Page 1
PreFertilisation Events
? Several hormonal and structural changes result in the
development of a flower.
? Inflorescences bear the flower buds, and then the flowers.
? Flowers are the reproductive parts of a plant.
? In the flowers, the androecium (male reproductive part) and
the gynoecium (female reproductive part) develop.
Androecium
? The androecium consists of whorls of stamen.
? The stamen consists of the ?filament ?(long and slender
stalk) and ?anther ? (bilobed structure).
? Filament is attached to the thalamus or to the petal.
? Anther ?:
? A typical anther is bilobed and each lobe is dithecous
(consists of two theca).
? Theca are separated by a longitudinal groove running
lengthwise.
Page 2
PreFertilisation Events
? Several hormonal and structural changes result in the
development of a flower.
? Inflorescences bear the flower buds, and then the flowers.
? Flowers are the reproductive parts of a plant.
? In the flowers, the androecium (male reproductive part) and
the gynoecium (female reproductive part) develop.
Androecium
? The androecium consists of whorls of stamen.
? The stamen consists of the ?filament ?(long and slender
stalk) and ?anther ? (bilobed structure).
? Filament is attached to the thalamus or to the petal.
? Anther ?:
? A typical anther is bilobed and each lobe is dithecous
(consists of two theca).
? Theca are separated by a longitudinal groove running
lengthwise.
? The microsporangia are located at the corners, two in
each theca. They further develop to form pollen sacs,
which contain the pollen grains.
? Structure of microsporangium
? The microsporangium is surrounded by four wall layers
(epidermis, endothecium, middle layers, and tapetum).
? The outer three layers are protective and help in
dehiscence of anther to release the pollen grains. The
tapetum provides nourishment to the developing pollen
grains.
? In the young anther, the sporogenous tissue forms the
centre of each microsporangium.
Page 3
PreFertilisation Events
? Several hormonal and structural changes result in the
development of a flower.
? Inflorescences bear the flower buds, and then the flowers.
? Flowers are the reproductive parts of a plant.
? In the flowers, the androecium (male reproductive part) and
the gynoecium (female reproductive part) develop.
Androecium
? The androecium consists of whorls of stamen.
? The stamen consists of the ?filament ?(long and slender
stalk) and ?anther ? (bilobed structure).
? Filament is attached to the thalamus or to the petal.
? Anther ?:
? A typical anther is bilobed and each lobe is dithecous
(consists of two theca).
? Theca are separated by a longitudinal groove running
lengthwise.
? The microsporangia are located at the corners, two in
each theca. They further develop to form pollen sacs,
which contain the pollen grains.
? Structure of microsporangium
? The microsporangium is surrounded by four wall layers
(epidermis, endothecium, middle layers, and tapetum).
? The outer three layers are protective and help in
dehiscence of anther to release the pollen grains. The
tapetum provides nourishment to the developing pollen
grains.
? In the young anther, the sporogenous tissue forms the
centre of each microsporangium.
Microsporogenesis
? It is the process of formation of microspore from PMC (Pollen
Mother Cells).
? As development occurs in the anther, the sporogenous
tissue undergoes meiosis to form microspore tetrad.
? Each cell of sporogenous tissue has capacity to give rise to a
tetrad. Hence, each cell is a potential pollen or PMC.
? As the anther matures, the microspores get detached from
each other and develop into pollen grains.
Pollen grains
? Represent the male gamete and are spherical, having a
twolayered wall:
? Exine (outer) - Hard layer made of sporopollenin,
which is extremely resistant and can withstand high
temperatures, acidic and alkaline conditions, and
enzymes
? Intine (inner) - Thin and continuous layer made up of
cellulose and pectin
? Mature pollen grain contains two cells:
Page 4
PreFertilisation Events
? Several hormonal and structural changes result in the
development of a flower.
? Inflorescences bear the flower buds, and then the flowers.
? Flowers are the reproductive parts of a plant.
? In the flowers, the androecium (male reproductive part) and
the gynoecium (female reproductive part) develop.
Androecium
? The androecium consists of whorls of stamen.
? The stamen consists of the ?filament ?(long and slender
stalk) and ?anther ? (bilobed structure).
? Filament is attached to the thalamus or to the petal.
? Anther ?:
? A typical anther is bilobed and each lobe is dithecous
(consists of two theca).
? Theca are separated by a longitudinal groove running
lengthwise.
? The microsporangia are located at the corners, two in
each theca. They further develop to form pollen sacs,
which contain the pollen grains.
? Structure of microsporangium
? The microsporangium is surrounded by four wall layers
(epidermis, endothecium, middle layers, and tapetum).
? The outer three layers are protective and help in
dehiscence of anther to release the pollen grains. The
tapetum provides nourishment to the developing pollen
grains.
? In the young anther, the sporogenous tissue forms the
centre of each microsporangium.
Microsporogenesis
? It is the process of formation of microspore from PMC (Pollen
Mother Cells).
? As development occurs in the anther, the sporogenous
tissue undergoes meiosis to form microspore tetrad.
? Each cell of sporogenous tissue has capacity to give rise to a
tetrad. Hence, each cell is a potential pollen or PMC.
? As the anther matures, the microspores get detached from
each other and develop into pollen grains.
Pollen grains
? Represent the male gamete and are spherical, having a
twolayered wall:
? Exine (outer) - Hard layer made of sporopollenin,
which is extremely resistant and can withstand high
temperatures, acidic and alkaline conditions, and
enzymes
? Intine (inner) - Thin and continuous layer made up of
cellulose and pectin
? Mature pollen grain contains two cells:
? Vegetative cell - Large with irregular nucleus, contains
food reserves
? Generative cell - Small and floats in the cytoplasm of
the vegetative cell
? In 60% of the angiosperms, pollen grains are shed at
2celled stage while in others generative cell undergoes
mitosis to form two male gametes (3celled stage).
? The viability of pollen grains after they are shed depends
upon temperature and humidity. It ranges from 30 minutes
to few months.
Gynoecium and Formation of Female Gametophyte
? The gynoecium represents the female reproductive part of a
flower.
? It may be monocarpellary (one pistil) or multicarpellary
(many pistils). In multicarpellary, the pistils may be fused
in one (syncarpous) or free (apocarpous).
? Each pistil consists of:
? Stigma ? - Receives the pollen grains
? Style ? - Elongated, slender part below the stigma
? Ovary ? - Bulged basal part containing the placenta,
which is located inside the ovarian locule (cavity)
? The placenta contains the megasporangia or ovules.
Page 5
PreFertilisation Events
? Several hormonal and structural changes result in the
development of a flower.
? Inflorescences bear the flower buds, and then the flowers.
? Flowers are the reproductive parts of a plant.
? In the flowers, the androecium (male reproductive part) and
the gynoecium (female reproductive part) develop.
Androecium
? The androecium consists of whorls of stamen.
? The stamen consists of the ?filament ?(long and slender
stalk) and ?anther ? (bilobed structure).
? Filament is attached to the thalamus or to the petal.
? Anther ?:
? A typical anther is bilobed and each lobe is dithecous
(consists of two theca).
? Theca are separated by a longitudinal groove running
lengthwise.
? The microsporangia are located at the corners, two in
each theca. They further develop to form pollen sacs,
which contain the pollen grains.
? Structure of microsporangium
? The microsporangium is surrounded by four wall layers
(epidermis, endothecium, middle layers, and tapetum).
? The outer three layers are protective and help in
dehiscence of anther to release the pollen grains. The
tapetum provides nourishment to the developing pollen
grains.
? In the young anther, the sporogenous tissue forms the
centre of each microsporangium.
Microsporogenesis
? It is the process of formation of microspore from PMC (Pollen
Mother Cells).
? As development occurs in the anther, the sporogenous
tissue undergoes meiosis to form microspore tetrad.
? Each cell of sporogenous tissue has capacity to give rise to a
tetrad. Hence, each cell is a potential pollen or PMC.
? As the anther matures, the microspores get detached from
each other and develop into pollen grains.
Pollen grains
? Represent the male gamete and are spherical, having a
twolayered wall:
? Exine (outer) - Hard layer made of sporopollenin,
which is extremely resistant and can withstand high
temperatures, acidic and alkaline conditions, and
enzymes
? Intine (inner) - Thin and continuous layer made up of
cellulose and pectin
? Mature pollen grain contains two cells:
? Vegetative cell - Large with irregular nucleus, contains
food reserves
? Generative cell - Small and floats in the cytoplasm of
the vegetative cell
? In 60% of the angiosperms, pollen grains are shed at
2celled stage while in others generative cell undergoes
mitosis to form two male gametes (3celled stage).
? The viability of pollen grains after they are shed depends
upon temperature and humidity. It ranges from 30 minutes
to few months.
Gynoecium and Formation of Female Gametophyte
? The gynoecium represents the female reproductive part of a
flower.
? It may be monocarpellary (one pistil) or multicarpellary
(many pistils). In multicarpellary, the pistils may be fused
in one (syncarpous) or free (apocarpous).
? Each pistil consists of:
? Stigma ? - Receives the pollen grains
? Style ? - Elongated, slender part below the stigma
? Ovary ? - Bulged basal part containing the placenta,
which is located inside the ovarian locule (cavity)
? The placenta contains the megasporangia or ovules.
Megasporangium
? The ovule is attached to the placenta by the ?funicle ?. The
junction of the ovule and the funicle is called ?hilum ?.
? Each ovule has one or two protective layers, called
integuments ?, which cover the rest of the ovule, except for
a small opening called ?micropyle ?.
? The ?chalaza ? lying on the opposite side of the micropyle end
represents the basal part of the ovule.
? Nucellus ? is present within the integuments and contains
reserved food. The ?embryo sac ? or female gametophyte is
located within the nucellus.
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