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NCERT Textbook: तंतु से वस्त्र तक | विज्ञान Class 6 PDF Download

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 Page 1


18 foKku
3
rarq ls oL=k rd
fp=k 3-1 diM+s dh nqdku
fp=k 3-2 diM+s dh
drju dk foof/Zr n`';
i
gsyh vkSj cw>ks us vius LowQy esa vk;ksftr
dh xbZ ¶foKku iz'uksÙkjh izfr;ksfxrk¸ esa
izFke iqjLdkj thrkA os nksuksa vR;fèkd mÙksftr Fks
vkSj mUgksaus izkIr gqbZ iqjLdkj jkf'k ls vius ekrk&firk
osQ fy, oL=k [kjhnus dk fu'p; fd;kA os diM+s
dh nqdku ij oL=k&lkexzh dh foLr`r fofoèkrk
ns[kdj my>u esa iaQl x, (fp=k 3-1)A nqdkunkj
us mUgsa ;g le>k;k fd oqQN diM+s vFkok oL=k
lwrh gSa rks oqQN laf'y"V (Ñf=ke) gSaA mlds ikl
Åuh e - iQyj rFkk 'kky Hkh FksA nqdku esa cgqr&lh
js'keh lkfM+;k¡ Hkh FkhaA igsyh rFkk cw>ks vR;fèkd
mÙksftr fn[kkbZ ns jgs FksA mUgksaus bu fofHkUu diM+ksa
dks Li'kZ fd;k vkSj muosQ ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr
dhA var esa mUgksaus ,d Åuh e- iQyj rFkk ,d lwrh
lkM+h [kjhnhA
diM+s dh nqdku dk Hkze.k djus osQ i'pkr
igsyh vkSj cw>ks us vius vkl&ikl esa fofHkUu izdkj
osQ oL=kksa dks è;ku ls ns[kuk vkjaHk dj fn;kA mUgksaus
;g ns[kk fd csM'khV (fcLrj ij fcNkus dh pknj)]
dacy] insZ] es”kiks'k] rkSfy, vkSj >kM+u (MLVj)
vkfn] ;s lHkh fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj osQ diM+ksa ls cus
gSaA ;gk¡ rd fd muosQ vius cLrs rFkk cksjs Hkh
fdlh izdkj osQ oL=k ls cus gSaaA mUgksaus bu lHkh
oL=kksa dh igpku lwrh] Åuh] js'keh vFkok laaf'y"V
(Ñf=ke) osQ :i esa dhA D;k vki Hkh bu oL=kkas esa
ls oqQN dh igpku dj ldrs gSa\
3-1 oL=kksa esa fofoèkrk
fØ;kdyki 1
vius ikl osQ fdlh n”khZ dh nqdku dk Hkze.k
dhft,A flykbZ osQ ckn cps diM+s dh drju ,d=k
dhft,A diM+s dh izR;sd
drju dks Li'kZ djosQ
mlosQ Li'kZ dk vuqHko
dhft,A n”khZ dh lgk;rk
ls] mlls iwNdj oqQN
diM+ksa ij lwrh] js'keh]
Åuh] laf'y"V osQ yscy
yxkus dk iz;kl dhft,A
D;k vki ;g tkuuk pkgrs gSa fd ;s fofHkUu
diM+s fdl izdkj curs gSa\ tc vki fdlh diM+s
dk voyksdu djrs gSa rks og ,d lrr VqdM+k
izrhr gksrk gSA vc bls è;ku ls nsf[k,A vkius D;k
ns[kk (fp=k 3-2)\
fØ;kdyki 2
lwrh diM+s dk ogh VqdM+k pqfu, ftl ij vkius
fØ;kdyki 1 esa yscy yxk;k FkkA blosQ ,d fljs
ij dksbZ <hyk èkkxk ;k rkxk <w¡<us dk iz;kl dhft,
vkSj bls ckgj [khafp, (fp=k 3-3)A ;fn dksbZ <hyk
Page 2


18 foKku
3
rarq ls oL=k rd
fp=k 3-1 diM+s dh nqdku
fp=k 3-2 diM+s dh
drju dk foof/Zr n`';
i
gsyh vkSj cw>ks us vius LowQy esa vk;ksftr
dh xbZ ¶foKku iz'uksÙkjh izfr;ksfxrk¸ esa
izFke iqjLdkj thrkA os nksuksa vR;fèkd mÙksftr Fks
vkSj mUgksaus izkIr gqbZ iqjLdkj jkf'k ls vius ekrk&firk
osQ fy, oL=k [kjhnus dk fu'p; fd;kA os diM+s
dh nqdku ij oL=k&lkexzh dh foLr`r fofoèkrk
ns[kdj my>u esa iaQl x, (fp=k 3-1)A nqdkunkj
us mUgsa ;g le>k;k fd oqQN diM+s vFkok oL=k
lwrh gSa rks oqQN laf'y"V (Ñf=ke) gSaA mlds ikl
Åuh e - iQyj rFkk 'kky Hkh FksA nqdku esa cgqr&lh
js'keh lkfM+;k¡ Hkh FkhaA igsyh rFkk cw>ks vR;fèkd
mÙksftr fn[kkbZ ns jgs FksA mUgksaus bu fofHkUu diM+ksa
dks Li'kZ fd;k vkSj muosQ ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr
dhA var esa mUgksaus ,d Åuh e- iQyj rFkk ,d lwrh
lkM+h [kjhnhA
diM+s dh nqdku dk Hkze.k djus osQ i'pkr
igsyh vkSj cw>ks us vius vkl&ikl esa fofHkUu izdkj
osQ oL=kksa dks è;ku ls ns[kuk vkjaHk dj fn;kA mUgksaus
;g ns[kk fd csM'khV (fcLrj ij fcNkus dh pknj)]
dacy] insZ] es”kiks'k] rkSfy, vkSj >kM+u (MLVj)
vkfn] ;s lHkh fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj osQ diM+ksa ls cus
gSaA ;gk¡ rd fd muosQ vius cLrs rFkk cksjs Hkh
fdlh izdkj osQ oL=k ls cus gSaaA mUgksaus bu lHkh
oL=kksa dh igpku lwrh] Åuh] js'keh vFkok laaf'y"V
(Ñf=ke) osQ :i esa dhA D;k vki Hkh bu oL=kkas esa
ls oqQN dh igpku dj ldrs gSa\
3-1 oL=kksa esa fofoèkrk
fØ;kdyki 1
vius ikl osQ fdlh n”khZ dh nqdku dk Hkze.k
dhft,A flykbZ osQ ckn cps diM+s dh drju ,d=k
dhft,A diM+s dh izR;sd
drju dks Li'kZ djosQ
mlosQ Li'kZ dk vuqHko
dhft,A n”khZ dh lgk;rk
ls] mlls iwNdj oqQN
diM+ksa ij lwrh] js'keh]
Åuh] laf'y"V osQ yscy
yxkus dk iz;kl dhft,A
D;k vki ;g tkuuk pkgrs gSa fd ;s fofHkUu
diM+s fdl izdkj curs gSa\ tc vki fdlh diM+s
dk voyksdu djrs gSa rks og ,d lrr VqdM+k
izrhr gksrk gSA vc bls è;ku ls nsf[k,A vkius D;k
ns[kk (fp=k 3-2)\
fØ;kdyki 2
lwrh diM+s dk ogh VqdM+k pqfu, ftl ij vkius
fØ;kdyki 1 esa yscy yxk;k FkkA blosQ ,d fljs
ij dksbZ <hyk èkkxk ;k rkxk <w¡<us dk iz;kl dhft,
vkSj bls ckgj [khafp, (fp=k 3-3)A ;fn dksbZ <hyk
fp=k 3-3 diM+s ls dksbZ rkxk ;k rarq [khapuk
fp=k 3-4 rkxs dks irys rarqvksa esa fo[kafMr djuk
rkxk fn[kkbZ u ns rks fiu vFkok lqbZ dh lgk;rk ls
vki ,d rkxk èkhjs&èkhjs ckgj [khap ldrs gSaA ge
;g ns[krs gSa fd rkxksa dks ,d lkFk O;ofLFkr djus
ij oL=k cuk gSA ;s rkxs fdlls curs gSa\
3-2 rarq
fØ;kdyki 3
fdlh lwrh diM+s osQ VqdM+s ls dksbZ rkxk ckgj
fudkfy,A bl rkxs osQ VqdM+s dks es”k ij jf[k,A bl
rkxs osQ VqdM+s osQ ,d fljs dks vius vaxwBs ls
nckb,A rkxs osQ nwljs fljs dks bldh yackbZ osQ
vuqfn'k] fp=k 3-4 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj vius uk[kwu ls
[kjkasafp,A D;k vki bl fljs ij ;g ns[krs gSa
fd rkxk iryh yfM+;ksa esa fo[kafMr gks x;k gS
(fp=k 3-5)\
lqbZ esa rkxs dks fijksus (Mkyus) dk iz;kl djrs
le; Hkh vkius ,slk gh izs{k.k fd;k gksxkA dbZ ckj
rkxs dk ;g fljk oqQN iryh yfM+;ksa esa i`Fkd gks
tkrk gSA ,slk gksus ij rkxs dks lqbZ osQ ukosQ ls
xqtkjuk dfBu gks tkrk gSA rkxs dh ;s fn[kkbZ nsus
okyh iryh yfM+;k¡ Hkh vkSj vfèkd iryh yfM+;ksa
ls feydj cuh gksrh gSa] ftUgsa rarq dgrs gSaA
oL=k] rkxksa (;k èkkxksa) ls feydj curs gSa rFkk
rkxs Hkh vkxs rarqvksa ls feydj cus gksrs gSaA ;s rarq
dgk¡ ls vkrs gSa\
oqQN oL=kksa] tSls lwrh] twV] js'keh rFkk Åuh osQ
rarq ikniksa rFkk tarqvksa ls izkIr gksrs gSaA bUgsa izkÑfrd
rarq dgrs gSaA #bZ rFkk twV (iVlu) ikniksa ls izkIr
gksus okys rarqvksa osQ mnkgj.k gSaA Åu rFkk js'ke
tarqvksa ls izkIr gksrs gSaA Åu] HksM+ vFkok cdjh dh
dfrZr Åu ls izkIr gksrh gSA bls [kjxks'k] ;kd rFkk
Å¡Vksa osQ ckyksa ls Hkh izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA js'keh rarq
js'ke&dhV dksowQu ls [khapk tkrk gSA
g”kkjksa o"kZ rd oL=k fuekZ.k osQ fy, osQoy izkÑfrd
rarqvksa dk gh mi;ksx gksrk FkkA fiNys yxHkx lkS
o"kk±s ls ,sls jklk;fud inkFkks±] ftudk lzksr ikni vFkok
tarq ugha gSa] ls rarqvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk jgk gSA
bUgsa laf'y"V rarq dgrs gSaA ikWfy,LVj] uk;ykWu vkSj
,fØfyd] laf'y"V rarqvksa osQ oqQN mnkgj.k gSaA
cw>ks us ;gk¡ fn[kkbZ xb± oqQN oLrqvksa
dks laxzgky;ksa esa ns[kk gSA bUgsa
;ks¼k igurs FksA og ;g tkuuk
pkgrs gSa fd D;k ;s Hkh fdlh
izdkj osQ rarqvksa ls cus gSa\
fp=k 3-5 rkxk iryh yfM+;ksa esa fo[kafMr gks tkrk gS
Page 3


18 foKku
3
rarq ls oL=k rd
fp=k 3-1 diM+s dh nqdku
fp=k 3-2 diM+s dh
drju dk foof/Zr n`';
i
gsyh vkSj cw>ks us vius LowQy esa vk;ksftr
dh xbZ ¶foKku iz'uksÙkjh izfr;ksfxrk¸ esa
izFke iqjLdkj thrkA os nksuksa vR;fèkd mÙksftr Fks
vkSj mUgksaus izkIr gqbZ iqjLdkj jkf'k ls vius ekrk&firk
osQ fy, oL=k [kjhnus dk fu'p; fd;kA os diM+s
dh nqdku ij oL=k&lkexzh dh foLr`r fofoèkrk
ns[kdj my>u esa iaQl x, (fp=k 3-1)A nqdkunkj
us mUgsa ;g le>k;k fd oqQN diM+s vFkok oL=k
lwrh gSa rks oqQN laf'y"V (Ñf=ke) gSaA mlds ikl
Åuh e - iQyj rFkk 'kky Hkh FksA nqdku esa cgqr&lh
js'keh lkfM+;k¡ Hkh FkhaA igsyh rFkk cw>ks vR;fèkd
mÙksftr fn[kkbZ ns jgs FksA mUgksaus bu fofHkUu diM+ksa
dks Li'kZ fd;k vkSj muosQ ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr
dhA var esa mUgksaus ,d Åuh e- iQyj rFkk ,d lwrh
lkM+h [kjhnhA
diM+s dh nqdku dk Hkze.k djus osQ i'pkr
igsyh vkSj cw>ks us vius vkl&ikl esa fofHkUu izdkj
osQ oL=kksa dks è;ku ls ns[kuk vkjaHk dj fn;kA mUgksaus
;g ns[kk fd csM'khV (fcLrj ij fcNkus dh pknj)]
dacy] insZ] es”kiks'k] rkSfy, vkSj >kM+u (MLVj)
vkfn] ;s lHkh fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj osQ diM+ksa ls cus
gSaA ;gk¡ rd fd muosQ vius cLrs rFkk cksjs Hkh
fdlh izdkj osQ oL=k ls cus gSaaA mUgksaus bu lHkh
oL=kksa dh igpku lwrh] Åuh] js'keh vFkok laaf'y"V
(Ñf=ke) osQ :i esa dhA D;k vki Hkh bu oL=kkas esa
ls oqQN dh igpku dj ldrs gSa\
3-1 oL=kksa esa fofoèkrk
fØ;kdyki 1
vius ikl osQ fdlh n”khZ dh nqdku dk Hkze.k
dhft,A flykbZ osQ ckn cps diM+s dh drju ,d=k
dhft,A diM+s dh izR;sd
drju dks Li'kZ djosQ
mlosQ Li'kZ dk vuqHko
dhft,A n”khZ dh lgk;rk
ls] mlls iwNdj oqQN
diM+ksa ij lwrh] js'keh]
Åuh] laf'y"V osQ yscy
yxkus dk iz;kl dhft,A
D;k vki ;g tkuuk pkgrs gSa fd ;s fofHkUu
diM+s fdl izdkj curs gSa\ tc vki fdlh diM+s
dk voyksdu djrs gSa rks og ,d lrr VqdM+k
izrhr gksrk gSA vc bls è;ku ls nsf[k,A vkius D;k
ns[kk (fp=k 3-2)\
fØ;kdyki 2
lwrh diM+s dk ogh VqdM+k pqfu, ftl ij vkius
fØ;kdyki 1 esa yscy yxk;k FkkA blosQ ,d fljs
ij dksbZ <hyk èkkxk ;k rkxk <w¡<us dk iz;kl dhft,
vkSj bls ckgj [khafp, (fp=k 3-3)A ;fn dksbZ <hyk
fp=k 3-3 diM+s ls dksbZ rkxk ;k rarq [khapuk
fp=k 3-4 rkxs dks irys rarqvksa esa fo[kafMr djuk
rkxk fn[kkbZ u ns rks fiu vFkok lqbZ dh lgk;rk ls
vki ,d rkxk èkhjs&èkhjs ckgj [khap ldrs gSaA ge
;g ns[krs gSa fd rkxksa dks ,d lkFk O;ofLFkr djus
ij oL=k cuk gSA ;s rkxs fdlls curs gSa\
3-2 rarq
fØ;kdyki 3
fdlh lwrh diM+s osQ VqdM+s ls dksbZ rkxk ckgj
fudkfy,A bl rkxs osQ VqdM+s dks es”k ij jf[k,A bl
rkxs osQ VqdM+s osQ ,d fljs dks vius vaxwBs ls
nckb,A rkxs osQ nwljs fljs dks bldh yackbZ osQ
vuqfn'k] fp=k 3-4 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj vius uk[kwu ls
[kjkasafp,A D;k vki bl fljs ij ;g ns[krs gSa
fd rkxk iryh yfM+;ksa esa fo[kafMr gks x;k gS
(fp=k 3-5)\
lqbZ esa rkxs dks fijksus (Mkyus) dk iz;kl djrs
le; Hkh vkius ,slk gh izs{k.k fd;k gksxkA dbZ ckj
rkxs dk ;g fljk oqQN iryh yfM+;ksa esa i`Fkd gks
tkrk gSA ,slk gksus ij rkxs dks lqbZ osQ ukosQ ls
xqtkjuk dfBu gks tkrk gSA rkxs dh ;s fn[kkbZ nsus
okyh iryh yfM+;k¡ Hkh vkSj vfèkd iryh yfM+;ksa
ls feydj cuh gksrh gSa] ftUgsa rarq dgrs gSaA
oL=k] rkxksa (;k èkkxksa) ls feydj curs gSa rFkk
rkxs Hkh vkxs rarqvksa ls feydj cus gksrs gSaA ;s rarq
dgk¡ ls vkrs gSa\
oqQN oL=kksa] tSls lwrh] twV] js'keh rFkk Åuh osQ
rarq ikniksa rFkk tarqvksa ls izkIr gksrs gSaA bUgsa izkÑfrd
rarq dgrs gSaA #bZ rFkk twV (iVlu) ikniksa ls izkIr
gksus okys rarqvksa osQ mnkgj.k gSaA Åu rFkk js'ke
tarqvksa ls izkIr gksrs gSaA Åu] HksM+ vFkok cdjh dh
dfrZr Åu ls izkIr gksrh gSA bls [kjxks'k] ;kd rFkk
Å¡Vksa osQ ckyksa ls Hkh izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA js'keh rarq
js'ke&dhV dksowQu ls [khapk tkrk gSA
g”kkjksa o"kZ rd oL=k fuekZ.k osQ fy, osQoy izkÑfrd
rarqvksa dk gh mi;ksx gksrk FkkA fiNys yxHkx lkS
o"kk±s ls ,sls jklk;fud inkFkks±] ftudk lzksr ikni vFkok
tarq ugha gSa] ls rarqvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk jgk gSA
bUgsa laf'y"V rarq dgrs gSaA ikWfy,LVj] uk;ykWu vkSj
,fØfyd] laf'y"V rarqvksa osQ oqQN mnkgj.k gSaA
cw>ks us ;gk¡ fn[kkbZ xb± oqQN oLrqvksa
dks laxzgky;ksa esa ns[kk gSA bUgsa
;ks¼k igurs FksA og ;g tkuuk
pkgrs gSa fd D;k ;s Hkh fdlh
izdkj osQ rarqvksa ls cus gSa\
fp=k 3-5 rkxk iryh yfM+;ksa esa fo[kafMr gks tkrk gS
3-3 oqQN ikni rarq
#bZ
D;k vkius dHkh rsy osQ ySaiksa osQ fy, cfÙk;k¡ cukbZ
gSa\ bu cfÙk;ksa dks cukus osQ fy, vki D;k mi;ksx
esa ykrs gSa\ bl #bZ dk mi;ksx xgksa] jtkb;ksa vFkok
rfd;ksa esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
oqQN #bZ yhft,] bls [khapdj i`Fkd dhft,
vkSj blosQ fdukjksa dks è;ku ls nsf[k,A vkius D;k
izs{k.k fd;k\ ;s NksVh iryh yfM+;k¡] ftUgsa vki ns[k
jgs gSa] dikl rarqvksa ls cuh gSaA
#bZ dgk¡ ls vkrh gS\ bls [ksrksa esa mxk;k tkrk
gSA lkèkkj.kr;k dikl osQ ikSèks ogk¡ mxk, tkrs gSa
tgk¡ dh e`nk dkyh rFkk tyok;q m".k gksrh gSA D;k
vki ,sls oqQN jkT;ksa osQ uke crk ldrs gSa tgk¡
gekjs ns'k esa dikl dh Ñf"k dh tkrh gS\ dikl
ikni osQ iQy (dikl xksyd) yxHkx uhacw dh
eki osQ gksrs gSaA iw.kZ ifjiDo gksus ij cht VwVdj
[kqy tkrs gSa rFkk vc dikl rarqvksa ls <osQ fcukSys
(dikl cht) dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA D;k vkius
,slk dikl&[ksr ns[kk gS tks dikl pqus tkus osQ
fy, rS;kj gks pqdk gS\ bl le; [ksr dikl osQ
ifjiqQYyksa (jksoksa) ls bruk 'osr gks tkrk gS tSls
fge us <d fy;k gks (fp=k 3-6)A
twV (iVlu)
iVlu rarq dks iVlu ikni (fp=k 3-8) osQ rus
ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa bldh [ksrh
o"kkZ&Írq esa dh tkrh gSA Hkkjr esa iVlu dks
izeq[k :i ls if'pe caxky] fcgkj rFkk vle esa
mxk;k tkrk gSA lkekU;r% iVlu ikni (iQly)
dks iq"iu voLFkk esa
dkVrs gSaA iQly dVkbZ
osQ i'pkr ikniksa osQ ruksa
dks oqQN fnuksa rd ty
esa Mqckdj j[krs gSaA ,slk
djus ij rus xy tkrs
gSa vkSj mUgsa iVlu&rarqvksa
ls gkFkksa }kjk i`Fkd dj
fn;k tkrk gSA
oL=k cukus ls igys
bu lHkh rarqvksa dks rkxksa
esa ifjofrZr dj fy;k
tkrk gSA ,slk oSQls fd;k
tkrk gS\
fp=k 3-6 dikl ikni osQ [ksr
fp=k 3-7 dikl vksVuk
lkèkkj.kr;k bu dikl ckWyksa ls dikl dks gLr
p;u }kjk izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA blosQ i'pkr dikl
ls chtksa dks dadru }kjk i`Fkd fd;k tkrk gSA bl
izfØ;k dks dikl vksVuk dgrs gSaA
ikjaifjd <ax ls dikl gkFkksa ls vksVh tkrh Fkh
(fp=k 3-7)A vktdy dikl vksVus osQ fy, e'khuksa
dk mi;ksx Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
fp=k 3-8 iVlu ikni
Page 4


18 foKku
3
rarq ls oL=k rd
fp=k 3-1 diM+s dh nqdku
fp=k 3-2 diM+s dh
drju dk foof/Zr n`';
i
gsyh vkSj cw>ks us vius LowQy esa vk;ksftr
dh xbZ ¶foKku iz'uksÙkjh izfr;ksfxrk¸ esa
izFke iqjLdkj thrkA os nksuksa vR;fèkd mÙksftr Fks
vkSj mUgksaus izkIr gqbZ iqjLdkj jkf'k ls vius ekrk&firk
osQ fy, oL=k [kjhnus dk fu'p; fd;kA os diM+s
dh nqdku ij oL=k&lkexzh dh foLr`r fofoèkrk
ns[kdj my>u esa iaQl x, (fp=k 3-1)A nqdkunkj
us mUgsa ;g le>k;k fd oqQN diM+s vFkok oL=k
lwrh gSa rks oqQN laf'y"V (Ñf=ke) gSaA mlds ikl
Åuh e - iQyj rFkk 'kky Hkh FksA nqdku esa cgqr&lh
js'keh lkfM+;k¡ Hkh FkhaA igsyh rFkk cw>ks vR;fèkd
mÙksftr fn[kkbZ ns jgs FksA mUgksaus bu fofHkUu diM+ksa
dks Li'kZ fd;k vkSj muosQ ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr
dhA var esa mUgksaus ,d Åuh e- iQyj rFkk ,d lwrh
lkM+h [kjhnhA
diM+s dh nqdku dk Hkze.k djus osQ i'pkr
igsyh vkSj cw>ks us vius vkl&ikl esa fofHkUu izdkj
osQ oL=kksa dks è;ku ls ns[kuk vkjaHk dj fn;kA mUgksaus
;g ns[kk fd csM'khV (fcLrj ij fcNkus dh pknj)]
dacy] insZ] es”kiks'k] rkSfy, vkSj >kM+u (MLVj)
vkfn] ;s lHkh fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj osQ diM+ksa ls cus
gSaA ;gk¡ rd fd muosQ vius cLrs rFkk cksjs Hkh
fdlh izdkj osQ oL=k ls cus gSaaA mUgksaus bu lHkh
oL=kksa dh igpku lwrh] Åuh] js'keh vFkok laaf'y"V
(Ñf=ke) osQ :i esa dhA D;k vki Hkh bu oL=kkas esa
ls oqQN dh igpku dj ldrs gSa\
3-1 oL=kksa esa fofoèkrk
fØ;kdyki 1
vius ikl osQ fdlh n”khZ dh nqdku dk Hkze.k
dhft,A flykbZ osQ ckn cps diM+s dh drju ,d=k
dhft,A diM+s dh izR;sd
drju dks Li'kZ djosQ
mlosQ Li'kZ dk vuqHko
dhft,A n”khZ dh lgk;rk
ls] mlls iwNdj oqQN
diM+ksa ij lwrh] js'keh]
Åuh] laf'y"V osQ yscy
yxkus dk iz;kl dhft,A
D;k vki ;g tkuuk pkgrs gSa fd ;s fofHkUu
diM+s fdl izdkj curs gSa\ tc vki fdlh diM+s
dk voyksdu djrs gSa rks og ,d lrr VqdM+k
izrhr gksrk gSA vc bls è;ku ls nsf[k,A vkius D;k
ns[kk (fp=k 3-2)\
fØ;kdyki 2
lwrh diM+s dk ogh VqdM+k pqfu, ftl ij vkius
fØ;kdyki 1 esa yscy yxk;k FkkA blosQ ,d fljs
ij dksbZ <hyk èkkxk ;k rkxk <w¡<us dk iz;kl dhft,
vkSj bls ckgj [khafp, (fp=k 3-3)A ;fn dksbZ <hyk
fp=k 3-3 diM+s ls dksbZ rkxk ;k rarq [khapuk
fp=k 3-4 rkxs dks irys rarqvksa esa fo[kafMr djuk
rkxk fn[kkbZ u ns rks fiu vFkok lqbZ dh lgk;rk ls
vki ,d rkxk èkhjs&èkhjs ckgj [khap ldrs gSaA ge
;g ns[krs gSa fd rkxksa dks ,d lkFk O;ofLFkr djus
ij oL=k cuk gSA ;s rkxs fdlls curs gSa\
3-2 rarq
fØ;kdyki 3
fdlh lwrh diM+s osQ VqdM+s ls dksbZ rkxk ckgj
fudkfy,A bl rkxs osQ VqdM+s dks es”k ij jf[k,A bl
rkxs osQ VqdM+s osQ ,d fljs dks vius vaxwBs ls
nckb,A rkxs osQ nwljs fljs dks bldh yackbZ osQ
vuqfn'k] fp=k 3-4 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj vius uk[kwu ls
[kjkasafp,A D;k vki bl fljs ij ;g ns[krs gSa
fd rkxk iryh yfM+;ksa esa fo[kafMr gks x;k gS
(fp=k 3-5)\
lqbZ esa rkxs dks fijksus (Mkyus) dk iz;kl djrs
le; Hkh vkius ,slk gh izs{k.k fd;k gksxkA dbZ ckj
rkxs dk ;g fljk oqQN iryh yfM+;ksa esa i`Fkd gks
tkrk gSA ,slk gksus ij rkxs dks lqbZ osQ ukosQ ls
xqtkjuk dfBu gks tkrk gSA rkxs dh ;s fn[kkbZ nsus
okyh iryh yfM+;k¡ Hkh vkSj vfèkd iryh yfM+;ksa
ls feydj cuh gksrh gSa] ftUgsa rarq dgrs gSaA
oL=k] rkxksa (;k èkkxksa) ls feydj curs gSa rFkk
rkxs Hkh vkxs rarqvksa ls feydj cus gksrs gSaA ;s rarq
dgk¡ ls vkrs gSa\
oqQN oL=kksa] tSls lwrh] twV] js'keh rFkk Åuh osQ
rarq ikniksa rFkk tarqvksa ls izkIr gksrs gSaA bUgsa izkÑfrd
rarq dgrs gSaA #bZ rFkk twV (iVlu) ikniksa ls izkIr
gksus okys rarqvksa osQ mnkgj.k gSaA Åu rFkk js'ke
tarqvksa ls izkIr gksrs gSaA Åu] HksM+ vFkok cdjh dh
dfrZr Åu ls izkIr gksrh gSA bls [kjxks'k] ;kd rFkk
Å¡Vksa osQ ckyksa ls Hkh izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA js'keh rarq
js'ke&dhV dksowQu ls [khapk tkrk gSA
g”kkjksa o"kZ rd oL=k fuekZ.k osQ fy, osQoy izkÑfrd
rarqvksa dk gh mi;ksx gksrk FkkA fiNys yxHkx lkS
o"kk±s ls ,sls jklk;fud inkFkks±] ftudk lzksr ikni vFkok
tarq ugha gSa] ls rarqvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk jgk gSA
bUgsa laf'y"V rarq dgrs gSaA ikWfy,LVj] uk;ykWu vkSj
,fØfyd] laf'y"V rarqvksa osQ oqQN mnkgj.k gSaA
cw>ks us ;gk¡ fn[kkbZ xb± oqQN oLrqvksa
dks laxzgky;ksa esa ns[kk gSA bUgsa
;ks¼k igurs FksA og ;g tkuuk
pkgrs gSa fd D;k ;s Hkh fdlh
izdkj osQ rarqvksa ls cus gSa\
fp=k 3-5 rkxk iryh yfM+;ksa esa fo[kafMr gks tkrk gS
3-3 oqQN ikni rarq
#bZ
D;k vkius dHkh rsy osQ ySaiksa osQ fy, cfÙk;k¡ cukbZ
gSa\ bu cfÙk;ksa dks cukus osQ fy, vki D;k mi;ksx
esa ykrs gSa\ bl #bZ dk mi;ksx xgksa] jtkb;ksa vFkok
rfd;ksa esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
oqQN #bZ yhft,] bls [khapdj i`Fkd dhft,
vkSj blosQ fdukjksa dks è;ku ls nsf[k,A vkius D;k
izs{k.k fd;k\ ;s NksVh iryh yfM+;k¡] ftUgsa vki ns[k
jgs gSa] dikl rarqvksa ls cuh gSaA
#bZ dgk¡ ls vkrh gS\ bls [ksrksa esa mxk;k tkrk
gSA lkèkkj.kr;k dikl osQ ikSèks ogk¡ mxk, tkrs gSa
tgk¡ dh e`nk dkyh rFkk tyok;q m".k gksrh gSA D;k
vki ,sls oqQN jkT;ksa osQ uke crk ldrs gSa tgk¡
gekjs ns'k esa dikl dh Ñf"k dh tkrh gS\ dikl
ikni osQ iQy (dikl xksyd) yxHkx uhacw dh
eki osQ gksrs gSaA iw.kZ ifjiDo gksus ij cht VwVdj
[kqy tkrs gSa rFkk vc dikl rarqvksa ls <osQ fcukSys
(dikl cht) dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA D;k vkius
,slk dikl&[ksr ns[kk gS tks dikl pqus tkus osQ
fy, rS;kj gks pqdk gS\ bl le; [ksr dikl osQ
ifjiqQYyksa (jksoksa) ls bruk 'osr gks tkrk gS tSls
fge us <d fy;k gks (fp=k 3-6)A
twV (iVlu)
iVlu rarq dks iVlu ikni (fp=k 3-8) osQ rus
ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa bldh [ksrh
o"kkZ&Írq esa dh tkrh gSA Hkkjr esa iVlu dks
izeq[k :i ls if'pe caxky] fcgkj rFkk vle esa
mxk;k tkrk gSA lkekU;r% iVlu ikni (iQly)
dks iq"iu voLFkk esa
dkVrs gSaA iQly dVkbZ
osQ i'pkr ikniksa osQ ruksa
dks oqQN fnuksa rd ty
esa Mqckdj j[krs gSaA ,slk
djus ij rus xy tkrs
gSa vkSj mUgsa iVlu&rarqvksa
ls gkFkksa }kjk i`Fkd dj
fn;k tkrk gSA
oL=k cukus ls igys
bu lHkh rarqvksa dks rkxksa
esa ifjofrZr dj fy;k
tkrk gSA ,slk oSQls fd;k
tkrk gS\
fp=k 3-6 dikl ikni osQ [ksr
fp=k 3-7 dikl vksVuk
lkèkkj.kr;k bu dikl ckWyksa ls dikl dks gLr
p;u }kjk izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA blosQ i'pkr dikl
ls chtksa dks dadru }kjk i`Fkd fd;k tkrk gSA bl
izfØ;k dks dikl vksVuk dgrs gSaA
ikjaifjd <ax ls dikl gkFkksa ls vksVh tkrh Fkh
(fp=k 3-7)A vktdy dikl vksVus osQ fy, e'khuksa
dk mi;ksx Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
fp=k 3-8 iVlu ikni
fp=k 3-10
rdyh
fp=k 3-11 pj[kk
3-4 lwrh rkxs dh drkbZ
vki Lo;a lwrh rkxk cukus dk iz;kl dj ldrs gSaA
fØ;kdyki 4
,d gkFk esa oqQN #bZ idfM+,A nwljs gkFk osQ vaxwBs
rFkk rtZuh osQ chp oqQN #bZ dh pqVdh Hkfj, vkSj
bls èkhjs&èkhjs #bZ ls ckgj dh vksj [khafp, rFkk js'kksa
dks yxkrkj ,asBrs Hkh jfg, (fp=k 3-9)A D;k vki
rkxk cuk losQ\
js'kksa ls rkxk cukus dh izfØ;k dks
drkbZ dgrs gSaA bl izfØ;k esa] #bZ osQ
,d iqat ls js'kksa dks [khapdj ,saBrs gSaA
,slk djus ls js'ks ikl&ikl vk tkrs gSa
vkSj rkxk cu tkrk gSA
drkbZ osQ fy, ,d ljy ;qfDr ^gLr
roqQvk* dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftls
rdyh dgrs gSa (fp=k 3-10)A gkFk ls
izpkfyr drkbZ esa mi;ksx gksus okyh ,d
vU; ;qfDr pj[kk gS (fp=k 3-11)A
pj[ks osQ mi;ksx dks jk"Vªfirk egkRek
xk¡èkh us Lora=krk vkanksyu osQ ,d i{k osQ
:i esa yksdfiz;rk iznku dh FkhA mUgksaus
yksxksa dks gkFk drs rkxksa ls cqus oL=kksa
([kknh) dks iguus rFkk fczVsu dh feyksa
esa cus vk;kfrr diM+ksa dk cfg"dkj
djus osQ fy, izksRlkfgr fd;k FkkA
[kknh osQ izpyu dks c<+kok nsus osQ
fy, Hkkjr ljdkj us 1956 esa ,d
laxBu dk fuekZ.k fd;k ftls [kknh ,oa xzkeks|ksx
vk;ksx dgrs gSaA
o`gr~ iSekus ij rkxksa dh drkbZ dk dk;Z drkbZ
e'khuksa dh lgk;rk ls fd;k tkrk gSA drkbZ osQ
i'pkr rkxksa dk mi;ksx oL=k cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
3-5 rkxs ls oL=k
rkxs ls oL=k cukus dh dbZ fofèk;k¡ gSaA buesa nks izeq[k
fofèk;k¡ cqukbZ rFkk caèkkbZ gSaA
cqukbZ
fØ;kdyki 2 esa vkius ;g è;ku fn;k gksxk fd
oL=k rkxksa osQ nks lsVksa] ftUgsa ,d lkFk O;ofLFkr
fd;k tkrk gS] ls feydj curs gSaA rkxksa osQ nks lsVksa
dks vkil esa O;ofLFkr djosQ oL=k cukus dh izfØ;k
dks cqukbZ (ohfoax) dgrs gSaA vkb, dkx”k dh
oqQN if^;ksa dks cquus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA
fØ;kdyki 5
fHkUu jaxksa dh nks dkx”k dh 'khV yhft,A nksuksa esa ls
30 lsaVhehVj yackbZ rFkk 30 lsaVhehVj pkSM+kbZ dh
oxkZdkj 'khV dkfV,A vc bu nksuksa 'khVksa dks vkèkk
eksfM+,A ,d 'khV ij fp=k 3-12(a) esa fn[kk, vuqlkj
js[kk,¡ [khafp, rFkk nwljh 'khV ij fp=k 3-12(b) esa
fn[kk, vuqlkj js[kk,¡ [khafp,A nksuksa 'khVksa dks [khaph
xbZ js[kkvksa osQ vuqfn'k dkfV, vkSj fiQj 'khVksa osQ
eksM+ksa dks [kksydj bUgsa iSQyk yhft,A ,d 'khV
dh if^;ksa dks ,d&,d djosQ nwljh 'khV osQ dVkoksa fp=k 3-9 :bZ ls rkxk cukuk
Page 5


18 foKku
3
rarq ls oL=k rd
fp=k 3-1 diM+s dh nqdku
fp=k 3-2 diM+s dh
drju dk foof/Zr n`';
i
gsyh vkSj cw>ks us vius LowQy esa vk;ksftr
dh xbZ ¶foKku iz'uksÙkjh izfr;ksfxrk¸ esa
izFke iqjLdkj thrkA os nksuksa vR;fèkd mÙksftr Fks
vkSj mUgksaus izkIr gqbZ iqjLdkj jkf'k ls vius ekrk&firk
osQ fy, oL=k [kjhnus dk fu'p; fd;kA os diM+s
dh nqdku ij oL=k&lkexzh dh foLr`r fofoèkrk
ns[kdj my>u esa iaQl x, (fp=k 3-1)A nqdkunkj
us mUgsa ;g le>k;k fd oqQN diM+s vFkok oL=k
lwrh gSa rks oqQN laf'y"V (Ñf=ke) gSaA mlds ikl
Åuh e - iQyj rFkk 'kky Hkh FksA nqdku esa cgqr&lh
js'keh lkfM+;k¡ Hkh FkhaA igsyh rFkk cw>ks vR;fèkd
mÙksftr fn[kkbZ ns jgs FksA mUgksaus bu fofHkUu diM+ksa
dks Li'kZ fd;k vkSj muosQ ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr
dhA var esa mUgksaus ,d Åuh e- iQyj rFkk ,d lwrh
lkM+h [kjhnhA
diM+s dh nqdku dk Hkze.k djus osQ i'pkr
igsyh vkSj cw>ks us vius vkl&ikl esa fofHkUu izdkj
osQ oL=kksa dks è;ku ls ns[kuk vkjaHk dj fn;kA mUgksaus
;g ns[kk fd csM'khV (fcLrj ij fcNkus dh pknj)]
dacy] insZ] es”kiks'k] rkSfy, vkSj >kM+u (MLVj)
vkfn] ;s lHkh fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj osQ diM+ksa ls cus
gSaA ;gk¡ rd fd muosQ vius cLrs rFkk cksjs Hkh
fdlh izdkj osQ oL=k ls cus gSaaA mUgksaus bu lHkh
oL=kksa dh igpku lwrh] Åuh] js'keh vFkok laaf'y"V
(Ñf=ke) osQ :i esa dhA D;k vki Hkh bu oL=kkas esa
ls oqQN dh igpku dj ldrs gSa\
3-1 oL=kksa esa fofoèkrk
fØ;kdyki 1
vius ikl osQ fdlh n”khZ dh nqdku dk Hkze.k
dhft,A flykbZ osQ ckn cps diM+s dh drju ,d=k
dhft,A diM+s dh izR;sd
drju dks Li'kZ djosQ
mlosQ Li'kZ dk vuqHko
dhft,A n”khZ dh lgk;rk
ls] mlls iwNdj oqQN
diM+ksa ij lwrh] js'keh]
Åuh] laf'y"V osQ yscy
yxkus dk iz;kl dhft,A
D;k vki ;g tkuuk pkgrs gSa fd ;s fofHkUu
diM+s fdl izdkj curs gSa\ tc vki fdlh diM+s
dk voyksdu djrs gSa rks og ,d lrr VqdM+k
izrhr gksrk gSA vc bls è;ku ls nsf[k,A vkius D;k
ns[kk (fp=k 3-2)\
fØ;kdyki 2
lwrh diM+s dk ogh VqdM+k pqfu, ftl ij vkius
fØ;kdyki 1 esa yscy yxk;k FkkA blosQ ,d fljs
ij dksbZ <hyk èkkxk ;k rkxk <w¡<us dk iz;kl dhft,
vkSj bls ckgj [khafp, (fp=k 3-3)A ;fn dksbZ <hyk
fp=k 3-3 diM+s ls dksbZ rkxk ;k rarq [khapuk
fp=k 3-4 rkxs dks irys rarqvksa esa fo[kafMr djuk
rkxk fn[kkbZ u ns rks fiu vFkok lqbZ dh lgk;rk ls
vki ,d rkxk èkhjs&èkhjs ckgj [khap ldrs gSaA ge
;g ns[krs gSa fd rkxksa dks ,d lkFk O;ofLFkr djus
ij oL=k cuk gSA ;s rkxs fdlls curs gSa\
3-2 rarq
fØ;kdyki 3
fdlh lwrh diM+s osQ VqdM+s ls dksbZ rkxk ckgj
fudkfy,A bl rkxs osQ VqdM+s dks es”k ij jf[k,A bl
rkxs osQ VqdM+s osQ ,d fljs dks vius vaxwBs ls
nckb,A rkxs osQ nwljs fljs dks bldh yackbZ osQ
vuqfn'k] fp=k 3-4 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj vius uk[kwu ls
[kjkasafp,A D;k vki bl fljs ij ;g ns[krs gSa
fd rkxk iryh yfM+;ksa esa fo[kafMr gks x;k gS
(fp=k 3-5)\
lqbZ esa rkxs dks fijksus (Mkyus) dk iz;kl djrs
le; Hkh vkius ,slk gh izs{k.k fd;k gksxkA dbZ ckj
rkxs dk ;g fljk oqQN iryh yfM+;ksa esa i`Fkd gks
tkrk gSA ,slk gksus ij rkxs dks lqbZ osQ ukosQ ls
xqtkjuk dfBu gks tkrk gSA rkxs dh ;s fn[kkbZ nsus
okyh iryh yfM+;k¡ Hkh vkSj vfèkd iryh yfM+;ksa
ls feydj cuh gksrh gSa] ftUgsa rarq dgrs gSaA
oL=k] rkxksa (;k èkkxksa) ls feydj curs gSa rFkk
rkxs Hkh vkxs rarqvksa ls feydj cus gksrs gSaA ;s rarq
dgk¡ ls vkrs gSa\
oqQN oL=kksa] tSls lwrh] twV] js'keh rFkk Åuh osQ
rarq ikniksa rFkk tarqvksa ls izkIr gksrs gSaA bUgsa izkÑfrd
rarq dgrs gSaA #bZ rFkk twV (iVlu) ikniksa ls izkIr
gksus okys rarqvksa osQ mnkgj.k gSaA Åu rFkk js'ke
tarqvksa ls izkIr gksrs gSaA Åu] HksM+ vFkok cdjh dh
dfrZr Åu ls izkIr gksrh gSA bls [kjxks'k] ;kd rFkk
Å¡Vksa osQ ckyksa ls Hkh izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA js'keh rarq
js'ke&dhV dksowQu ls [khapk tkrk gSA
g”kkjksa o"kZ rd oL=k fuekZ.k osQ fy, osQoy izkÑfrd
rarqvksa dk gh mi;ksx gksrk FkkA fiNys yxHkx lkS
o"kk±s ls ,sls jklk;fud inkFkks±] ftudk lzksr ikni vFkok
tarq ugha gSa] ls rarqvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk jgk gSA
bUgsa laf'y"V rarq dgrs gSaA ikWfy,LVj] uk;ykWu vkSj
,fØfyd] laf'y"V rarqvksa osQ oqQN mnkgj.k gSaA
cw>ks us ;gk¡ fn[kkbZ xb± oqQN oLrqvksa
dks laxzgky;ksa esa ns[kk gSA bUgsa
;ks¼k igurs FksA og ;g tkuuk
pkgrs gSa fd D;k ;s Hkh fdlh
izdkj osQ rarqvksa ls cus gSa\
fp=k 3-5 rkxk iryh yfM+;ksa esa fo[kafMr gks tkrk gS
3-3 oqQN ikni rarq
#bZ
D;k vkius dHkh rsy osQ ySaiksa osQ fy, cfÙk;k¡ cukbZ
gSa\ bu cfÙk;ksa dks cukus osQ fy, vki D;k mi;ksx
esa ykrs gSa\ bl #bZ dk mi;ksx xgksa] jtkb;ksa vFkok
rfd;ksa esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
oqQN #bZ yhft,] bls [khapdj i`Fkd dhft,
vkSj blosQ fdukjksa dks è;ku ls nsf[k,A vkius D;k
izs{k.k fd;k\ ;s NksVh iryh yfM+;k¡] ftUgsa vki ns[k
jgs gSa] dikl rarqvksa ls cuh gSaA
#bZ dgk¡ ls vkrh gS\ bls [ksrksa esa mxk;k tkrk
gSA lkèkkj.kr;k dikl osQ ikSèks ogk¡ mxk, tkrs gSa
tgk¡ dh e`nk dkyh rFkk tyok;q m".k gksrh gSA D;k
vki ,sls oqQN jkT;ksa osQ uke crk ldrs gSa tgk¡
gekjs ns'k esa dikl dh Ñf"k dh tkrh gS\ dikl
ikni osQ iQy (dikl xksyd) yxHkx uhacw dh
eki osQ gksrs gSaA iw.kZ ifjiDo gksus ij cht VwVdj
[kqy tkrs gSa rFkk vc dikl rarqvksa ls <osQ fcukSys
(dikl cht) dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA D;k vkius
,slk dikl&[ksr ns[kk gS tks dikl pqus tkus osQ
fy, rS;kj gks pqdk gS\ bl le; [ksr dikl osQ
ifjiqQYyksa (jksoksa) ls bruk 'osr gks tkrk gS tSls
fge us <d fy;k gks (fp=k 3-6)A
twV (iVlu)
iVlu rarq dks iVlu ikni (fp=k 3-8) osQ rus
ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa bldh [ksrh
o"kkZ&Írq esa dh tkrh gSA Hkkjr esa iVlu dks
izeq[k :i ls if'pe caxky] fcgkj rFkk vle esa
mxk;k tkrk gSA lkekU;r% iVlu ikni (iQly)
dks iq"iu voLFkk esa
dkVrs gSaA iQly dVkbZ
osQ i'pkr ikniksa osQ ruksa
dks oqQN fnuksa rd ty
esa Mqckdj j[krs gSaA ,slk
djus ij rus xy tkrs
gSa vkSj mUgsa iVlu&rarqvksa
ls gkFkksa }kjk i`Fkd dj
fn;k tkrk gSA
oL=k cukus ls igys
bu lHkh rarqvksa dks rkxksa
esa ifjofrZr dj fy;k
tkrk gSA ,slk oSQls fd;k
tkrk gS\
fp=k 3-6 dikl ikni osQ [ksr
fp=k 3-7 dikl vksVuk
lkèkkj.kr;k bu dikl ckWyksa ls dikl dks gLr
p;u }kjk izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA blosQ i'pkr dikl
ls chtksa dks dadru }kjk i`Fkd fd;k tkrk gSA bl
izfØ;k dks dikl vksVuk dgrs gSaA
ikjaifjd <ax ls dikl gkFkksa ls vksVh tkrh Fkh
(fp=k 3-7)A vktdy dikl vksVus osQ fy, e'khuksa
dk mi;ksx Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
fp=k 3-8 iVlu ikni
fp=k 3-10
rdyh
fp=k 3-11 pj[kk
3-4 lwrh rkxs dh drkbZ
vki Lo;a lwrh rkxk cukus dk iz;kl dj ldrs gSaA
fØ;kdyki 4
,d gkFk esa oqQN #bZ idfM+,A nwljs gkFk osQ vaxwBs
rFkk rtZuh osQ chp oqQN #bZ dh pqVdh Hkfj, vkSj
bls èkhjs&èkhjs #bZ ls ckgj dh vksj [khafp, rFkk js'kksa
dks yxkrkj ,asBrs Hkh jfg, (fp=k 3-9)A D;k vki
rkxk cuk losQ\
js'kksa ls rkxk cukus dh izfØ;k dks
drkbZ dgrs gSaA bl izfØ;k esa] #bZ osQ
,d iqat ls js'kksa dks [khapdj ,saBrs gSaA
,slk djus ls js'ks ikl&ikl vk tkrs gSa
vkSj rkxk cu tkrk gSA
drkbZ osQ fy, ,d ljy ;qfDr ^gLr
roqQvk* dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftls
rdyh dgrs gSa (fp=k 3-10)A gkFk ls
izpkfyr drkbZ esa mi;ksx gksus okyh ,d
vU; ;qfDr pj[kk gS (fp=k 3-11)A
pj[ks osQ mi;ksx dks jk"Vªfirk egkRek
xk¡èkh us Lora=krk vkanksyu osQ ,d i{k osQ
:i esa yksdfiz;rk iznku dh FkhA mUgksaus
yksxksa dks gkFk drs rkxksa ls cqus oL=kksa
([kknh) dks iguus rFkk fczVsu dh feyksa
esa cus vk;kfrr diM+ksa dk cfg"dkj
djus osQ fy, izksRlkfgr fd;k FkkA
[kknh osQ izpyu dks c<+kok nsus osQ
fy, Hkkjr ljdkj us 1956 esa ,d
laxBu dk fuekZ.k fd;k ftls [kknh ,oa xzkeks|ksx
vk;ksx dgrs gSaA
o`gr~ iSekus ij rkxksa dh drkbZ dk dk;Z drkbZ
e'khuksa dh lgk;rk ls fd;k tkrk gSA drkbZ osQ
i'pkr rkxksa dk mi;ksx oL=k cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
3-5 rkxs ls oL=k
rkxs ls oL=k cukus dh dbZ fofèk;k¡ gSaA buesa nks izeq[k
fofèk;k¡ cqukbZ rFkk caèkkbZ gSaA
cqukbZ
fØ;kdyki 2 esa vkius ;g è;ku fn;k gksxk fd
oL=k rkxksa osQ nks lsVksa] ftUgsa ,d lkFk O;ofLFkr
fd;k tkrk gS] ls feydj curs gSaA rkxksa osQ nks lsVksa
dks vkil esa O;ofLFkr djosQ oL=k cukus dh izfØ;k
dks cqukbZ (ohfoax) dgrs gSaA vkb, dkx”k dh
oqQN if^;ksa dks cquus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA
fØ;kdyki 5
fHkUu jaxksa dh nks dkx”k dh 'khV yhft,A nksuksa esa ls
30 lsaVhehVj yackbZ rFkk 30 lsaVhehVj pkSM+kbZ dh
oxkZdkj 'khV dkfV,A vc bu nksuksa 'khVksa dks vkèkk
eksfM+,A ,d 'khV ij fp=k 3-12(a) esa fn[kk, vuqlkj
js[kk,¡ [khafp, rFkk nwljh 'khV ij fp=k 3-12(b) esa
fn[kk, vuqlkj js[kk,¡ [khafp,A nksuksa 'khVksa dks [khaph
xbZ js[kkvksa osQ vuqfn'k dkfV, vkSj fiQj 'khVksa osQ
eksM+ksa dks [kksydj bUgsa iSQyk yhft,A ,d 'khV
dh if^;ksa dks ,d&,d djosQ nwljh 'khV osQ dVkoksa fp=k 3-9 :bZ ls rkxk cukuk
fp=k 3-13 gFkdj?kk
fp=k 3-12 dkx”k dh if^;ksa ls cqukbZ
(a)
(c) (d)
fp=k 3-14 LosVj cqukbZ
ls fp=k 3-12(c) esa fn[kk, vuqlkj cqfu,A
fp=k 3-12 (d) esa if^;ksa osQ cquus osQ i'pkr dk
uewuk fn[kk;k x;k gSA
blh <ax ls rkxksa osQ nks lsVksa dks cqudj oL=k cqus
tkrs gSaA rkxs okLro esa dkx”k dh if^;ksa dh rqyuk
esa cgqr irys gksrs gSaA oL=kksa dh cqukbZ dj?kksa ij dh
tkrh gS (fp=k 3-13)A dj?ks ;k rks gLrçpkfyr
gksrs gSa vFkok fo|qrçpkfyrA
,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh cqukbZ
D;k dHkh vkius ;g è;ku ls ns[kk gS fd LosVj
fdl izdkj cqus tkrs gSa\ budh cqukbZ (fufVax) esa
fdlh ,dy rkxs dk mi;ksx oL=k osQ ,d VqdM+s dks
cukus esa fd;k tkrk gS (fp=k 3-14)A D;k vkius
dHkh fdlh iQVs gq, eksts osQ fdlh rkxs dks [khapdj
ns[kk gS\ tc vki ,slk djrs gSa rc D;k gksrk gS\
,dy èkkxk yxkrkj f[kaprk pyk vkrk gS rFkk oL=k
mèkM+rk tkrk gSA eksts vkSj cgqr&lh vU; iguus dh
oLrq,¡ ,slh cqukbZ }kjk cus oL=kkas ls cukbZ tkrh gSaA
bl izdkj dh cqukbZ gkFkksa ls rFkk e'khuksa }kjk Hkh dh
tkrh gSA
nksuksa izdkj dh cqukbZ dk mi;ksx fofHkUu izdkj
osQ oL=kksa osQ fuekZ.k esa fd;k tkrk gSA bu oL=kksa dk
mi;ksx iguus dh fofoèk oLrqvksa dks cukus esa
gksrk gSA
igsyh ;g tkuuk pkgrh gS fd D;k vkius
ukfj;y osQ ckgjh [kksy osQ rarqvksa ls cus
fdlh oL=k dks ns[kk gS\ bu rarqvksa dk
lkekU;r% fdu dk;ks± esa mi;ksx
gksrk gS\
(b)
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