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PPT: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
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FAQs on PPT: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
| 1. What's the difference between SN1 and SN2 mechanisms in haloalkanes? |  |
Ans. SN1 (unimolecular) occurs in two steps via a carbocation intermediate, favoured by tertiary haloalkanes and polar solvents. SN2 (bimolecular) happens in one step with direct nucleophile attack, favoured by primary haloalkanes and aprotic solvents. Reaction rate depends on substrate structure and solvent polarity in nucleophilic substitution reactions.
| 2. Why are aryl halides less reactive than alkyl halides towards nucleophilic substitution? | |
Ans. Aryl halides exhibit lower reactivity because the C-halogen bond has partial double-bond character due to resonance stabilisation in the benzene ring. The halogen is directly attached to the sp² hybridised carbon, making it harder to break. Additionally, formation of an arene carbocation intermediate is extremely unfavourable, preventing typical SN1 and SN2 pathways in haloarenes.
| 3. What are the main elimination reactions of haloalkanes and how do they differ? | |
Ans. E1 elimination occurs via carbocation intermediates in two steps, favoured by tertiary haloalkanes and polar protic solvents, producing multiple alkene products. E2 elimination happens in one concerted step, favoured by primary haloalkanes and strong bases, yielding predominantly one alkene product. Zaitsev's rule predicts major product formation in elimination reactions.
| 4. How does the nature of the leaving group affect haloalkane reactivity? | |
Ans. Better leaving groups possess weaker C-X bonds and stabilise negative charge more effectively. Reactivity order: I⁻ > Br⁻ > Cl⁻ > F⁻ in nucleophilic substitution. Iodine is the superior leaving group due to its large size and polarisability, making C-I bonds easier to break during SN1 and SN2 reactions.
| 5. What methods are used to prepare haloalkanes and haloarenes in the laboratory? | |
Ans. Haloalkanes form via free radical substitution of alkanes with halogens, or nucleophilic substitution of alcohols using HX or PX₃. Haloarenes are synthesised through electrophilic aromatic substitution using halogens and Lewis acid catalysts. Preparation methods depend on the desired halogen compound and substrate type.
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