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Human Reproduction Class 12 Notes Biology Chapter 2

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Revision Notes
Chapter 3
Human Reproduction
Male and Female Reproductive Systems
? Human beings reproduce sexually and are viviparous.
? In humans, the reproductive phase starts after puberty.
? It involves:
(i) Gametogenesis
(ii) Insemination
(iii) Fertilisation
(iv) Implantation
(v) Gestation
(vi) Parturition
The Male Reproductive System
? It is located in the pelvic region.
? It consists of:
(i) A pair of testes
(ii) Accessory glands and ducts
(iii) External genitalia
Page 2


Revision Notes
Chapter 3
Human Reproduction
Male and Female Reproductive Systems
? Human beings reproduce sexually and are viviparous.
? In humans, the reproductive phase starts after puberty.
? It involves:
(i) Gametogenesis
(ii) Insemination
(iii) Fertilisation
(iv) Implantation
(v) Gestation
(vi) Parturition
The Male Reproductive System
? It is located in the pelvic region.
? It consists of:
(i) A pair of testes
(ii) Accessory glands and ducts
(iii) External genitalia
Testes
? Situated within the scrotum, which protects the testes and also helps in maintaining the
temperature.
? Each testis is 4 to 5 cm in length, and 2 to 3 cm in width, and has about 250
compartments called testicular lobules. Testicular lobules have seminiferous tubules
which are the sites of sperm formation.
? Seminiferous tubules are lined by two types of cells:
(i) Male germ cells - They undergo meiosis to form sperms.
(ii) Sertoli cells - They provide nourishment to the germ cells.
? Region outside the seminiferous tubules is called the interstitial space, which contains
Leydig cells (interstitial cells). The Leydig cells produce androgens.
Accessory Ducts and Glands
? Accessory ducts include:
(i) Rete testis
(ii) Vasa efferentia
(iii) Epididymis
(iv) Vas deferens
? The seminiferous tubules open into the vasa efferentia through the rete testis.
? The vasa efferentia open into the epididymis, which leads to the vas deferens. The vas
deferens opens into the urethra along with a duct from the seminal vesicle called the
ejaculatory duct.
? The ejaculatory duct stores the sperms and transports them to the outside
? The urethra starts from the urinary bladder, extends through the penis and opens via the
urethral meatus.
Page 3


Revision Notes
Chapter 3
Human Reproduction
Male and Female Reproductive Systems
? Human beings reproduce sexually and are viviparous.
? In humans, the reproductive phase starts after puberty.
? It involves:
(i) Gametogenesis
(ii) Insemination
(iii) Fertilisation
(iv) Implantation
(v) Gestation
(vi) Parturition
The Male Reproductive System
? It is located in the pelvic region.
? It consists of:
(i) A pair of testes
(ii) Accessory glands and ducts
(iii) External genitalia
Testes
? Situated within the scrotum, which protects the testes and also helps in maintaining the
temperature.
? Each testis is 4 to 5 cm in length, and 2 to 3 cm in width, and has about 250
compartments called testicular lobules. Testicular lobules have seminiferous tubules
which are the sites of sperm formation.
? Seminiferous tubules are lined by two types of cells:
(i) Male germ cells - They undergo meiosis to form sperms.
(ii) Sertoli cells - They provide nourishment to the germ cells.
? Region outside the seminiferous tubules is called the interstitial space, which contains
Leydig cells (interstitial cells). The Leydig cells produce androgens.
Accessory Ducts and Glands
? Accessory ducts include:
(i) Rete testis
(ii) Vasa efferentia
(iii) Epididymis
(iv) Vas deferens
? The seminiferous tubules open into the vasa efferentia through the rete testis.
? The vasa efferentia open into the epididymis, which leads to the vas deferens. The vas
deferens opens into the urethra along with a duct from the seminal vesicle called the
ejaculatory duct.
? The ejaculatory duct stores the sperms and transports them to the outside
? The urethra starts from the urinary bladder, extends through the penis and opens via the
urethral meatus.
? Accessory glands include:
(i) A pair of seminal vesicles
(ii) Prostate gland
(iii) A pair of bulbourethral glands
? The secretions of these glands make up the seminal plasma, and provide nutrition and a
medium of motility to the sperms.
Mnemonics to Remember Male Reproductive Parts
SEVEn UP
? S – Seminiferous tubule
? E – Epididymis
? V – Vas deferens
? E – Ejaculatory duct
? U – Urethra
? P – Penis
** SEVEn UP is also a quick mnemonic for memorizing the pathway of the sperm.
Page 4


Revision Notes
Chapter 3
Human Reproduction
Male and Female Reproductive Systems
? Human beings reproduce sexually and are viviparous.
? In humans, the reproductive phase starts after puberty.
? It involves:
(i) Gametogenesis
(ii) Insemination
(iii) Fertilisation
(iv) Implantation
(v) Gestation
(vi) Parturition
The Male Reproductive System
? It is located in the pelvic region.
? It consists of:
(i) A pair of testes
(ii) Accessory glands and ducts
(iii) External genitalia
Testes
? Situated within the scrotum, which protects the testes and also helps in maintaining the
temperature.
? Each testis is 4 to 5 cm in length, and 2 to 3 cm in width, and has about 250
compartments called testicular lobules. Testicular lobules have seminiferous tubules
which are the sites of sperm formation.
? Seminiferous tubules are lined by two types of cells:
(i) Male germ cells - They undergo meiosis to form sperms.
(ii) Sertoli cells - They provide nourishment to the germ cells.
? Region outside the seminiferous tubules is called the interstitial space, which contains
Leydig cells (interstitial cells). The Leydig cells produce androgens.
Accessory Ducts and Glands
? Accessory ducts include:
(i) Rete testis
(ii) Vasa efferentia
(iii) Epididymis
(iv) Vas deferens
? The seminiferous tubules open into the vasa efferentia through the rete testis.
? The vasa efferentia open into the epididymis, which leads to the vas deferens. The vas
deferens opens into the urethra along with a duct from the seminal vesicle called the
ejaculatory duct.
? The ejaculatory duct stores the sperms and transports them to the outside
? The urethra starts from the urinary bladder, extends through the penis and opens via the
urethral meatus.
? Accessory glands include:
(i) A pair of seminal vesicles
(ii) Prostate gland
(iii) A pair of bulbourethral glands
? The secretions of these glands make up the seminal plasma, and provide nutrition and a
medium of motility to the sperms.
Mnemonics to Remember Male Reproductive Parts
SEVEn UP
? S – Seminiferous tubule
? E – Epididymis
? V – Vas deferens
? E – Ejaculatory duct
? U – Urethra
? P – Penis
** SEVEn UP is also a quick mnemonic for memorizing the pathway of the sperm.
The Female Reproductive System
? It is located in the pelvic region:
? It includes:
(i) A pair of ovaries
(ii) A pair of oviducts
(iii) Uterus
(iv) Cervix
(v) Vagina
(vi) External genitalia
Page 5


Revision Notes
Chapter 3
Human Reproduction
Male and Female Reproductive Systems
? Human beings reproduce sexually and are viviparous.
? In humans, the reproductive phase starts after puberty.
? It involves:
(i) Gametogenesis
(ii) Insemination
(iii) Fertilisation
(iv) Implantation
(v) Gestation
(vi) Parturition
The Male Reproductive System
? It is located in the pelvic region.
? It consists of:
(i) A pair of testes
(ii) Accessory glands and ducts
(iii) External genitalia
Testes
? Situated within the scrotum, which protects the testes and also helps in maintaining the
temperature.
? Each testis is 4 to 5 cm in length, and 2 to 3 cm in width, and has about 250
compartments called testicular lobules. Testicular lobules have seminiferous tubules
which are the sites of sperm formation.
? Seminiferous tubules are lined by two types of cells:
(i) Male germ cells - They undergo meiosis to form sperms.
(ii) Sertoli cells - They provide nourishment to the germ cells.
? Region outside the seminiferous tubules is called the interstitial space, which contains
Leydig cells (interstitial cells). The Leydig cells produce androgens.
Accessory Ducts and Glands
? Accessory ducts include:
(i) Rete testis
(ii) Vasa efferentia
(iii) Epididymis
(iv) Vas deferens
? The seminiferous tubules open into the vasa efferentia through the rete testis.
? The vasa efferentia open into the epididymis, which leads to the vas deferens. The vas
deferens opens into the urethra along with a duct from the seminal vesicle called the
ejaculatory duct.
? The ejaculatory duct stores the sperms and transports them to the outside
? The urethra starts from the urinary bladder, extends through the penis and opens via the
urethral meatus.
? Accessory glands include:
(i) A pair of seminal vesicles
(ii) Prostate gland
(iii) A pair of bulbourethral glands
? The secretions of these glands make up the seminal plasma, and provide nutrition and a
medium of motility to the sperms.
Mnemonics to Remember Male Reproductive Parts
SEVEn UP
? S – Seminiferous tubule
? E – Epididymis
? V – Vas deferens
? E – Ejaculatory duct
? U – Urethra
? P – Penis
** SEVEn UP is also a quick mnemonic for memorizing the pathway of the sperm.
The Female Reproductive System
? It is located in the pelvic region:
? It includes:
(i) A pair of ovaries
(ii) A pair of oviducts
(iii) Uterus
(iv) Cervix
(v) Vagina
(vi) External genitalia
(vii) Mammary glands (not part of the reproductive system, but aids in child care)
(viii) Ovaries
? They are the primary female sex organs. They produce the ovum and other ovarian
hormones.
? They are located in the lower abdomen, and are 2 to 4 cm in length.
? They are connected by ligaments to the pelvic walls and to the uterus.
? Each ovary is covered by epithelium, and contains the ovarian stroma.
? The ovarian stroma is made up of:
(i) Peripheral cortex
(ii) Inner medulla
(iii) Oviducts
? They are also called fallopian tubes.
? They are 10 to 12 cm long, and extend from the ovary to the uterus.
? The part of each oviduct lying towards the ovary is funnel shaped, and is called
infundibulum. It has finger-like projections called fimbriae.
? The infundibulum leads to the ampulla, and then to the isthmus, which has a narrow
lumen opening into the uterus.
Uterus
? It is also called womb, and is pear shaped.
? It is connected to the pelvic walls by ligaments.
? The uterine wall consists of:
(i) External perimetrium
(ii) Middle myometrium
(iii) Internal endometrium, which lines the uterine cavity.
? The endometrium undergoes changes during the menstrual cycle.
Cervix and Vagina
? The cervix connects the uterus to the vagina.
? The cervix and the vagina constitute the birth canal.
External Genitalia
? Consists of:
Mons pubis - Fatty tissue covered by skin and pubic hair
Labia majora - Extends from mons pubis and surrounds the vaginal opening
Labia minora - Fold of skin beneath the labia majora
Hymen - Partially covers the vaginal opening
Clitoris - Lies at the junction of labia minora
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FAQs on Human Reproduction Class 12 Notes Biology Chapter 2

1. How does fertilization occur in human reproduction?
Ans. During human reproduction, fertilization occurs when a sperm cell from the male fuses with an egg cell from the female. This typically happens in the fallopian tubes, where the released egg travels after ovulation. The sperm must swim through the cervix, uterus, and into the fallopian tube to reach the egg. Once a sperm penetrates the egg, fertilization takes place, resulting in the formation of a zygote.
2. What is the role of hormones in human reproduction?
Ans. Hormones play a crucial role in human reproduction. In males, the hormone testosterone is responsible for the development of male reproductive organs and the production of sperm. In females, hormones like estrogen and progesterone regulate the menstrual cycle, control the growth of the uterine lining, and prepare the body for pregnancy. These hormones also control the release of eggs during ovulation and help maintain a suitable environment for fertilization and pregnancy.
3. What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis in human reproduction?
Ans. Mitosis and meiosis are two different types of cell division processes involved in human reproduction. Mitosis occurs in somatic cells and results in the production of two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process is essential for growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction. On the other hand, meiosis occurs in specialized cells called germ cells, which produce gametes (sperm and eggs). Meiosis involves two rounds of cell division and results in the formation of four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This allows for the production of genetically diverse offspring.
4. What is the menstrual cycle and how does it relate to human reproduction?
Ans. The menstrual cycle is a series of hormonal and physiological changes that occur in the female reproductive system. It typically lasts around 28 days and involves the preparation of the uterus for possible pregnancy. The cycle consists of four phases: menstruation, follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase. During menstruation, the uterus sheds its lining, resulting in the discharge of blood and tissue. In the follicular phase, follicles in the ovaries mature and prepare to release an egg. Ovulation is the release of a mature egg from the ovary into the fallopian tube. The luteal phase follows ovulation and prepares the uterus for potential implantation of a fertilized egg. If fertilization does not occur, the menstrual cycle starts again.
5. What are the common disorders or conditions that can affect human reproduction?
Ans. Several disorders or conditions can impact human reproduction. Some common examples include: - Infertility: The inability to conceive or carry a pregnancy to term. - Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A hormonal disorder that affects ovulation and can lead to irregular periods and infertility. - Endometriosis: A condition in which the tissue lining the uterus grows outside of it, causing pain and fertility problems. - Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Infections such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, or syphilis can affect fertility if left untreated. - Erectile Dysfunction (ED): A condition in males where they have difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection, which can impact reproductive abilities. It is important to consult with medical professionals for proper diagnosis and treatment of any reproductive disorders or conditions.
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