IBPS Clerk 2021: Prelims Question Paper | IBPS Clerk Mock Test Series & Past Year Papers 2024 - Bank Exams PDF Download

 Page 1


   
  
 
 
 
Directions (1-6): Each question is divided into four parts in which one part may or may not have error. 
Choose the part that has the error as your answer. If all the parts are correct choose (E) i.e., No Error. 
 
Q1. (A)Apart from contributing/(B) to air pollution, a large number/(C) of vehicles on the Indian 
roads/ (D)also contributes to noise pollution/(E)No Error. 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) No Error 
 
Q2. (A)Farmers who had stayed put at/(B) sites around the national capital/ (C)for a year are now 
dispersing, /(D)but not with much clear on the road ahead/(E) No Error. 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) No Error 
 
Q3. (A)If I was a/(B) rich man, I /(C)would make more/(D) charitable donations/(E)No Error. 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) No Error 
 
Q4. (A)After a long /(B)adjournment, the jury have/(C) given the verdict/ (D)on Saturday/(E)No 
Error.  
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) No Error 
 
Q5. (A)You had better/(B) to watch the/(C) way you talk to/ (D)me 
in the future/(E)No Error. 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) No Error 
 
Page 2


   
  
 
 
 
Directions (1-6): Each question is divided into four parts in which one part may or may not have error. 
Choose the part that has the error as your answer. If all the parts are correct choose (E) i.e., No Error. 
 
Q1. (A)Apart from contributing/(B) to air pollution, a large number/(C) of vehicles on the Indian 
roads/ (D)also contributes to noise pollution/(E)No Error. 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) No Error 
 
Q2. (A)Farmers who had stayed put at/(B) sites around the national capital/ (C)for a year are now 
dispersing, /(D)but not with much clear on the road ahead/(E) No Error. 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) No Error 
 
Q3. (A)If I was a/(B) rich man, I /(C)would make more/(D) charitable donations/(E)No Error. 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) No Error 
 
Q4. (A)After a long /(B)adjournment, the jury have/(C) given the verdict/ (D)on Saturday/(E)No 
Error.  
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) No Error 
 
Q5. (A)You had better/(B) to watch the/(C) way you talk to/ (D)me 
in the future/(E)No Error. 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) No Error 
 
   
  
 
Q6. (A) I reached at /(B)10 am, but he/ (C)was latter than/(D) I expected/ (E)No Error. 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) No Error 
 
Directions (7-11): In the following questions five sentences are given. You have to rearrange these 
sentences to make a contextually meaningful paragraph. Later, answer the follow-up questions. 
(A) And because no light can get out, people can't see black holes. 
(B) The gravity is so strong because matter has been squeezed into a tiny space. 
(C) A black hole is a place in space where gravity pulls so much that even light can not get out. 
(D) This compression happens when a star is dying. 
(E) They are invisible and space telescopes with special tools can help find black holes. 
 
Q7. Which of the following would be the correct order of sentences after rearrangement? 
(a) DEBAC 
(b) CBDAE 
(c) ABCED 
(d) BACED 
(e) CEDAB 
 
Q8. Which of the following would be the THIRD sentence after rearrangement? 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) E 
 
Q9. Which of the following would be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement? 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) E 
 
Q10. Which of the following would be the LAST sentence after rearrangement? 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) E 
(d) D 
(e) C 
 
Page 3


   
  
 
 
 
Directions (1-6): Each question is divided into four parts in which one part may or may not have error. 
Choose the part that has the error as your answer. If all the parts are correct choose (E) i.e., No Error. 
 
Q1. (A)Apart from contributing/(B) to air pollution, a large number/(C) of vehicles on the Indian 
roads/ (D)also contributes to noise pollution/(E)No Error. 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) No Error 
 
Q2. (A)Farmers who had stayed put at/(B) sites around the national capital/ (C)for a year are now 
dispersing, /(D)but not with much clear on the road ahead/(E) No Error. 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) No Error 
 
Q3. (A)If I was a/(B) rich man, I /(C)would make more/(D) charitable donations/(E)No Error. 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) No Error 
 
Q4. (A)After a long /(B)adjournment, the jury have/(C) given the verdict/ (D)on Saturday/(E)No 
Error.  
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) No Error 
 
Q5. (A)You had better/(B) to watch the/(C) way you talk to/ (D)me 
in the future/(E)No Error. 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) No Error 
 
   
  
 
Q6. (A) I reached at /(B)10 am, but he/ (C)was latter than/(D) I expected/ (E)No Error. 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) No Error 
 
Directions (7-11): In the following questions five sentences are given. You have to rearrange these 
sentences to make a contextually meaningful paragraph. Later, answer the follow-up questions. 
(A) And because no light can get out, people can't see black holes. 
(B) The gravity is so strong because matter has been squeezed into a tiny space. 
(C) A black hole is a place in space where gravity pulls so much that even light can not get out. 
(D) This compression happens when a star is dying. 
(E) They are invisible and space telescopes with special tools can help find black holes. 
 
Q7. Which of the following would be the correct order of sentences after rearrangement? 
(a) DEBAC 
(b) CBDAE 
(c) ABCED 
(d) BACED 
(e) CEDAB 
 
Q8. Which of the following would be the THIRD sentence after rearrangement? 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) E 
 
Q9. Which of the following would be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement? 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) E 
 
Q10. Which of the following would be the LAST sentence after rearrangement? 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) E 
(d) D 
(e) C 
 
   
  
 
Q11. Which of the following would be the FOURTH sentence after rearrangement? 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) E 
 
Directions (12-19): Read the following passage and answer the given questions based on the 
information provided in the passage. 
 
New employee orientation programs have been shown to socialize newcomers and increase their 
knowledge, skills, and abilities upon completion. These types of programs are perhaps the most 
influential piece of an employee’s development. Although many organizations include orientation as 
part of their new employee development tactics, few truly utilize its full scope. New employee 
orientation programs are deliberate attempts by an organization to introduce a new employee to what 
working for the organization will be like. Although orientations can teach some important skills and 
abilities, they also teach new employees about the organization’s history, goals, values, people, politics, 
and language. Orientation programs start off the socialization process and help the new employee fit 
into his or her new surroundings. New employee orientation programs may sometimes feel like a stale 
period of high anxiety and stress while training takes place when these potentially harmful feelings 
have most likely been resolved. A great deal of time and money is spent every year socializing and 
technically training employees.  
Making sure this investment is well spent should be a central concern. However, this is not always the 
case. Because training is expensive, organizations should make sure they are effectively preparing 
employees to run for on-the-job success by delivering the proper training content and teaching it the 
right way. Assessing the training needs of new employees consumes time and money, but it sends the 
message that the organization is committed to the development of its employees, to giving them the 
right tools to perform and putting them in a position where they can succeed, all of which are 
recognized goals of new employee orientation programs. Helping a new employee fit into his or her 
job and organization is important when considering job satisfaction, commitment, and retention. 
Whether potential candidates accept the job or not is somewhat influenced by how well they believe 
they will fit into that company. Thus, developing an orientation program that will not only properly 
train new hires, but successfully introduce them to their new organization is extremely important. 
The attributes an employee needs to succeed on the job, including those desired upon entry into the 
job, can be found through an analysis of the necessary knowledge, skills, and abilities required to 
perform the essential functions of the job. Since technical skills training is meant to enhance those skills 
and abilities needed for a job, it makes sense that training should have a close 
___________(I)___________ to whether or not a new employee fits into his or her environment. A big 
difference between Japanese and western organizations is that orientation programs are much more 
important to Japanese organizations because they want to cement a lasting relationship with new 
employees. Thus, the Japanese approach to selection and recruitment also works hand in hand. 
Japanese firms hire almost entirely at the entry-level. This is done so that the new arrival can be 
properly trained and socialized into the organization to be a good fit. The length of this process can 
vary from six months to three years, whereas in many western organizations a new employee merely 
completes the required HR paperwork and is then suddenly expected to execute the role for which he 
or she was hired. 
 
Page 4


   
  
 
 
 
Directions (1-6): Each question is divided into four parts in which one part may or may not have error. 
Choose the part that has the error as your answer. If all the parts are correct choose (E) i.e., No Error. 
 
Q1. (A)Apart from contributing/(B) to air pollution, a large number/(C) of vehicles on the Indian 
roads/ (D)also contributes to noise pollution/(E)No Error. 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) No Error 
 
Q2. (A)Farmers who had stayed put at/(B) sites around the national capital/ (C)for a year are now 
dispersing, /(D)but not with much clear on the road ahead/(E) No Error. 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) No Error 
 
Q3. (A)If I was a/(B) rich man, I /(C)would make more/(D) charitable donations/(E)No Error. 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) No Error 
 
Q4. (A)After a long /(B)adjournment, the jury have/(C) given the verdict/ (D)on Saturday/(E)No 
Error.  
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) No Error 
 
Q5. (A)You had better/(B) to watch the/(C) way you talk to/ (D)me 
in the future/(E)No Error. 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) No Error 
 
   
  
 
Q6. (A) I reached at /(B)10 am, but he/ (C)was latter than/(D) I expected/ (E)No Error. 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) No Error 
 
Directions (7-11): In the following questions five sentences are given. You have to rearrange these 
sentences to make a contextually meaningful paragraph. Later, answer the follow-up questions. 
(A) And because no light can get out, people can't see black holes. 
(B) The gravity is so strong because matter has been squeezed into a tiny space. 
(C) A black hole is a place in space where gravity pulls so much that even light can not get out. 
(D) This compression happens when a star is dying. 
(E) They are invisible and space telescopes with special tools can help find black holes. 
 
Q7. Which of the following would be the correct order of sentences after rearrangement? 
(a) DEBAC 
(b) CBDAE 
(c) ABCED 
(d) BACED 
(e) CEDAB 
 
Q8. Which of the following would be the THIRD sentence after rearrangement? 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) E 
 
Q9. Which of the following would be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement? 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) E 
 
Q10. Which of the following would be the LAST sentence after rearrangement? 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) E 
(d) D 
(e) C 
 
   
  
 
Q11. Which of the following would be the FOURTH sentence after rearrangement? 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) E 
 
Directions (12-19): Read the following passage and answer the given questions based on the 
information provided in the passage. 
 
New employee orientation programs have been shown to socialize newcomers and increase their 
knowledge, skills, and abilities upon completion. These types of programs are perhaps the most 
influential piece of an employee’s development. Although many organizations include orientation as 
part of their new employee development tactics, few truly utilize its full scope. New employee 
orientation programs are deliberate attempts by an organization to introduce a new employee to what 
working for the organization will be like. Although orientations can teach some important skills and 
abilities, they also teach new employees about the organization’s history, goals, values, people, politics, 
and language. Orientation programs start off the socialization process and help the new employee fit 
into his or her new surroundings. New employee orientation programs may sometimes feel like a stale 
period of high anxiety and stress while training takes place when these potentially harmful feelings 
have most likely been resolved. A great deal of time and money is spent every year socializing and 
technically training employees.  
Making sure this investment is well spent should be a central concern. However, this is not always the 
case. Because training is expensive, organizations should make sure they are effectively preparing 
employees to run for on-the-job success by delivering the proper training content and teaching it the 
right way. Assessing the training needs of new employees consumes time and money, but it sends the 
message that the organization is committed to the development of its employees, to giving them the 
right tools to perform and putting them in a position where they can succeed, all of which are 
recognized goals of new employee orientation programs. Helping a new employee fit into his or her 
job and organization is important when considering job satisfaction, commitment, and retention. 
Whether potential candidates accept the job or not is somewhat influenced by how well they believe 
they will fit into that company. Thus, developing an orientation program that will not only properly 
train new hires, but successfully introduce them to their new organization is extremely important. 
The attributes an employee needs to succeed on the job, including those desired upon entry into the 
job, can be found through an analysis of the necessary knowledge, skills, and abilities required to 
perform the essential functions of the job. Since technical skills training is meant to enhance those skills 
and abilities needed for a job, it makes sense that training should have a close 
___________(I)___________ to whether or not a new employee fits into his or her environment. A big 
difference between Japanese and western organizations is that orientation programs are much more 
important to Japanese organizations because they want to cement a lasting relationship with new 
employees. Thus, the Japanese approach to selection and recruitment also works hand in hand. 
Japanese firms hire almost entirely at the entry-level. This is done so that the new arrival can be 
properly trained and socialized into the organization to be a good fit. The length of this process can 
vary from six months to three years, whereas in many western organizations a new employee merely 
completes the required HR paperwork and is then suddenly expected to execute the role for which he 
or she was hired. 
 
   
  
 
Q12. Why is it imperative to undertake the socialization process in orientation programs? 
(a) To ensure that the expenditure incurred on orientation is well used. 
(b) To assist the new employee in acclimating to his or her new environment. 
(c) To give the appropriate training content in a timely manner. 
(d) To improve the skills and talents required for the completion of the tasks. 
(e) None of these  
 
Q13. How does the author differentiate between new employee orientation programs and training? 
(a) Orientation programs take place during a time of high anxiety and tension, while training takes 
place in a tranquil environment. 
(b) Orientation programs take place during a tranquil moment, whereas training takes place during a 
period of high anxiety and tension. 
(c) When potentially detrimental thoughts of orientation have been addressed, training can continue. 
(d) Only (a) and (b) 
(e) Both (a) and (c)  
 
Q14. Which of the following statements with reference to the information provided in the given 
passage is/are correct? 
(i) The viewpoints of potential candidates have an impact on whether or not a position is accepted. 
(ii) Time and money are invested in assessing the development needs of new employees. 
(iii) Orientation programs offer new employees the necessary tools to enable them to succeed. 
(a) Only (ii) 
(b) Both (i) and (ii) 
(c) All of these 
(d) Only (iii) 
(e) Both (ii) and (iii)  
 
Q15. Why do most organizations invest in orientation programs, despite the fact that assessing the 
training needs of new employees consumes time and money? 
(a) It illustrates the organization's commitment to employee development. 
(b) It provides employees with the necessary tools to help them succeed. 
(c) To assist new employees in overcoming high levels of fear and tension.  
(d) Only (a) and (b) 
(e) Only (b) and (c)  
 
Q16. Choose the most appropriate filler from the following words to fill in the blank (I), as highlighted 
in the given passage.  
(a) confiscation 
(b) requisition 
(c) distraint 
(d) analogy 
(e) amusement 
 
Page 5


   
  
 
 
 
Directions (1-6): Each question is divided into four parts in which one part may or may not have error. 
Choose the part that has the error as your answer. If all the parts are correct choose (E) i.e., No Error. 
 
Q1. (A)Apart from contributing/(B) to air pollution, a large number/(C) of vehicles on the Indian 
roads/ (D)also contributes to noise pollution/(E)No Error. 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) No Error 
 
Q2. (A)Farmers who had stayed put at/(B) sites around the national capital/ (C)for a year are now 
dispersing, /(D)but not with much clear on the road ahead/(E) No Error. 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) No Error 
 
Q3. (A)If I was a/(B) rich man, I /(C)would make more/(D) charitable donations/(E)No Error. 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) No Error 
 
Q4. (A)After a long /(B)adjournment, the jury have/(C) given the verdict/ (D)on Saturday/(E)No 
Error.  
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) No Error 
 
Q5. (A)You had better/(B) to watch the/(C) way you talk to/ (D)me 
in the future/(E)No Error. 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) No Error 
 
   
  
 
Q6. (A) I reached at /(B)10 am, but he/ (C)was latter than/(D) I expected/ (E)No Error. 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) No Error 
 
Directions (7-11): In the following questions five sentences are given. You have to rearrange these 
sentences to make a contextually meaningful paragraph. Later, answer the follow-up questions. 
(A) And because no light can get out, people can't see black holes. 
(B) The gravity is so strong because matter has been squeezed into a tiny space. 
(C) A black hole is a place in space where gravity pulls so much that even light can not get out. 
(D) This compression happens when a star is dying. 
(E) They are invisible and space telescopes with special tools can help find black holes. 
 
Q7. Which of the following would be the correct order of sentences after rearrangement? 
(a) DEBAC 
(b) CBDAE 
(c) ABCED 
(d) BACED 
(e) CEDAB 
 
Q8. Which of the following would be the THIRD sentence after rearrangement? 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) E 
 
Q9. Which of the following would be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement? 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) E 
 
Q10. Which of the following would be the LAST sentence after rearrangement? 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) E 
(d) D 
(e) C 
 
   
  
 
Q11. Which of the following would be the FOURTH sentence after rearrangement? 
(a) A 
(b) B 
(c) C 
(d) D 
(e) E 
 
Directions (12-19): Read the following passage and answer the given questions based on the 
information provided in the passage. 
 
New employee orientation programs have been shown to socialize newcomers and increase their 
knowledge, skills, and abilities upon completion. These types of programs are perhaps the most 
influential piece of an employee’s development. Although many organizations include orientation as 
part of their new employee development tactics, few truly utilize its full scope. New employee 
orientation programs are deliberate attempts by an organization to introduce a new employee to what 
working for the organization will be like. Although orientations can teach some important skills and 
abilities, they also teach new employees about the organization’s history, goals, values, people, politics, 
and language. Orientation programs start off the socialization process and help the new employee fit 
into his or her new surroundings. New employee orientation programs may sometimes feel like a stale 
period of high anxiety and stress while training takes place when these potentially harmful feelings 
have most likely been resolved. A great deal of time and money is spent every year socializing and 
technically training employees.  
Making sure this investment is well spent should be a central concern. However, this is not always the 
case. Because training is expensive, organizations should make sure they are effectively preparing 
employees to run for on-the-job success by delivering the proper training content and teaching it the 
right way. Assessing the training needs of new employees consumes time and money, but it sends the 
message that the organization is committed to the development of its employees, to giving them the 
right tools to perform and putting them in a position where they can succeed, all of which are 
recognized goals of new employee orientation programs. Helping a new employee fit into his or her 
job and organization is important when considering job satisfaction, commitment, and retention. 
Whether potential candidates accept the job or not is somewhat influenced by how well they believe 
they will fit into that company. Thus, developing an orientation program that will not only properly 
train new hires, but successfully introduce them to their new organization is extremely important. 
The attributes an employee needs to succeed on the job, including those desired upon entry into the 
job, can be found through an analysis of the necessary knowledge, skills, and abilities required to 
perform the essential functions of the job. Since technical skills training is meant to enhance those skills 
and abilities needed for a job, it makes sense that training should have a close 
___________(I)___________ to whether or not a new employee fits into his or her environment. A big 
difference between Japanese and western organizations is that orientation programs are much more 
important to Japanese organizations because they want to cement a lasting relationship with new 
employees. Thus, the Japanese approach to selection and recruitment also works hand in hand. 
Japanese firms hire almost entirely at the entry-level. This is done so that the new arrival can be 
properly trained and socialized into the organization to be a good fit. The length of this process can 
vary from six months to three years, whereas in many western organizations a new employee merely 
completes the required HR paperwork and is then suddenly expected to execute the role for which he 
or she was hired. 
 
   
  
 
Q12. Why is it imperative to undertake the socialization process in orientation programs? 
(a) To ensure that the expenditure incurred on orientation is well used. 
(b) To assist the new employee in acclimating to his or her new environment. 
(c) To give the appropriate training content in a timely manner. 
(d) To improve the skills and talents required for the completion of the tasks. 
(e) None of these  
 
Q13. How does the author differentiate between new employee orientation programs and training? 
(a) Orientation programs take place during a time of high anxiety and tension, while training takes 
place in a tranquil environment. 
(b) Orientation programs take place during a tranquil moment, whereas training takes place during a 
period of high anxiety and tension. 
(c) When potentially detrimental thoughts of orientation have been addressed, training can continue. 
(d) Only (a) and (b) 
(e) Both (a) and (c)  
 
Q14. Which of the following statements with reference to the information provided in the given 
passage is/are correct? 
(i) The viewpoints of potential candidates have an impact on whether or not a position is accepted. 
(ii) Time and money are invested in assessing the development needs of new employees. 
(iii) Orientation programs offer new employees the necessary tools to enable them to succeed. 
(a) Only (ii) 
(b) Both (i) and (ii) 
(c) All of these 
(d) Only (iii) 
(e) Both (ii) and (iii)  
 
Q15. Why do most organizations invest in orientation programs, despite the fact that assessing the 
training needs of new employees consumes time and money? 
(a) It illustrates the organization's commitment to employee development. 
(b) It provides employees with the necessary tools to help them succeed. 
(c) To assist new employees in overcoming high levels of fear and tension.  
(d) Only (a) and (b) 
(e) Only (b) and (c)  
 
Q16. Choose the most appropriate filler from the following words to fill in the blank (I), as highlighted 
in the given passage.  
(a) confiscation 
(b) requisition 
(c) distraint 
(d) analogy 
(e) amusement 
 
   
  
 
Q17. Which of the following statements with reference to the Japanese approach to selection and 
recruitment is/are incorrect? 
(a) The majority of Japanese companies hire primarily at entry-level positions. 
(b) Japanese companies take longer to hire and train employees than Western companies. 
(c) After the HR paperwork is done, western firms expect new employees to take up the function. 
(d) Only (b) and (c)  
(e) None of these  
 
Q18. Choose the most appropriate antonym of the word ‘ST ALE’, as highlighted in the given passage.  
(a) noxious 
(b) virulent 
(c) rancid 
(d) chipper 
(e) None of these  
 
Q19. Choose the most appropriate synonym of the word ‘RUN’, as highlighted in the given passage.  
(a) hasten 
(b) execute 
(c) cascade 
(d) expedite 
(e) None of these 
 
Directions (20-25): In each sentence four words are given in bold. In which one word is either misspelt 
or grammatically inappropriate, choose it as your answer. If all the words are correct choose option 
(E), i.e., No Error. 
 
Q20. Teachers, especially those working in high poverty(A) enviroments and with(B) marginalised 
groups, face an inordinate amount of job stress, it is very important to(C) recognise and validate their 
stress, bring it out and(D) discuss it openly. 
(a) enviroments 
(b) marginalised 
(c) recognise 
(d) discuss 
(e) No Error 
 
Q21. During the framing of the Indian(A) Constitution, it was 
proposed that any petition alleging a (B) brech of (C) fundamental 
rights by the state ought to be(D) judicially decided within one 
month.  
(a) Constitution 
(b) brech 
(c) Fundamental 
(d) judicially 
(e) No error