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एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: किसान, जमींदार और राज्य | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi) PDF Download

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 Page 1


196
Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
lksygoha&l=kgoha lnh osQ nkSjku ¯gnqLrku esa djhc&djhc 85
I
+
kQhlnh yksx xk¡oksa esa jgrs FksA NksVs [ksfrgj vkSj Hkwfegj laHkzkar nksuksa
gh o`Qf"k mRiknu ls tqMs+ Fks vkSj nksuksa gh i
+
Qly osQ fgLlksa osQ nkosnkj
FksA blls muosQ chp lg;ksx] izfr;ksfxrk vkSj la?k"kZ osQ fj'rs cusA [ksrh
ls tqMs+ bu reke fj'rksa osQ rkus&ckus ls xk¡o dk lekt curk FkkA
blh le; dbZ ckgjh rkdrsa Hkh xzkeh.k nqfu;k esa nkf[ky gqb±A
buesa lcls egÙoiw.kZ eqX
+
ky jkT; Fkk tks viuh vkenuh dk cgqr
cM+k fgLlk o`Qf"k mRiknu ls mxkgrk FkkA jkT; osQ uqekbans & jktLo
fuèkkZfjr djus okys] jktLo olwyh djus okys] fglkc j[kus okys &
xzkeh.k lekt ij dkcw j[kus dh dksf'k'k djrs FksA os rlYyh djuk
pkgrs Fks fd [ksrksa dh tqrkbZ gks vkSj jkT; dks mit ls vius fgLls
dk dj le; ij fey tk,A pw¡fd dbZ I
+
kQlysa fcØh osQ fy, mxkbZ
tkrh Fkha] blfy, O;kikj] eqnzk vkSj ck”kkj Hkh xk¡oksa esa ?kql vk, vkSj
blls [ksrh okys bykosQ 'kgj ls tqM+ x,A
1- fdlku vkSj o`Qf"k mRiknu
[ksfrgj lekt dh cqfu;knh bdkbZ xk¡o Fkh ftlesa fdlku jgrs FksA
fdlku lky Hkj vyx&vyx ekSle esa oks reke dke djrs Fks ftlls
i
+
Qly dh iSnkokj gksrh Fkh & tSls fd ”kehu dh tqrkbZ] cht cksuk
vkSj i
+
Qly idus ij mldh dVkbZA blosQ vykok os mu oLrqvksa osQ
mRiknu esa Hkh 'kjhO+kQ gksrs Fks tks o`Qf"k&vkèkkfjr Fkha tSls fd 'kDdj]
rsy bR;kfnA
ysfdu flI
+
kZQ eSnkuh bykdksa esa cls fdlkuksa dh [ksrh gh xzkeh.k
Hkkjr dh [+kkfl;r ugha FkhA dbZ ,sls {ks=k Hkh Fks & tSls fd lw[kh
”kehu osQ fo'kky fgLlksa ls igkfM+;ksa okys bykosQ & tgk¡ ml rjg dh
[ksrh ugha gks ldrh Fkh tSlh fd ”;knk mitkmQ ”kehuksa ijA blosQ
vykok] Hkw[kaM dk ,d cgqr cM+k fgLlk taxyksa ls f?kjk FkkA tc ge
fp=k 8-1
,d xzkeh.k n`';
l=kgoha 'krkCnh osQ ,d eqX
+
ky fp=k dk
C;ksjk
fdlku] ”kehankj vkSj jkT;
Ñf"k lekt vkSj eqX
+
ky lkezkT;
(yxHkx lksygoha vkSj l=kgoha lnh)
fo"k;
vkB
2018-19
Page 2


196
Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
lksygoha&l=kgoha lnh osQ nkSjku ¯gnqLrku esa djhc&djhc 85
I
+
kQhlnh yksx xk¡oksa esa jgrs FksA NksVs [ksfrgj vkSj Hkwfegj laHkzkar nksuksa
gh o`Qf"k mRiknu ls tqMs+ Fks vkSj nksuksa gh i
+
Qly osQ fgLlksa osQ nkosnkj
FksA blls muosQ chp lg;ksx] izfr;ksfxrk vkSj la?k"kZ osQ fj'rs cusA [ksrh
ls tqMs+ bu reke fj'rksa osQ rkus&ckus ls xk¡o dk lekt curk FkkA
blh le; dbZ ckgjh rkdrsa Hkh xzkeh.k nqfu;k esa nkf[ky gqb±A
buesa lcls egÙoiw.kZ eqX
+
ky jkT; Fkk tks viuh vkenuh dk cgqr
cM+k fgLlk o`Qf"k mRiknu ls mxkgrk FkkA jkT; osQ uqekbans & jktLo
fuèkkZfjr djus okys] jktLo olwyh djus okys] fglkc j[kus okys &
xzkeh.k lekt ij dkcw j[kus dh dksf'k'k djrs FksA os rlYyh djuk
pkgrs Fks fd [ksrksa dh tqrkbZ gks vkSj jkT; dks mit ls vius fgLls
dk dj le; ij fey tk,A pw¡fd dbZ I
+
kQlysa fcØh osQ fy, mxkbZ
tkrh Fkha] blfy, O;kikj] eqnzk vkSj ck”kkj Hkh xk¡oksa esa ?kql vk, vkSj
blls [ksrh okys bykosQ 'kgj ls tqM+ x,A
1- fdlku vkSj o`Qf"k mRiknu
[ksfrgj lekt dh cqfu;knh bdkbZ xk¡o Fkh ftlesa fdlku jgrs FksA
fdlku lky Hkj vyx&vyx ekSle esa oks reke dke djrs Fks ftlls
i
+
Qly dh iSnkokj gksrh Fkh & tSls fd ”kehu dh tqrkbZ] cht cksuk
vkSj i
+
Qly idus ij mldh dVkbZA blosQ vykok os mu oLrqvksa osQ
mRiknu esa Hkh 'kjhO+kQ gksrs Fks tks o`Qf"k&vkèkkfjr Fkha tSls fd 'kDdj]
rsy bR;kfnA
ysfdu flI
+
kZQ eSnkuh bykdksa esa cls fdlkuksa dh [ksrh gh xzkeh.k
Hkkjr dh [+kkfl;r ugha FkhA dbZ ,sls {ks=k Hkh Fks & tSls fd lw[kh
”kehu osQ fo'kky fgLlksa ls igkfM+;ksa okys bykosQ & tgk¡ ml rjg dh
[ksrh ugha gks ldrh Fkh tSlh fd ”;knk mitkmQ ”kehuksa ijA blosQ
vykok] Hkw[kaM dk ,d cgqr cM+k fgLlk taxyksa ls f?kjk FkkA tc ge
fp=k 8-1
,d xzkeh.k n`';
l=kgoha 'krkCnh osQ ,d eqX
+
ky fp=k dk
C;ksjk
fdlku] ”kehankj vkSj jkT;
Ñf"k lekt vkSj eqX
+
ky lkezkT;
(yxHkx lksygoha vkSj l=kgoha lnh)
fo"k;
vkB
2018-19
197
fdlku] ”kehankj vkSj jkT;
o`Qf"k lekt dh ckr djrs gSa rc gesa bu HkkSxksfyd fofoèkrkvksa dk
[+;ky j[kuk pkfg,A
1-1 Ïksrksa dh ryk'k
pw¡fd fdlku vius ckjs eas [kqn ugha fy[kk djrs Fks blfy, xzkeh.k
lekt osQ fØ;kdykiksa dh tkudkjh gesa mu yksxksa ls ugha feyrh tks
[ksrksa esa dke djrs FksA urhtru] lksygoha vkSj l=kgoha lfn;ksa osQ
o`Qf"k bfrgkl dks le>us osQ fy, gekjs eq[; Ïksr os ,sfrgkfld xzaFk
o nLrkos”k gSa tks eqX+ky njckj dh fuxjkuh esa fy[ks x, Fks (nsf[k,
vè;k; 9)A
lcls egÙoiw.kZ ,sfrgkfld xzaFkksa esa ,d Fkk vkbu&,&vdcjh (la{ksi
esa vkbu] nsf[k, vuqHkkx 8) ftls vdcj osQ njckjh bfrgkldkj
vcqy i
+
Q”y us fy[kk FkkA [ksrksa oQh fu;fer tqrkbZ dh rlYyh djus
osQ fy,] jkT; osQ uqekbanksa }kjk djksa dh mxkghs osQ fy, vkSj jkT; o
xzkeh.k lÙkkiks'kkas ;kuh fd ”kehankjksa osQ chp osQ fj'rksa osQ fu;eu osQ
fy,  tks bar”kke jkT; us fd, Fks] mldk ys[kk&tks[kk bl xazFk esa cM+h
lkoèkkuh ls is'k fd;k x;k gSA
vkbu dk eq[; mís'; vdcj osQ lezkT; dk ,d ,slk [kkdk is'k
djuk Fkk tgk¡ ,d e”kcwr lÙkkèkkjh oxZ lkekftd esy&tksy cuk dj
j[krk FkkA vkbu osQ ys[kd osQ eqrkfcd] eqX+ky jkT; osQ f[kykI+kQ dksbZ
cxkor ;k fdlh Hkh fdLe dh Lok;Ùk lÙkk dh nkosnkjh dk vliQy
gksuk igys gh r; FkkA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] fdlkuksa osQ ckjs esa tks oqQN gesa
vkbu ls irk pyrk gS og lÙkk osQ mQ¡ps xfy;kjksa dk u”kfj;k gSA
[kq'kfdLerh ls vkbu dh tkudkjh osQ lkFk&lkFk ge mu Ïksrksa dk
Hkh bLrseky dj ldrs gSa tks eqX+kyksa dh jktèkkuh ls nwj osQ bykdksa esa
fy[ks x, FksA buesa l=kgoha o vBkjgoha lfn;ksa osQ xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª
vkSj jktLFkku ls feyus okys os nLrkos”k 'kkfey gSa tks ljdkj dh
vkenuh dh foLr`r tkudkjh nsrs gSaA blosQ vykok] bZLV bafM;k daiuh
osQ cgqr lkjs nLrkos”k Hkh gSa tks iwohZ Hkkjr esa o`Qf"k&lacaèkksa dk mi;ksxh
[kkdk is'k djrs gSaA ;s lHkh Ïksr fdlkuksa] ”kehankjksa vkSj jkT; osQ chp
rus >xM+kssa dks ntZ djrs gSaA yxs gkFk] ;s Ïksr ;g le>us esa gekjh
enn djrs gSa fd fdlku jkT; dks fdl u”kfj;s ls ns[krs Fks vkSj jkT;
ls mUgsaa oSQls U;k; dh mEehn FkhA
1-2 fdlku vkSj mudh ”kehu
eqX+ky dky osQ Hkkjrh;&i
+
Qkjlh Ïksr fdlku osQ fy, vkerkSj ij jS;r
(cgqopu] fjvk;k) ;k eq”kfj;ku 'kCn dk bLrseky djrs FksA lkFk gh]
gesa fdlku ;k vklkeh tSls 'kCn Hkh feyrs gSaA l=kgoha lnh osQ Ïksr
2018-19
Page 3


196
Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
lksygoha&l=kgoha lnh osQ nkSjku ¯gnqLrku esa djhc&djhc 85
I
+
kQhlnh yksx xk¡oksa esa jgrs FksA NksVs [ksfrgj vkSj Hkwfegj laHkzkar nksuksa
gh o`Qf"k mRiknu ls tqMs+ Fks vkSj nksuksa gh i
+
Qly osQ fgLlksa osQ nkosnkj
FksA blls muosQ chp lg;ksx] izfr;ksfxrk vkSj la?k"kZ osQ fj'rs cusA [ksrh
ls tqMs+ bu reke fj'rksa osQ rkus&ckus ls xk¡o dk lekt curk FkkA
blh le; dbZ ckgjh rkdrsa Hkh xzkeh.k nqfu;k esa nkf[ky gqb±A
buesa lcls egÙoiw.kZ eqX
+
ky jkT; Fkk tks viuh vkenuh dk cgqr
cM+k fgLlk o`Qf"k mRiknu ls mxkgrk FkkA jkT; osQ uqekbans & jktLo
fuèkkZfjr djus okys] jktLo olwyh djus okys] fglkc j[kus okys &
xzkeh.k lekt ij dkcw j[kus dh dksf'k'k djrs FksA os rlYyh djuk
pkgrs Fks fd [ksrksa dh tqrkbZ gks vkSj jkT; dks mit ls vius fgLls
dk dj le; ij fey tk,A pw¡fd dbZ I
+
kQlysa fcØh osQ fy, mxkbZ
tkrh Fkha] blfy, O;kikj] eqnzk vkSj ck”kkj Hkh xk¡oksa esa ?kql vk, vkSj
blls [ksrh okys bykosQ 'kgj ls tqM+ x,A
1- fdlku vkSj o`Qf"k mRiknu
[ksfrgj lekt dh cqfu;knh bdkbZ xk¡o Fkh ftlesa fdlku jgrs FksA
fdlku lky Hkj vyx&vyx ekSle esa oks reke dke djrs Fks ftlls
i
+
Qly dh iSnkokj gksrh Fkh & tSls fd ”kehu dh tqrkbZ] cht cksuk
vkSj i
+
Qly idus ij mldh dVkbZA blosQ vykok os mu oLrqvksa osQ
mRiknu esa Hkh 'kjhO+kQ gksrs Fks tks o`Qf"k&vkèkkfjr Fkha tSls fd 'kDdj]
rsy bR;kfnA
ysfdu flI
+
kZQ eSnkuh bykdksa esa cls fdlkuksa dh [ksrh gh xzkeh.k
Hkkjr dh [+kkfl;r ugha FkhA dbZ ,sls {ks=k Hkh Fks & tSls fd lw[kh
”kehu osQ fo'kky fgLlksa ls igkfM+;ksa okys bykosQ & tgk¡ ml rjg dh
[ksrh ugha gks ldrh Fkh tSlh fd ”;knk mitkmQ ”kehuksa ijA blosQ
vykok] Hkw[kaM dk ,d cgqr cM+k fgLlk taxyksa ls f?kjk FkkA tc ge
fp=k 8-1
,d xzkeh.k n`';
l=kgoha 'krkCnh osQ ,d eqX
+
ky fp=k dk
C;ksjk
fdlku] ”kehankj vkSj jkT;
Ñf"k lekt vkSj eqX
+
ky lkezkT;
(yxHkx lksygoha vkSj l=kgoha lnh)
fo"k;
vkB
2018-19
197
fdlku] ”kehankj vkSj jkT;
o`Qf"k lekt dh ckr djrs gSa rc gesa bu HkkSxksfyd fofoèkrkvksa dk
[+;ky j[kuk pkfg,A
1-1 Ïksrksa dh ryk'k
pw¡fd fdlku vius ckjs eas [kqn ugha fy[kk djrs Fks blfy, xzkeh.k
lekt osQ fØ;kdykiksa dh tkudkjh gesa mu yksxksa ls ugha feyrh tks
[ksrksa esa dke djrs FksA urhtru] lksygoha vkSj l=kgoha lfn;ksa osQ
o`Qf"k bfrgkl dks le>us osQ fy, gekjs eq[; Ïksr os ,sfrgkfld xzaFk
o nLrkos”k gSa tks eqX+ky njckj dh fuxjkuh esa fy[ks x, Fks (nsf[k,
vè;k; 9)A
lcls egÙoiw.kZ ,sfrgkfld xzaFkksa esa ,d Fkk vkbu&,&vdcjh (la{ksi
esa vkbu] nsf[k, vuqHkkx 8) ftls vdcj osQ njckjh bfrgkldkj
vcqy i
+
Q”y us fy[kk FkkA [ksrksa oQh fu;fer tqrkbZ dh rlYyh djus
osQ fy,] jkT; osQ uqekbanksa }kjk djksa dh mxkghs osQ fy, vkSj jkT; o
xzkeh.k lÙkkiks'kkas ;kuh fd ”kehankjksa osQ chp osQ fj'rksa osQ fu;eu osQ
fy,  tks bar”kke jkT; us fd, Fks] mldk ys[kk&tks[kk bl xazFk esa cM+h
lkoèkkuh ls is'k fd;k x;k gSA
vkbu dk eq[; mís'; vdcj osQ lezkT; dk ,d ,slk [kkdk is'k
djuk Fkk tgk¡ ,d e”kcwr lÙkkèkkjh oxZ lkekftd esy&tksy cuk dj
j[krk FkkA vkbu osQ ys[kd osQ eqrkfcd] eqX+ky jkT; osQ f[kykI+kQ dksbZ
cxkor ;k fdlh Hkh fdLe dh Lok;Ùk lÙkk dh nkosnkjh dk vliQy
gksuk igys gh r; FkkA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] fdlkuksa osQ ckjs esa tks oqQN gesa
vkbu ls irk pyrk gS og lÙkk osQ mQ¡ps xfy;kjksa dk u”kfj;k gSA
[kq'kfdLerh ls vkbu dh tkudkjh osQ lkFk&lkFk ge mu Ïksrksa dk
Hkh bLrseky dj ldrs gSa tks eqX+kyksa dh jktèkkuh ls nwj osQ bykdksa esa
fy[ks x, FksA buesa l=kgoha o vBkjgoha lfn;ksa osQ xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª
vkSj jktLFkku ls feyus okys os nLrkos”k 'kkfey gSa tks ljdkj dh
vkenuh dh foLr`r tkudkjh nsrs gSaA blosQ vykok] bZLV bafM;k daiuh
osQ cgqr lkjs nLrkos”k Hkh gSa tks iwohZ Hkkjr esa o`Qf"k&lacaèkksa dk mi;ksxh
[kkdk is'k djrs gSaA ;s lHkh Ïksr fdlkuksa] ”kehankjksa vkSj jkT; osQ chp
rus >xM+kssa dks ntZ djrs gSaA yxs gkFk] ;s Ïksr ;g le>us esa gekjh
enn djrs gSa fd fdlku jkT; dks fdl u”kfj;s ls ns[krs Fks vkSj jkT;
ls mUgsaa oSQls U;k; dh mEehn FkhA
1-2 fdlku vkSj mudh ”kehu
eqX+ky dky osQ Hkkjrh;&i
+
Qkjlh Ïksr fdlku osQ fy, vkerkSj ij jS;r
(cgqopu] fjvk;k) ;k eq”kfj;ku 'kCn dk bLrseky djrs FksA lkFk gh]
gesa fdlku ;k vklkeh tSls 'kCn Hkh feyrs gSaA l=kgoha lnh osQ Ïksr
2018-19
198
Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
nks fdLe osQ fdlkuksa dh ppkZ djrs gSa & [kqn&dk'r o ikfg&dk'rA
igys fdLe osQ fdlku os Fks tks mUgha xk¡oksa esa jgrs Fks ftuesa mudh
”kehu FkhaA nwljs (ikfg&dk'r) os [ksfrgj Fks tks nwljs xk¡oksa ls BsosQ ij
[ksrh djus vkrs FksA yksx viuh e”khZ ls Hkh ikfg&dk'r curs Fks
(elyu] vxj djksa dh 'krs± fdlh nwljs xk¡o esa csgrj feysa)
vkSj etcwju Hkh (elyu] vdky ;k Hkq[kejh osQ ckn vk£Fkd
ijs'kkuh ls)A
mÙkj Hkkjr osQ ,d vkSlr fdlku osQ ikl 'kk;n gh dHkh ,d
tksM+h cSy vkSj nks gy ls ”;knk oqQN gksrk Fkk_ ”;knkrj osQ ikl blls
Hkh deA xqtjkr esa ftu fdlkuksa osQ ikl 6 ,dM+ osQ djhc ”kehu Fkh
os le`¼ ekus tkrs Fks_ nwljh rjI
+
kQ] caxky esa ,d vkSlr fdlku oQh
”kehu dh mQijh lhek 5 ,dM+ Fkh_ 10 ,dM+ ”kehu okys vklkeh dks
vehj le>k tkrk FkkA [ksrh O;fDRkxr fefYd;r osQ fl¼kar ij
vkèkkfjr FkhA fdlkuksa dh ”kehu mlh rjg [kjhnh vkSj csph tkrh Fkh
tSls nwljs laifÙk ekfydksa dhA
mUuhloha lnh osQ fnYyh&vkxjk bykosQ esa fdlkuksa dh fefYd;r
dk ;g fooj.k l=kgoha lnh ij Hkh mruk gh ykxw gksrk gS%
gy tksrus okys [ksfrgj fdlku gj ”kehu dh gnksa ij feV~Vh]
b±V vkSj dk¡Vksa ls igpku osQ fy, fu'kku yxkrs gSa] vkSj ”kehu
osQ ,sls g”kkjksa VqdMs+ fdlh Hkh xk¡o esa ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA
1-3 flapkbZ vkSj rduhd
”kehu dh cgqrk;r] etnwjksa dh ekStwnxh] vkSj fdlkuksa dh xfr'khyrk
dh otg ls o`Qf"k dk yxkrkj foLrkj gqvkA p¡wfd [ksrh dk izkFkfed
mís'; yksxksa dk isV Hkjuk Fkk] blfy, jks”kejkZ osQ [kkus dh t:jrsa tSls
pkoy] xsgw¡] Tokj bR;kfn I
+
kQlysa lcls ”;knk mxkbZ tkrh FkhaA ftu
bykdksa esa izfr o"kZ 40 bap ;k mlls ”;knk ckfj'k gksrh Fkh] ogk¡
dekscs'k pkoy dh [ksrh gksrh FkhA de vkSj derj ckfj'k okys
bykdksa esa Øe'k% xsgw¡ o Tokj&cktjs dh [ksrh ”;knk izpfyr FkhA
ekulwu Hkkjrh; o`Qf"k dh jh<+ Fkk] tSlk fd vkt Hkh gSA ysfdu
oqQN ,slh I
+
kQlysa Hkh Fkha ftuosQ fy, vfrfjDr ikuh dh ”k:jr FkhA
buosQ fy, ¯lpkbZ osQ o`Qf=ke mik; cukus iM+sA
fdlku cfLr;ksa dk cluk&mtM+uk
;g ¯gnqLrkuh o`Qf"k lekt dh ,d
[+kkfl;r Fkh vkSj bl [+kkfl;r us eqX+ky
'kkld ckcj dh rs”k fuxkgksa dks bruk
pkSadk;k fd mlus bls vius laLej.k
ckcjukek esa uksV fd;k%
¯gnqLrku esa cfLr;k¡ vkSj xk¡o] njvly
'kgj osQ 'kgj] ,d yegs esa gh ohjku
Hkh gks tkrs gSa vkSj cl Hkh tkrs gSaA o"kks±
ls vkckn fdlh cMs+ 'kgj osQ ck¯'kns mls
NksM+dj pys tkrs gSa] rks os ;s dke oqQN
bl rjg djrs gSa fd Ms<+ fnuksa osQ vanj
mudk gj ukeksfu'kku (ogk¡ ls) feV
tkrk gSA nwljh vksj] vxj os fdlh
txg ij cluk pkgrs gSa rks mUgsa ikuh
osQ jkLrs [kksnus dh ”k:jr ugha gksrh
D;ksafd muoQh lkjh i
+
Qlysa ckfj'k osQ
ikuh esa mxrh gSa] vkSj pw¡fd ¯gnqLrku
dh vkcknh cs'kqekj gS] yksx meM+rs pys
vkrs gSaA os ,d ljksoj ;k oqQvk¡ cuk
ysrs gSa_ mUgsa ?kj cukus ;k nhokj [kM+h
djus dh Hkh ”k:jr ugha gksrh--- [kl
oQh ?kkl cgqrk;kr esa ikbZ tkrh gSa]
taxy vikj gSa] >ksaifM+;k¡ cukbZ tkrh gSa]
vkSj ;dk;d ,d xk¡o ;k 'kgj [kM+k gks
tkrk gS!
Ïksr 1
? ? o`Qf"k thou osQ mu igyqvksa dk
fooj.k nhft, tks ckcj dks mÙkj
Hkkjr osQ bykosQ dh [+kkfl;r yxhA
2018-19
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Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
lksygoha&l=kgoha lnh osQ nkSjku ¯gnqLrku esa djhc&djhc 85
I
+
kQhlnh yksx xk¡oksa esa jgrs FksA NksVs [ksfrgj vkSj Hkwfegj laHkzkar nksuksa
gh o`Qf"k mRiknu ls tqMs+ Fks vkSj nksuksa gh i
+
Qly osQ fgLlksa osQ nkosnkj
FksA blls muosQ chp lg;ksx] izfr;ksfxrk vkSj la?k"kZ osQ fj'rs cusA [ksrh
ls tqMs+ bu reke fj'rksa osQ rkus&ckus ls xk¡o dk lekt curk FkkA
blh le; dbZ ckgjh rkdrsa Hkh xzkeh.k nqfu;k esa nkf[ky gqb±A
buesa lcls egÙoiw.kZ eqX
+
ky jkT; Fkk tks viuh vkenuh dk cgqr
cM+k fgLlk o`Qf"k mRiknu ls mxkgrk FkkA jkT; osQ uqekbans & jktLo
fuèkkZfjr djus okys] jktLo olwyh djus okys] fglkc j[kus okys &
xzkeh.k lekt ij dkcw j[kus dh dksf'k'k djrs FksA os rlYyh djuk
pkgrs Fks fd [ksrksa dh tqrkbZ gks vkSj jkT; dks mit ls vius fgLls
dk dj le; ij fey tk,A pw¡fd dbZ I
+
kQlysa fcØh osQ fy, mxkbZ
tkrh Fkha] blfy, O;kikj] eqnzk vkSj ck”kkj Hkh xk¡oksa esa ?kql vk, vkSj
blls [ksrh okys bykosQ 'kgj ls tqM+ x,A
1- fdlku vkSj o`Qf"k mRiknu
[ksfrgj lekt dh cqfu;knh bdkbZ xk¡o Fkh ftlesa fdlku jgrs FksA
fdlku lky Hkj vyx&vyx ekSle esa oks reke dke djrs Fks ftlls
i
+
Qly dh iSnkokj gksrh Fkh & tSls fd ”kehu dh tqrkbZ] cht cksuk
vkSj i
+
Qly idus ij mldh dVkbZA blosQ vykok os mu oLrqvksa osQ
mRiknu esa Hkh 'kjhO+kQ gksrs Fks tks o`Qf"k&vkèkkfjr Fkha tSls fd 'kDdj]
rsy bR;kfnA
ysfdu flI
+
kZQ eSnkuh bykdksa esa cls fdlkuksa dh [ksrh gh xzkeh.k
Hkkjr dh [+kkfl;r ugha FkhA dbZ ,sls {ks=k Hkh Fks & tSls fd lw[kh
”kehu osQ fo'kky fgLlksa ls igkfM+;ksa okys bykosQ & tgk¡ ml rjg dh
[ksrh ugha gks ldrh Fkh tSlh fd ”;knk mitkmQ ”kehuksa ijA blosQ
vykok] Hkw[kaM dk ,d cgqr cM+k fgLlk taxyksa ls f?kjk FkkA tc ge
fp=k 8-1
,d xzkeh.k n`';
l=kgoha 'krkCnh osQ ,d eqX
+
ky fp=k dk
C;ksjk
fdlku] ”kehankj vkSj jkT;
Ñf"k lekt vkSj eqX
+
ky lkezkT;
(yxHkx lksygoha vkSj l=kgoha lnh)
fo"k;
vkB
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fdlku] ”kehankj vkSj jkT;
o`Qf"k lekt dh ckr djrs gSa rc gesa bu HkkSxksfyd fofoèkrkvksa dk
[+;ky j[kuk pkfg,A
1-1 Ïksrksa dh ryk'k
pw¡fd fdlku vius ckjs eas [kqn ugha fy[kk djrs Fks blfy, xzkeh.k
lekt osQ fØ;kdykiksa dh tkudkjh gesa mu yksxksa ls ugha feyrh tks
[ksrksa esa dke djrs FksA urhtru] lksygoha vkSj l=kgoha lfn;ksa osQ
o`Qf"k bfrgkl dks le>us osQ fy, gekjs eq[; Ïksr os ,sfrgkfld xzaFk
o nLrkos”k gSa tks eqX+ky njckj dh fuxjkuh esa fy[ks x, Fks (nsf[k,
vè;k; 9)A
lcls egÙoiw.kZ ,sfrgkfld xzaFkksa esa ,d Fkk vkbu&,&vdcjh (la{ksi
esa vkbu] nsf[k, vuqHkkx 8) ftls vdcj osQ njckjh bfrgkldkj
vcqy i
+
Q”y us fy[kk FkkA [ksrksa oQh fu;fer tqrkbZ dh rlYyh djus
osQ fy,] jkT; osQ uqekbanksa }kjk djksa dh mxkghs osQ fy, vkSj jkT; o
xzkeh.k lÙkkiks'kkas ;kuh fd ”kehankjksa osQ chp osQ fj'rksa osQ fu;eu osQ
fy,  tks bar”kke jkT; us fd, Fks] mldk ys[kk&tks[kk bl xazFk esa cM+h
lkoèkkuh ls is'k fd;k x;k gSA
vkbu dk eq[; mís'; vdcj osQ lezkT; dk ,d ,slk [kkdk is'k
djuk Fkk tgk¡ ,d e”kcwr lÙkkèkkjh oxZ lkekftd esy&tksy cuk dj
j[krk FkkA vkbu osQ ys[kd osQ eqrkfcd] eqX+ky jkT; osQ f[kykI+kQ dksbZ
cxkor ;k fdlh Hkh fdLe dh Lok;Ùk lÙkk dh nkosnkjh dk vliQy
gksuk igys gh r; FkkA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] fdlkuksa osQ ckjs esa tks oqQN gesa
vkbu ls irk pyrk gS og lÙkk osQ mQ¡ps xfy;kjksa dk u”kfj;k gSA
[kq'kfdLerh ls vkbu dh tkudkjh osQ lkFk&lkFk ge mu Ïksrksa dk
Hkh bLrseky dj ldrs gSa tks eqX+kyksa dh jktèkkuh ls nwj osQ bykdksa esa
fy[ks x, FksA buesa l=kgoha o vBkjgoha lfn;ksa osQ xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª
vkSj jktLFkku ls feyus okys os nLrkos”k 'kkfey gSa tks ljdkj dh
vkenuh dh foLr`r tkudkjh nsrs gSaA blosQ vykok] bZLV bafM;k daiuh
osQ cgqr lkjs nLrkos”k Hkh gSa tks iwohZ Hkkjr esa o`Qf"k&lacaèkksa dk mi;ksxh
[kkdk is'k djrs gSaA ;s lHkh Ïksr fdlkuksa] ”kehankjksa vkSj jkT; osQ chp
rus >xM+kssa dks ntZ djrs gSaA yxs gkFk] ;s Ïksr ;g le>us esa gekjh
enn djrs gSa fd fdlku jkT; dks fdl u”kfj;s ls ns[krs Fks vkSj jkT;
ls mUgsaa oSQls U;k; dh mEehn FkhA
1-2 fdlku vkSj mudh ”kehu
eqX+ky dky osQ Hkkjrh;&i
+
Qkjlh Ïksr fdlku osQ fy, vkerkSj ij jS;r
(cgqopu] fjvk;k) ;k eq”kfj;ku 'kCn dk bLrseky djrs FksA lkFk gh]
gesa fdlku ;k vklkeh tSls 'kCn Hkh feyrs gSaA l=kgoha lnh osQ Ïksr
2018-19
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Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
nks fdLe osQ fdlkuksa dh ppkZ djrs gSa & [kqn&dk'r o ikfg&dk'rA
igys fdLe osQ fdlku os Fks tks mUgha xk¡oksa esa jgrs Fks ftuesa mudh
”kehu FkhaA nwljs (ikfg&dk'r) os [ksfrgj Fks tks nwljs xk¡oksa ls BsosQ ij
[ksrh djus vkrs FksA yksx viuh e”khZ ls Hkh ikfg&dk'r curs Fks
(elyu] vxj djksa dh 'krs± fdlh nwljs xk¡o esa csgrj feysa)
vkSj etcwju Hkh (elyu] vdky ;k Hkq[kejh osQ ckn vk£Fkd
ijs'kkuh ls)A
mÙkj Hkkjr osQ ,d vkSlr fdlku osQ ikl 'kk;n gh dHkh ,d
tksM+h cSy vkSj nks gy ls ”;knk oqQN gksrk Fkk_ ”;knkrj osQ ikl blls
Hkh deA xqtjkr esa ftu fdlkuksa osQ ikl 6 ,dM+ osQ djhc ”kehu Fkh
os le`¼ ekus tkrs Fks_ nwljh rjI
+
kQ] caxky esa ,d vkSlr fdlku oQh
”kehu dh mQijh lhek 5 ,dM+ Fkh_ 10 ,dM+ ”kehu okys vklkeh dks
vehj le>k tkrk FkkA [ksrh O;fDRkxr fefYd;r osQ fl¼kar ij
vkèkkfjr FkhA fdlkuksa dh ”kehu mlh rjg [kjhnh vkSj csph tkrh Fkh
tSls nwljs laifÙk ekfydksa dhA
mUuhloha lnh osQ fnYyh&vkxjk bykosQ esa fdlkuksa dh fefYd;r
dk ;g fooj.k l=kgoha lnh ij Hkh mruk gh ykxw gksrk gS%
gy tksrus okys [ksfrgj fdlku gj ”kehu dh gnksa ij feV~Vh]
b±V vkSj dk¡Vksa ls igpku osQ fy, fu'kku yxkrs gSa] vkSj ”kehu
osQ ,sls g”kkjksa VqdMs+ fdlh Hkh xk¡o esa ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA
1-3 flapkbZ vkSj rduhd
”kehu dh cgqrk;r] etnwjksa dh ekStwnxh] vkSj fdlkuksa dh xfr'khyrk
dh otg ls o`Qf"k dk yxkrkj foLrkj gqvkA p¡wfd [ksrh dk izkFkfed
mís'; yksxksa dk isV Hkjuk Fkk] blfy, jks”kejkZ osQ [kkus dh t:jrsa tSls
pkoy] xsgw¡] Tokj bR;kfn I
+
kQlysa lcls ”;knk mxkbZ tkrh FkhaA ftu
bykdksa esa izfr o"kZ 40 bap ;k mlls ”;knk ckfj'k gksrh Fkh] ogk¡
dekscs'k pkoy dh [ksrh gksrh FkhA de vkSj derj ckfj'k okys
bykdksa esa Øe'k% xsgw¡ o Tokj&cktjs dh [ksrh ”;knk izpfyr FkhA
ekulwu Hkkjrh; o`Qf"k dh jh<+ Fkk] tSlk fd vkt Hkh gSA ysfdu
oqQN ,slh I
+
kQlysa Hkh Fkha ftuosQ fy, vfrfjDr ikuh dh ”k:jr FkhA
buosQ fy, ¯lpkbZ osQ o`Qf=ke mik; cukus iM+sA
fdlku cfLr;ksa dk cluk&mtM+uk
;g ¯gnqLrkuh o`Qf"k lekt dh ,d
[+kkfl;r Fkh vkSj bl [+kkfl;r us eqX+ky
'kkld ckcj dh rs”k fuxkgksa dks bruk
pkSadk;k fd mlus bls vius laLej.k
ckcjukek esa uksV fd;k%
¯gnqLrku esa cfLr;k¡ vkSj xk¡o] njvly
'kgj osQ 'kgj] ,d yegs esa gh ohjku
Hkh gks tkrs gSa vkSj cl Hkh tkrs gSaA o"kks±
ls vkckn fdlh cMs+ 'kgj osQ ck¯'kns mls
NksM+dj pys tkrs gSa] rks os ;s dke oqQN
bl rjg djrs gSa fd Ms<+ fnuksa osQ vanj
mudk gj ukeksfu'kku (ogk¡ ls) feV
tkrk gSA nwljh vksj] vxj os fdlh
txg ij cluk pkgrs gSa rks mUgsa ikuh
osQ jkLrs [kksnus dh ”k:jr ugha gksrh
D;ksafd muoQh lkjh i
+
Qlysa ckfj'k osQ
ikuh esa mxrh gSa] vkSj pw¡fd ¯gnqLrku
dh vkcknh cs'kqekj gS] yksx meM+rs pys
vkrs gSaA os ,d ljksoj ;k oqQvk¡ cuk
ysrs gSa_ mUgsa ?kj cukus ;k nhokj [kM+h
djus dh Hkh ”k:jr ugha gksrh--- [kl
oQh ?kkl cgqrk;kr esa ikbZ tkrh gSa]
taxy vikj gSa] >ksaifM+;k¡ cukbZ tkrh gSa]
vkSj ;dk;d ,d xk¡o ;k 'kgj [kM+k gks
tkrk gS!
Ïksr 1
? ? o`Qf"k thou osQ mu igyqvksa dk
fooj.k nhft, tks ckcj dks mÙkj
Hkkjr osQ bykosQ dh [+kkfl;r yxhA
2018-19
199
fdlku] ”kehankj vkSj jkT;
isM+ksa vkSj [ksrksa dh ¯lpkbZ
;g ckcjukek ls fy;k x;k ,d va'k gS tks ¯lpkbZ osQ mu midj.kksa osQ ckjs esa
crkrk gS tks bl ckn'kkg us mÙkj Hkkjr esa ns[ks%
¯gnqLrku osQ eqYd dk ”;knkrj fgLlk eSnkuh ”kehu ij clk gqvk gSA gkykafd ;gk¡
'kgj vkSj [ksrh yk;d ”kehu dh cgqrk;r gS] ysfdu dgha Hkh cgrs ikuh (dk
bar”kke) ugha--- os blfy,--- fd i
+
Qly mxkus ;k ckxkuksa osQ fy, ikuh dh fcyoqQy
”k:jr ugha gSA 'kjn ½rq oQh i
+
Qlysa ckfj'k osQ ikuh ls gh iSnk gks tkrh gSa_ vkSj
;s gSjkuxh dh ckr gS fd clar ½rq oQh i
+
Qlysa rks rc Hkh iSnk gks tkrh gSa tc ckfj'k
fcyoqQy gh ugha gksrhA (fiQj Hkh) NksVs isM+ksa rd ckyfV;ksa ;k jgV osQ ”kfj;s ikuh
igq¡pk;k tkrk gS---
ykgkSj] nhikyiqj (nksuksa gh vkt osQ ikfdLrku esa) vkSj ,slh nwljh txgksa ij yksx
jgV osQ ”kfj;s ¯lpkbZ djrs gSaA os jLlh osQ nks xksykdkj I+kQans cukrs gSa tks oqQ,¡ dh
xgjkbZ osQ eqrkfcd yacs gksrs gSaA bu i
+
Qanksa esa FkksM+h&FkksM+h nwjh ij os ydM+h osQ xqVosQ
yxkrs gSa vkSj bu xqVdksa ij ?kMs+ ck¡èk nsrs gSaA ydM+h osQ xqVdksa vkSj ?kM+ksaa ls c¡èkh
bu jfLl;ksa dks oqQ,¡ osQ mQij ifg;ksa ls yVdk;k tkrk gSA ifg;s dh èkqjh ij ,d
vkSj ifg;kA bl vafre ifg;s dks cSy osQ ”kfj;s ?kqek;k tkrk gS_ bl ifg;s osQ nk¡r
ikl osQ nwljs ifg;s osQ nk¡rksa dks tdM+ ysrs gSa vkSj bl rjg ?kM+ksa okyk ifg;k ?kweus
yxrk gSA ?kM+ksa ls tgk¡ ikuh fxjrk gS] ogk¡ ,d ladjk ukyk [kksn fn;k tkrk gS vkSj
bl rjhosQ ls gj txg ikuh igq¡pk;k tkrk gSA
vkxjk] pk¡noj vkSj c;kuk (vkt osQ mÙkj izns'k esa) esa vkSj ,sls vU; bykdksa
esa Hkh] yksxckx ckyfV;ksa ls flapkbZ djrs gSaA oqQ,¡ osQ fdukjs ij os ydM+h osQ dUus
xkM+ nsrs gSa] bu dUuksa osQ chp csyu fVdkrs gSa] ,d cM+h ckyVh esa jLlh ck¡èkrs gSa]
jLlh dks csyu ij yisVrs gSa vkSj blosQ nwljs Nksj dks cSy ls ck¡èk nsrs gSaA ,d 'k[+l
dks cSy gk¡duk iM+rk gS] nwljk ckyVh ls ikuh fudkyrk gSA
? ? ¯lpkbZ osQ ftu lkèkuksa dk f”kØ
ckcj us fd;k gS mudh rqyuk fot;uxj
dh ¯lpkbZ (vè;k; 7) O;oLFkk ls
dhft,A ¯lpkbZ dh bu nksuksa
vyx&vyx iz.kkfy;ksa esa fdl&fdl
rjg osQ lalkèkuksa dh ”k:jr iM+rh
gksxh\ buesa ls fdu&fdu iz.kkfy;ksa
esa o`Qf"k rduhd essa lqèkkj osQ fy,
fdlkuksa dh Hkkxsnkjh ”k:jh gksrh gksxh\
fp=k 8-2
jgV dh lajpuk
Ïksr 2
2018-19
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196
Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
lksygoha&l=kgoha lnh osQ nkSjku ¯gnqLrku esa djhc&djhc 85
I
+
kQhlnh yksx xk¡oksa esa jgrs FksA NksVs [ksfrgj vkSj Hkwfegj laHkzkar nksuksa
gh o`Qf"k mRiknu ls tqMs+ Fks vkSj nksuksa gh i
+
Qly osQ fgLlksa osQ nkosnkj
FksA blls muosQ chp lg;ksx] izfr;ksfxrk vkSj la?k"kZ osQ fj'rs cusA [ksrh
ls tqMs+ bu reke fj'rksa osQ rkus&ckus ls xk¡o dk lekt curk FkkA
blh le; dbZ ckgjh rkdrsa Hkh xzkeh.k nqfu;k esa nkf[ky gqb±A
buesa lcls egÙoiw.kZ eqX
+
ky jkT; Fkk tks viuh vkenuh dk cgqr
cM+k fgLlk o`Qf"k mRiknu ls mxkgrk FkkA jkT; osQ uqekbans & jktLo
fuèkkZfjr djus okys] jktLo olwyh djus okys] fglkc j[kus okys &
xzkeh.k lekt ij dkcw j[kus dh dksf'k'k djrs FksA os rlYyh djuk
pkgrs Fks fd [ksrksa dh tqrkbZ gks vkSj jkT; dks mit ls vius fgLls
dk dj le; ij fey tk,A pw¡fd dbZ I
+
kQlysa fcØh osQ fy, mxkbZ
tkrh Fkha] blfy, O;kikj] eqnzk vkSj ck”kkj Hkh xk¡oksa esa ?kql vk, vkSj
blls [ksrh okys bykosQ 'kgj ls tqM+ x,A
1- fdlku vkSj o`Qf"k mRiknu
[ksfrgj lekt dh cqfu;knh bdkbZ xk¡o Fkh ftlesa fdlku jgrs FksA
fdlku lky Hkj vyx&vyx ekSle esa oks reke dke djrs Fks ftlls
i
+
Qly dh iSnkokj gksrh Fkh & tSls fd ”kehu dh tqrkbZ] cht cksuk
vkSj i
+
Qly idus ij mldh dVkbZA blosQ vykok os mu oLrqvksa osQ
mRiknu esa Hkh 'kjhO+kQ gksrs Fks tks o`Qf"k&vkèkkfjr Fkha tSls fd 'kDdj]
rsy bR;kfnA
ysfdu flI
+
kZQ eSnkuh bykdksa esa cls fdlkuksa dh [ksrh gh xzkeh.k
Hkkjr dh [+kkfl;r ugha FkhA dbZ ,sls {ks=k Hkh Fks & tSls fd lw[kh
”kehu osQ fo'kky fgLlksa ls igkfM+;ksa okys bykosQ & tgk¡ ml rjg dh
[ksrh ugha gks ldrh Fkh tSlh fd ”;knk mitkmQ ”kehuksa ijA blosQ
vykok] Hkw[kaM dk ,d cgqr cM+k fgLlk taxyksa ls f?kjk FkkA tc ge
fp=k 8-1
,d xzkeh.k n`';
l=kgoha 'krkCnh osQ ,d eqX
+
ky fp=k dk
C;ksjk
fdlku] ”kehankj vkSj jkT;
Ñf"k lekt vkSj eqX
+
ky lkezkT;
(yxHkx lksygoha vkSj l=kgoha lnh)
fo"k;
vkB
2018-19
197
fdlku] ”kehankj vkSj jkT;
o`Qf"k lekt dh ckr djrs gSa rc gesa bu HkkSxksfyd fofoèkrkvksa dk
[+;ky j[kuk pkfg,A
1-1 Ïksrksa dh ryk'k
pw¡fd fdlku vius ckjs eas [kqn ugha fy[kk djrs Fks blfy, xzkeh.k
lekt osQ fØ;kdykiksa dh tkudkjh gesa mu yksxksa ls ugha feyrh tks
[ksrksa esa dke djrs FksA urhtru] lksygoha vkSj l=kgoha lfn;ksa osQ
o`Qf"k bfrgkl dks le>us osQ fy, gekjs eq[; Ïksr os ,sfrgkfld xzaFk
o nLrkos”k gSa tks eqX+ky njckj dh fuxjkuh esa fy[ks x, Fks (nsf[k,
vè;k; 9)A
lcls egÙoiw.kZ ,sfrgkfld xzaFkksa esa ,d Fkk vkbu&,&vdcjh (la{ksi
esa vkbu] nsf[k, vuqHkkx 8) ftls vdcj osQ njckjh bfrgkldkj
vcqy i
+
Q”y us fy[kk FkkA [ksrksa oQh fu;fer tqrkbZ dh rlYyh djus
osQ fy,] jkT; osQ uqekbanksa }kjk djksa dh mxkghs osQ fy, vkSj jkT; o
xzkeh.k lÙkkiks'kkas ;kuh fd ”kehankjksa osQ chp osQ fj'rksa osQ fu;eu osQ
fy,  tks bar”kke jkT; us fd, Fks] mldk ys[kk&tks[kk bl xazFk esa cM+h
lkoèkkuh ls is'k fd;k x;k gSA
vkbu dk eq[; mís'; vdcj osQ lezkT; dk ,d ,slk [kkdk is'k
djuk Fkk tgk¡ ,d e”kcwr lÙkkèkkjh oxZ lkekftd esy&tksy cuk dj
j[krk FkkA vkbu osQ ys[kd osQ eqrkfcd] eqX+ky jkT; osQ f[kykI+kQ dksbZ
cxkor ;k fdlh Hkh fdLe dh Lok;Ùk lÙkk dh nkosnkjh dk vliQy
gksuk igys gh r; FkkA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] fdlkuksa osQ ckjs esa tks oqQN gesa
vkbu ls irk pyrk gS og lÙkk osQ mQ¡ps xfy;kjksa dk u”kfj;k gSA
[kq'kfdLerh ls vkbu dh tkudkjh osQ lkFk&lkFk ge mu Ïksrksa dk
Hkh bLrseky dj ldrs gSa tks eqX+kyksa dh jktèkkuh ls nwj osQ bykdksa esa
fy[ks x, FksA buesa l=kgoha o vBkjgoha lfn;ksa osQ xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª
vkSj jktLFkku ls feyus okys os nLrkos”k 'kkfey gSa tks ljdkj dh
vkenuh dh foLr`r tkudkjh nsrs gSaA blosQ vykok] bZLV bafM;k daiuh
osQ cgqr lkjs nLrkos”k Hkh gSa tks iwohZ Hkkjr esa o`Qf"k&lacaèkksa dk mi;ksxh
[kkdk is'k djrs gSaA ;s lHkh Ïksr fdlkuksa] ”kehankjksa vkSj jkT; osQ chp
rus >xM+kssa dks ntZ djrs gSaA yxs gkFk] ;s Ïksr ;g le>us esa gekjh
enn djrs gSa fd fdlku jkT; dks fdl u”kfj;s ls ns[krs Fks vkSj jkT;
ls mUgsaa oSQls U;k; dh mEehn FkhA
1-2 fdlku vkSj mudh ”kehu
eqX+ky dky osQ Hkkjrh;&i
+
Qkjlh Ïksr fdlku osQ fy, vkerkSj ij jS;r
(cgqopu] fjvk;k) ;k eq”kfj;ku 'kCn dk bLrseky djrs FksA lkFk gh]
gesa fdlku ;k vklkeh tSls 'kCn Hkh feyrs gSaA l=kgoha lnh osQ Ïksr
2018-19
198
Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
nks fdLe osQ fdlkuksa dh ppkZ djrs gSa & [kqn&dk'r o ikfg&dk'rA
igys fdLe osQ fdlku os Fks tks mUgha xk¡oksa esa jgrs Fks ftuesa mudh
”kehu FkhaA nwljs (ikfg&dk'r) os [ksfrgj Fks tks nwljs xk¡oksa ls BsosQ ij
[ksrh djus vkrs FksA yksx viuh e”khZ ls Hkh ikfg&dk'r curs Fks
(elyu] vxj djksa dh 'krs± fdlh nwljs xk¡o esa csgrj feysa)
vkSj etcwju Hkh (elyu] vdky ;k Hkq[kejh osQ ckn vk£Fkd
ijs'kkuh ls)A
mÙkj Hkkjr osQ ,d vkSlr fdlku osQ ikl 'kk;n gh dHkh ,d
tksM+h cSy vkSj nks gy ls ”;knk oqQN gksrk Fkk_ ”;knkrj osQ ikl blls
Hkh deA xqtjkr esa ftu fdlkuksa osQ ikl 6 ,dM+ osQ djhc ”kehu Fkh
os le`¼ ekus tkrs Fks_ nwljh rjI
+
kQ] caxky esa ,d vkSlr fdlku oQh
”kehu dh mQijh lhek 5 ,dM+ Fkh_ 10 ,dM+ ”kehu okys vklkeh dks
vehj le>k tkrk FkkA [ksrh O;fDRkxr fefYd;r osQ fl¼kar ij
vkèkkfjr FkhA fdlkuksa dh ”kehu mlh rjg [kjhnh vkSj csph tkrh Fkh
tSls nwljs laifÙk ekfydksa dhA
mUuhloha lnh osQ fnYyh&vkxjk bykosQ esa fdlkuksa dh fefYd;r
dk ;g fooj.k l=kgoha lnh ij Hkh mruk gh ykxw gksrk gS%
gy tksrus okys [ksfrgj fdlku gj ”kehu dh gnksa ij feV~Vh]
b±V vkSj dk¡Vksa ls igpku osQ fy, fu'kku yxkrs gSa] vkSj ”kehu
osQ ,sls g”kkjksa VqdMs+ fdlh Hkh xk¡o esa ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA
1-3 flapkbZ vkSj rduhd
”kehu dh cgqrk;r] etnwjksa dh ekStwnxh] vkSj fdlkuksa dh xfr'khyrk
dh otg ls o`Qf"k dk yxkrkj foLrkj gqvkA p¡wfd [ksrh dk izkFkfed
mís'; yksxksa dk isV Hkjuk Fkk] blfy, jks”kejkZ osQ [kkus dh t:jrsa tSls
pkoy] xsgw¡] Tokj bR;kfn I
+
kQlysa lcls ”;knk mxkbZ tkrh FkhaA ftu
bykdksa esa izfr o"kZ 40 bap ;k mlls ”;knk ckfj'k gksrh Fkh] ogk¡
dekscs'k pkoy dh [ksrh gksrh FkhA de vkSj derj ckfj'k okys
bykdksa esa Øe'k% xsgw¡ o Tokj&cktjs dh [ksrh ”;knk izpfyr FkhA
ekulwu Hkkjrh; o`Qf"k dh jh<+ Fkk] tSlk fd vkt Hkh gSA ysfdu
oqQN ,slh I
+
kQlysa Hkh Fkha ftuosQ fy, vfrfjDr ikuh dh ”k:jr FkhA
buosQ fy, ¯lpkbZ osQ o`Qf=ke mik; cukus iM+sA
fdlku cfLr;ksa dk cluk&mtM+uk
;g ¯gnqLrkuh o`Qf"k lekt dh ,d
[+kkfl;r Fkh vkSj bl [+kkfl;r us eqX+ky
'kkld ckcj dh rs”k fuxkgksa dks bruk
pkSadk;k fd mlus bls vius laLej.k
ckcjukek esa uksV fd;k%
¯gnqLrku esa cfLr;k¡ vkSj xk¡o] njvly
'kgj osQ 'kgj] ,d yegs esa gh ohjku
Hkh gks tkrs gSa vkSj cl Hkh tkrs gSaA o"kks±
ls vkckn fdlh cMs+ 'kgj osQ ck¯'kns mls
NksM+dj pys tkrs gSa] rks os ;s dke oqQN
bl rjg djrs gSa fd Ms<+ fnuksa osQ vanj
mudk gj ukeksfu'kku (ogk¡ ls) feV
tkrk gSA nwljh vksj] vxj os fdlh
txg ij cluk pkgrs gSa rks mUgsa ikuh
osQ jkLrs [kksnus dh ”k:jr ugha gksrh
D;ksafd muoQh lkjh i
+
Qlysa ckfj'k osQ
ikuh esa mxrh gSa] vkSj pw¡fd ¯gnqLrku
dh vkcknh cs'kqekj gS] yksx meM+rs pys
vkrs gSaA os ,d ljksoj ;k oqQvk¡ cuk
ysrs gSa_ mUgsa ?kj cukus ;k nhokj [kM+h
djus dh Hkh ”k:jr ugha gksrh--- [kl
oQh ?kkl cgqrk;kr esa ikbZ tkrh gSa]
taxy vikj gSa] >ksaifM+;k¡ cukbZ tkrh gSa]
vkSj ;dk;d ,d xk¡o ;k 'kgj [kM+k gks
tkrk gS!
Ïksr 1
? ? o`Qf"k thou osQ mu igyqvksa dk
fooj.k nhft, tks ckcj dks mÙkj
Hkkjr osQ bykosQ dh [+kkfl;r yxhA
2018-19
199
fdlku] ”kehankj vkSj jkT;
isM+ksa vkSj [ksrksa dh ¯lpkbZ
;g ckcjukek ls fy;k x;k ,d va'k gS tks ¯lpkbZ osQ mu midj.kksa osQ ckjs esa
crkrk gS tks bl ckn'kkg us mÙkj Hkkjr esa ns[ks%
¯gnqLrku osQ eqYd dk ”;knkrj fgLlk eSnkuh ”kehu ij clk gqvk gSA gkykafd ;gk¡
'kgj vkSj [ksrh yk;d ”kehu dh cgqrk;r gS] ysfdu dgha Hkh cgrs ikuh (dk
bar”kke) ugha--- os blfy,--- fd i
+
Qly mxkus ;k ckxkuksa osQ fy, ikuh dh fcyoqQy
”k:jr ugha gSA 'kjn ½rq oQh i
+
Qlysa ckfj'k osQ ikuh ls gh iSnk gks tkrh gSa_ vkSj
;s gSjkuxh dh ckr gS fd clar ½rq oQh i
+
Qlysa rks rc Hkh iSnk gks tkrh gSa tc ckfj'k
fcyoqQy gh ugha gksrhA (fiQj Hkh) NksVs isM+ksa rd ckyfV;ksa ;k jgV osQ ”kfj;s ikuh
igq¡pk;k tkrk gS---
ykgkSj] nhikyiqj (nksuksa gh vkt osQ ikfdLrku esa) vkSj ,slh nwljh txgksa ij yksx
jgV osQ ”kfj;s ¯lpkbZ djrs gSaA os jLlh osQ nks xksykdkj I+kQans cukrs gSa tks oqQ,¡ dh
xgjkbZ osQ eqrkfcd yacs gksrs gSaA bu i
+
Qanksa esa FkksM+h&FkksM+h nwjh ij os ydM+h osQ xqVosQ
yxkrs gSa vkSj bu xqVdksa ij ?kMs+ ck¡èk nsrs gSaA ydM+h osQ xqVdksa vkSj ?kM+ksaa ls c¡èkh
bu jfLl;ksa dks oqQ,¡ osQ mQij ifg;ksa ls yVdk;k tkrk gSA ifg;s dh èkqjh ij ,d
vkSj ifg;kA bl vafre ifg;s dks cSy osQ ”kfj;s ?kqek;k tkrk gS_ bl ifg;s osQ nk¡r
ikl osQ nwljs ifg;s osQ nk¡rksa dks tdM+ ysrs gSa vkSj bl rjg ?kM+ksa okyk ifg;k ?kweus
yxrk gSA ?kM+ksa ls tgk¡ ikuh fxjrk gS] ogk¡ ,d ladjk ukyk [kksn fn;k tkrk gS vkSj
bl rjhosQ ls gj txg ikuh igq¡pk;k tkrk gSA
vkxjk] pk¡noj vkSj c;kuk (vkt osQ mÙkj izns'k esa) esa vkSj ,sls vU; bykdksa
esa Hkh] yksxckx ckyfV;ksa ls flapkbZ djrs gSaA oqQ,¡ osQ fdukjs ij os ydM+h osQ dUus
xkM+ nsrs gSa] bu dUuksa osQ chp csyu fVdkrs gSa] ,d cM+h ckyVh esa jLlh ck¡èkrs gSa]
jLlh dks csyu ij yisVrs gSa vkSj blosQ nwljs Nksj dks cSy ls ck¡èk nsrs gSaA ,d 'k[+l
dks cSy gk¡duk iM+rk gS] nwljk ckyVh ls ikuh fudkyrk gSA
? ? ¯lpkbZ osQ ftu lkèkuksa dk f”kØ
ckcj us fd;k gS mudh rqyuk fot;uxj
dh ¯lpkbZ (vè;k; 7) O;oLFkk ls
dhft,A ¯lpkbZ dh bu nksuksa
vyx&vyx iz.kkfy;ksa esa fdl&fdl
rjg osQ lalkèkuksa dh ”k:jr iM+rh
gksxh\ buesa ls fdu&fdu iz.kkfy;ksa
esa o`Qf"k rduhd essa lqèkkj osQ fy,
fdlkuksa dh Hkkxsnkjh ”k:jh gksrh gksxh\
fp=k 8-2
jgV dh lajpuk
Ïksr 2
2018-19
200
Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
¯lpkbZ dk;ks± dks jkT; dh enn Hkh feyrh FkhA elyu] mÙkj Hkkjr
esa jkT; us dbZ u;h ugjsa o ukys [kqnok, vkSj dbZ iqjkuh ugjksa dh
ejEer djokbZ] tSls fd 'kkgtgk¡ osQ 'kkludky osQ nkSjku iatkc esa
'kkg ugj A
oSls rks [ksrh esgurd'kh dk dke Fkk ysfdu fdlku ,slh rduhdksa
dk bLrseky Hkh djrs Fks tks vdlj i'kqcy ij vk/kfjr gksrh FkhaA
,slk ,d mnkgj.k ydM+h osQ ml gyosQ gy dk fn;k tk ldrk gS
ftldks ,d Nksj ij yksgs dh uqdhyh èkkj ;k iQky yxkdj vklkuh
ls cuk;k tk ldrk FkkA ,sls gy feêðh dks cgqr xgjs ugha [kksnrs Fks
ftlosQ dkj.k rs”k xehZ osQ eghuksa esa ueh cph jgrh FkhA cSyksa osQ tksM+s
osQ lgkjs [khaps tkus okys cjes dk bLrseky cht cksus osQ fy, fd;k
tkrk FkkA ysfdu chtksa dks gkFk ls fNM+d dj cksus dk fjokt ”;knk
izpfyr FkkA feêðh dh xqM+kbZ vkSj lkFk&lkFk fujkbZ osQ fy, ydM+h osQ
ewB okys yksgs osQ irys èkkj dke esa yk, tkrs FksA
1-4 I
+
kQlyksa dh Hkjekj
ekSle osQ nks eq[; pØksa osQ nkSjku [ksrh dh tkrh Fkh% ,d [kjhI
+
kQ
(ir>M+ esa) vkSj nwljh jch (olar esa)A ;kuh lw[ks bykdksa vkSj catj
”kehu dks NksM+ nsa rks ”;knkrj txgksa ij lky esa de ls de nks I+kQlysa
gksrh FkhaA tgk¡ ckfj'k ;k ¯lpkbZ osQ vU; lkèku gj oDr ekStwn Fks ogk¡
rks lky esa rhu I+kQlysa Hkh mxkbZ tkrh FkhaA bl  otg ls iSnkokj esa
Hkkjh fofoèkrk ikbZ tkrh FkhA mnkgj.k osQ rkSj ij] vkbu gesa crkrh
gS fd nksuksa ekSle feykdj] eqX+ky izkar vkxjk esa 39 fdLe dh I+kQlysa
mxkbZ tkrh Fkha tcfd fnYyh izkar esa 43 I+kQlyksa dh iSnkokj gksrh FkhA
caxky esa fliZQ pkoy dh 50 fdLesa iSnk gksrh FkhaA
gkyk¡fd nSfud vkgkj dh [ksrh ij ”;knk ”kksj fn;k tkrk Fkk exj
bldk eryc ;g ugha Fkk fd eè;dkyhu Hkkjr esa [ksrh flI+kZQ xq”kkjk
djus osQ fy, dh tkrh FkhA Ïksrksa esa gesa vdlj ftUl&,&dkfey
(loksZÙke I
+
kQlysa) TkSls yÝ
+
”k feyrs gSaSA eqX
+
ky jkT; Hkh fdlkuksa dks
,slh I
+
kQlyksa dh [ksrh djus osQ fy, c<+kok nsrk Fkk D;ksafd buls jkT;
dks ”;knk dj feyrk FkkA dikl vkSj xUus tSlh I
+
kQlysa csgrjhu
ftUl&,&dkfey FkhaA eè; Hkkjr vkSj nDduh iBkj esa iSQys gq, ”kehu
osQ cM+s&cMs+ VqdM+ksa ij dikl mxkbZ tkrh Fkh] tcfd caxky viuh
phuh osQ fy, e'kgwj FkkA frygu (tSls ljlksa) vkSj nygu Hkh udnh
I
+
kQlyksa esa vkrh FkhaA blls irk pyrk gS fd ,d vkSlr fdlku dh
”kehu ij fdl rjg isV Hkjus osQ fy, gksus okys mRiknu vkSj O;kikj
osQ fy, fd, tkus okys mRiknu ,d nwljs ls tqMs+ gq, FksA
rEckowQ dk izlkj
;g ikSèkk lcls igys nDdu igq¡pk
vkSj ogk¡ ls l=kgoha lnh osQ 'kq#vkrh
o"kks± esa bls mÙkj Hkkjr yk;k x;kA
vkbu mÙkj Hkkjr dh I
+
kQlyksa dh lwph
esa rEckowQ dk f”kozQ ugha djrh gSA
vdcj vkSj mlosQ vfHktkrksa us 1604
bZ- esa igyh ckj rEckowQ ns[kkA ,slk
yxrk gS fd blh le; rEckowQ dk
èkweziku (gqDosQ ;k fpye esa) djus
dh yr us ”kksj idM+kA tgk¡xhj bl
cqjh vknr osQ iSQyus ls bruk ¯pfrr
gqvk fd mlus bl ij ikcanh yxk nhA
;g ikcanh iwjh rjg ls csvlj lkfcr
gqbZ D;ksafd ge tkurs gSa fd l=kgoha
lnh osQ var rd] rEckowQ iwjs Hkkjr esa
[ksrh] O;kikj vkSj mi;ksx dh eq[;
oLrqvksa esa ls ,d FkkA
o`Qf"k dh le`f¼ vkSj vkcknh
dh c<+ksrjh
o`Qf"k mRiknu osQ ,sls fofoèk vkSj
yphys rjhO++kQksa dk ,d cM+k urhtk
;g fudyk fd vkcknh èkhj&èkhjs c<+us
yxhA vk£Fkd bfrgkldkjksa dh x.kuk
osQ eqrkfcd] le;&le; ij gksus okyh
Hkw[kejh vkSj egkekjh osQ ckotwn] 1600
ls 1700 osQ chp Hkkjr dh vkcknh
yxHkx 5 djksM+ c<+ xbZA 200 o"kks± esa
;g djhc&djhc 33 iQhlnh c<+ksrjh
FkhA
2018-19
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