Introduction to AI: Foundational Concepts | Artificial Intelligence for Class 10 PDF Download

 Page 1


 
* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only. 
 
Introduction to AI: Foundational Concepts 
What is Intelligence? 
Humans have been developing machines which can make their lives easier. Machines are made with 
an intent of accomplishing tasks which are either too tedious for humans or are time consuming. 
Hence, machines help us by working for us, thereby sharing our load and making it easier for us to 
fulfil such goals. 
 
Life without machines today is unimaginable, and because of this, humans have been putting efforts 
into making them even more sophisticated and smart. As a result, we are surrounded by smart devices 
and gadgets like smartphones, smartwatches, smart TV, etc. But what makes them smart? 
 
For example, how is a smartphone today different from the telephones we had in the last century?  
  
Page 2


 
* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only. 
 
Introduction to AI: Foundational Concepts 
What is Intelligence? 
Humans have been developing machines which can make their lives easier. Machines are made with 
an intent of accomplishing tasks which are either too tedious for humans or are time consuming. 
Hence, machines help us by working for us, thereby sharing our load and making it easier for us to 
fulfil such goals. 
 
Life without machines today is unimaginable, and because of this, humans have been putting efforts 
into making them even more sophisticated and smart. As a result, we are surrounded by smart devices 
and gadgets like smartphones, smartwatches, smart TV, etc. But what makes them smart? 
 
For example, how is a smartphone today different from the telephones we had in the last century?  
  
 
* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only. 
 
 
Today’s phones can do much more than just call-up 
people. They can help us in navigating, recommend 
which songs we should listen to or which movies we 
should watch according to our own likes and 
dislikes. Our phones can help us connect with like-
minded people, make our selfies fun with face 
filters, help us maintain a record of our health and 
fitness and a lot more. These drastic technological 
advancements lead us to recognize one key 
concept: the concept of Artificial Intelligence. 
 
 
 
What is Artificial Intelligence anyway? Well, the answer lies in the term itself. If we break up this term 
up, we get the words “Artificial” and “Intelligence”. Artificial is something which is man-made, which 
does not occur naturally. But what about Intelligence, how do we define that? 
Humans are said to be an intelligent species, so what is it that makes us intelligent? 
According to researchers, intelligence is the ‘ability to perceive or infer information, and to retain it as 
knowledge to be applied towards adaptive behaviours within an environment or context.’ 
If we try to define intelligence with the help of its traits, these are the abilities that are involved in 
intelligence:  
 
  
Page 3


 
* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only. 
 
Introduction to AI: Foundational Concepts 
What is Intelligence? 
Humans have been developing machines which can make their lives easier. Machines are made with 
an intent of accomplishing tasks which are either too tedious for humans or are time consuming. 
Hence, machines help us by working for us, thereby sharing our load and making it easier for us to 
fulfil such goals. 
 
Life without machines today is unimaginable, and because of this, humans have been putting efforts 
into making them even more sophisticated and smart. As a result, we are surrounded by smart devices 
and gadgets like smartphones, smartwatches, smart TV, etc. But what makes them smart? 
 
For example, how is a smartphone today different from the telephones we had in the last century?  
  
 
* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only. 
 
 
Today’s phones can do much more than just call-up 
people. They can help us in navigating, recommend 
which songs we should listen to or which movies we 
should watch according to our own likes and 
dislikes. Our phones can help us connect with like-
minded people, make our selfies fun with face 
filters, help us maintain a record of our health and 
fitness and a lot more. These drastic technological 
advancements lead us to recognize one key 
concept: the concept of Artificial Intelligence. 
 
 
 
What is Artificial Intelligence anyway? Well, the answer lies in the term itself. If we break up this term 
up, we get the words “Artificial” and “Intelligence”. Artificial is something which is man-made, which 
does not occur naturally. But what about Intelligence, how do we define that? 
Humans are said to be an intelligent species, so what is it that makes us intelligent? 
According to researchers, intelligence is the ‘ability to perceive or infer information, and to retain it as 
knowledge to be applied towards adaptive behaviours within an environment or context.’ 
If we try to define intelligence with the help of its traits, these are the abilities that are involved in 
intelligence:  
 
  
 
 
Let us define each term mentioned above to get a proper understanding: 
 
But even though one is more skilled in intelligence than the other, it should be noted that in fact all humans have all 9 of 
these intelligences only at different levels. One might be an expert at painting, while the other might be an expert in 
mathematical calculations. One is a musician, the other is an expert dancer. 
In other words, we may define intelligence as: 
• Ability to interact with the real world 
o To perceive, understand and act 
? Example: Speech Recognition – Understanding and synthesis 
? Example: Image Recognition 
? Example: Ability to take action: to have an effect 
• Reasoning and planning 
o Modelling the external world, given input 
? Solving new problems, planning and making decisions 
? Ability to deal with unexpected problems, uncertainties 
• Learning and adaptation 
o Continuous learning and adapting graph 
? Our internal models are always being updated 
? Example: Baby learning to categorize and recognise animals 
For example, if someone starts talking to us, we know how to keep the conversation going. We can 
understand what people mean and can reply in the same way. When we are hungry, we can come up 
•A person's ability to regulate, measure, and understand numerical
symbols, abstraction and logic.
Mathematical 
Logical Reasoning
•Language processing skills both in terms of understanding or
implementation in writing or verbally.
Linguistic 
Intelligence
•It is defined as the ability to perceive the visual world and the
relationship of one object to another.
Spatial Visual 
Intelligence
•Ability that is related to how a person uses his limbs in a skilled
manilr.
Kineasthetic 
Intelligence
•As the name suggests, this intelligence is about a person's ability to
recognize and create sounds, rhythms, and sound patterns.
Musical 
Intelligence
•Describes how high the level of self-awareness someone has is.
Starting from realizing weakness, strength, to his own feelings.
Intrapersonal 
Intelligence
•An additional category of intelligence relating to religious and
spiritual awareness.
Existential 
Intelligence
•An additional category of intelligence relating to the
ability to process information on the environment around us.
Naturalist 
Intelligence
•Interpersonal intelligence is the ability to communicate with others
by understanding other people's feelings & influence of the person.
Interpersonal 
intelligence
Page 4


 
* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only. 
 
Introduction to AI: Foundational Concepts 
What is Intelligence? 
Humans have been developing machines which can make their lives easier. Machines are made with 
an intent of accomplishing tasks which are either too tedious for humans or are time consuming. 
Hence, machines help us by working for us, thereby sharing our load and making it easier for us to 
fulfil such goals. 
 
Life without machines today is unimaginable, and because of this, humans have been putting efforts 
into making them even more sophisticated and smart. As a result, we are surrounded by smart devices 
and gadgets like smartphones, smartwatches, smart TV, etc. But what makes them smart? 
 
For example, how is a smartphone today different from the telephones we had in the last century?  
  
 
* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only. 
 
 
Today’s phones can do much more than just call-up 
people. They can help us in navigating, recommend 
which songs we should listen to or which movies we 
should watch according to our own likes and 
dislikes. Our phones can help us connect with like-
minded people, make our selfies fun with face 
filters, help us maintain a record of our health and 
fitness and a lot more. These drastic technological 
advancements lead us to recognize one key 
concept: the concept of Artificial Intelligence. 
 
 
 
What is Artificial Intelligence anyway? Well, the answer lies in the term itself. If we break up this term 
up, we get the words “Artificial” and “Intelligence”. Artificial is something which is man-made, which 
does not occur naturally. But what about Intelligence, how do we define that? 
Humans are said to be an intelligent species, so what is it that makes us intelligent? 
According to researchers, intelligence is the ‘ability to perceive or infer information, and to retain it as 
knowledge to be applied towards adaptive behaviours within an environment or context.’ 
If we try to define intelligence with the help of its traits, these are the abilities that are involved in 
intelligence:  
 
  
 
 
Let us define each term mentioned above to get a proper understanding: 
 
But even though one is more skilled in intelligence than the other, it should be noted that in fact all humans have all 9 of 
these intelligences only at different levels. One might be an expert at painting, while the other might be an expert in 
mathematical calculations. One is a musician, the other is an expert dancer. 
In other words, we may define intelligence as: 
• Ability to interact with the real world 
o To perceive, understand and act 
? Example: Speech Recognition – Understanding and synthesis 
? Example: Image Recognition 
? Example: Ability to take action: to have an effect 
• Reasoning and planning 
o Modelling the external world, given input 
? Solving new problems, planning and making decisions 
? Ability to deal with unexpected problems, uncertainties 
• Learning and adaptation 
o Continuous learning and adapting graph 
? Our internal models are always being updated 
? Example: Baby learning to categorize and recognise animals 
For example, if someone starts talking to us, we know how to keep the conversation going. We can 
understand what people mean and can reply in the same way. When we are hungry, we can come up 
•A person's ability to regulate, measure, and understand numerical
symbols, abstraction and logic.
Mathematical 
Logical Reasoning
•Language processing skills both in terms of understanding or
implementation in writing or verbally.
Linguistic 
Intelligence
•It is defined as the ability to perceive the visual world and the
relationship of one object to another.
Spatial Visual 
Intelligence
•Ability that is related to how a person uses his limbs in a skilled
manilr.
Kineasthetic 
Intelligence
•As the name suggests, this intelligence is about a person's ability to
recognize and create sounds, rhythms, and sound patterns.
Musical 
Intelligence
•Describes how high the level of self-awareness someone has is.
Starting from realizing weakness, strength, to his own feelings.
Intrapersonal 
Intelligence
•An additional category of intelligence relating to religious and
spiritual awareness.
Existential 
Intelligence
•An additional category of intelligence relating to the
ability to process information on the environment around us.
Naturalist 
Intelligence
•Interpersonal intelligence is the ability to communicate with others
by understanding other people's feelings & influence of the person.
Interpersonal 
intelligence
 
* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only. 
 
with various options on what to eat depending upon the food we have at our homes. When we read 
something, we are able to understand its meaning and answer anything regarding it.  
While understanding the term intelligence, it must be noticed that decision making comprises of a 
crucial part of intelligence. Let us delve deeper into it. 
Decision Making 
 
You’re trapped. All the doors seem to have started shrinking and only one of them leads you out. 
Which door would you pick? 
How do you make decisions? 
The basis of decision making depends upon the availability of information and how we experience and 
understand it. For the purposes of this article, ‘information’ includes our past experience, intuition, 
knowledge, and self-awareness. 
We can’t make “good” decisions without information because then we have to deal with unknown 
factors and face uncertainty, which leads us to make wild guesses, flipping coins, or rolling a dice. 
Having knowledge, experience, or insights given a certain situation, helps us visualize what the 
outcomes could be. and how we can achieve/avoid those outcomes. 
Make Your Choices! 
Scenario 1 
You are locked inside a room with 3 doors to move out of the locked room and you need to find a safe 
door to get your way out. Behind the 1
st
 door is a lake with a deadly shark. The 2
nd
 door has a mad 
psychopath ready to kill with a weapon and the third one has a lion that has not eaten since the last 2 
months.  
 
 
Page 5


 
* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only. 
 
Introduction to AI: Foundational Concepts 
What is Intelligence? 
Humans have been developing machines which can make their lives easier. Machines are made with 
an intent of accomplishing tasks which are either too tedious for humans or are time consuming. 
Hence, machines help us by working for us, thereby sharing our load and making it easier for us to 
fulfil such goals. 
 
Life without machines today is unimaginable, and because of this, humans have been putting efforts 
into making them even more sophisticated and smart. As a result, we are surrounded by smart devices 
and gadgets like smartphones, smartwatches, smart TV, etc. But what makes them smart? 
 
For example, how is a smartphone today different from the telephones we had in the last century?  
  
 
* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only. 
 
 
Today’s phones can do much more than just call-up 
people. They can help us in navigating, recommend 
which songs we should listen to or which movies we 
should watch according to our own likes and 
dislikes. Our phones can help us connect with like-
minded people, make our selfies fun with face 
filters, help us maintain a record of our health and 
fitness and a lot more. These drastic technological 
advancements lead us to recognize one key 
concept: the concept of Artificial Intelligence. 
 
 
 
What is Artificial Intelligence anyway? Well, the answer lies in the term itself. If we break up this term 
up, we get the words “Artificial” and “Intelligence”. Artificial is something which is man-made, which 
does not occur naturally. But what about Intelligence, how do we define that? 
Humans are said to be an intelligent species, so what is it that makes us intelligent? 
According to researchers, intelligence is the ‘ability to perceive or infer information, and to retain it as 
knowledge to be applied towards adaptive behaviours within an environment or context.’ 
If we try to define intelligence with the help of its traits, these are the abilities that are involved in 
intelligence:  
 
  
 
 
Let us define each term mentioned above to get a proper understanding: 
 
But even though one is more skilled in intelligence than the other, it should be noted that in fact all humans have all 9 of 
these intelligences only at different levels. One might be an expert at painting, while the other might be an expert in 
mathematical calculations. One is a musician, the other is an expert dancer. 
In other words, we may define intelligence as: 
• Ability to interact with the real world 
o To perceive, understand and act 
? Example: Speech Recognition – Understanding and synthesis 
? Example: Image Recognition 
? Example: Ability to take action: to have an effect 
• Reasoning and planning 
o Modelling the external world, given input 
? Solving new problems, planning and making decisions 
? Ability to deal with unexpected problems, uncertainties 
• Learning and adaptation 
o Continuous learning and adapting graph 
? Our internal models are always being updated 
? Example: Baby learning to categorize and recognise animals 
For example, if someone starts talking to us, we know how to keep the conversation going. We can 
understand what people mean and can reply in the same way. When we are hungry, we can come up 
•A person's ability to regulate, measure, and understand numerical
symbols, abstraction and logic.
Mathematical 
Logical Reasoning
•Language processing skills both in terms of understanding or
implementation in writing or verbally.
Linguistic 
Intelligence
•It is defined as the ability to perceive the visual world and the
relationship of one object to another.
Spatial Visual 
Intelligence
•Ability that is related to how a person uses his limbs in a skilled
manilr.
Kineasthetic 
Intelligence
•As the name suggests, this intelligence is about a person's ability to
recognize and create sounds, rhythms, and sound patterns.
Musical 
Intelligence
•Describes how high the level of self-awareness someone has is.
Starting from realizing weakness, strength, to his own feelings.
Intrapersonal 
Intelligence
•An additional category of intelligence relating to religious and
spiritual awareness.
Existential 
Intelligence
•An additional category of intelligence relating to the
ability to process information on the environment around us.
Naturalist 
Intelligence
•Interpersonal intelligence is the ability to communicate with others
by understanding other people's feelings & influence of the person.
Interpersonal 
intelligence
 
* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only. 
 
with various options on what to eat depending upon the food we have at our homes. When we read 
something, we are able to understand its meaning and answer anything regarding it.  
While understanding the term intelligence, it must be noticed that decision making comprises of a 
crucial part of intelligence. Let us delve deeper into it. 
Decision Making 
 
You’re trapped. All the doors seem to have started shrinking and only one of them leads you out. 
Which door would you pick? 
How do you make decisions? 
The basis of decision making depends upon the availability of information and how we experience and 
understand it. For the purposes of this article, ‘information’ includes our past experience, intuition, 
knowledge, and self-awareness. 
We can’t make “good” decisions without information because then we have to deal with unknown 
factors and face uncertainty, which leads us to make wild guesses, flipping coins, or rolling a dice. 
Having knowledge, experience, or insights given a certain situation, helps us visualize what the 
outcomes could be. and how we can achieve/avoid those outcomes. 
Make Your Choices! 
Scenario 1 
You are locked inside a room with 3 doors to move out of the locked room and you need to find a safe 
door to get your way out. Behind the 1
st
 door is a lake with a deadly shark. The 2
nd
 door has a mad 
psychopath ready to kill with a weapon and the third one has a lion that has not eaten since the last 2 
months.  
 
 
 
* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only. 
 
Which door would you choose? and Why? 
 
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________ 
The answer is gate number 3. The reason being that since the lion has not eaten for 2 months, he 
wouldn't have survived till now and would already be dead . This makes going out from gate 3 the 
correct option.  
Scenario 2 
Aarti invited four of her friends to her House.. They hadn't seen each other in a long time, so they 
chatted all night long and had a good time. In the morning, two of the friends Aarti had invited, died. 
The police arrived at the house and found that both the friends were poisoned and that the poison 
was in the strawberry pie. The three surviving friends told the police that they hadn't eaten the pie. 
The police asked," Why didn’t you eat the pie ?". Shiv said, " I am allergic to strawberries.". Seema 
said, " I am on a diet." And Aarti said, "I ate too many strawberries while cooking the pie, I just didn't 
want anymore." 
The policemen looked at the pictures of the party and immediately identified the murderer.