UPSC can study Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs alongwith tests & analysis from the EduRev app,
which will help them while preparing for their exam. Apart from the Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs,
students can also utilize the EduRev App for other study materials such as previous year question papers, syllabus, important questions, etc.
The EduRev App will make your learning easier as you can access it from anywhere you want.
The content of Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs is prepared as per the latest UPSC syllabus.
|
© EduRev
|
Education Revolution
|
Follow Us
|
Signup to see your scores
go up within 7 days!
Access 1000+ FREE Docs, Videos and Tests
Takes less than 10 seconds to signup