Class 12 Political Science Official Sample Question Paper (2018-19)

 Page 1


CLASS – XII 
POLITCAL SCIENCE (Code - 028) 
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER 2018-19 
Time allowed: 3:00 Hrs                      M.M. 100 
 
General Instructions 
a) The question paper is divided into A, B, C, D and E Sections. 
b) All Questions are compulsory. 
c) Question Nos. 1 to 5 carries 1mark each. Answer should not exceed 20 words each. 
d) Question Nos. 6 to 10 carries 2 marks each. Answer should not exceed 40 words each. 
e) Question Nos.11 to 16 carries 4 marks each. Answer should not exceed 100 words each. 
f) Question Nos. 17 to 21 carries 5 marks each. Answer should not exceed 150 words each. 
g) Question No. 21 is a map-based question. Write its answer in your answer book. 
h) Question Nos. 22 to 27 carries 6 marks each. Answer should not exceed 150 words each. 
SECTION A: ONE MARK QUESTIONS 
1. Which of the following statements are Incorrect about the contemporary world order?                  
 
a) There is an absence of world government which could regulate the state?s behavior. 
b) The US is the predominant player in the world affairs. 
c) States are using force against one another. 
d) States which violate international law are severely punished by the UN. 
 
2. Suggest one argument in support of the establishment of NIEO in the World.  
 
OR 
 
Why the dropping of Atom bombs on Japan by US towards the end of Second World War widely 
criticized?  
 
3. Which two countries of the South Asian region in your opinion have retained their democratic 
tradition since Independence?  
OR 
 
Suggest any one measure to improve Indo-Pak ties in the current scenario. 
 
4. Indira Gandhi?s imposition of National Emergency in 1975 cannot be justified. Give one 
argument.  
 
5. Why the ongoing environmental movements are opposing the construction of mega dams?  
Page 2


CLASS – XII 
POLITCAL SCIENCE (Code - 028) 
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER 2018-19 
Time allowed: 3:00 Hrs                      M.M. 100 
 
General Instructions 
a) The question paper is divided into A, B, C, D and E Sections. 
b) All Questions are compulsory. 
c) Question Nos. 1 to 5 carries 1mark each. Answer should not exceed 20 words each. 
d) Question Nos. 6 to 10 carries 2 marks each. Answer should not exceed 40 words each. 
e) Question Nos.11 to 16 carries 4 marks each. Answer should not exceed 100 words each. 
f) Question Nos. 17 to 21 carries 5 marks each. Answer should not exceed 150 words each. 
g) Question No. 21 is a map-based question. Write its answer in your answer book. 
h) Question Nos. 22 to 27 carries 6 marks each. Answer should not exceed 150 words each. 
SECTION A: ONE MARK QUESTIONS 
1. Which of the following statements are Incorrect about the contemporary world order?                  
 
a) There is an absence of world government which could regulate the state?s behavior. 
b) The US is the predominant player in the world affairs. 
c) States are using force against one another. 
d) States which violate international law are severely punished by the UN. 
 
2. Suggest one argument in support of the establishment of NIEO in the World.  
 
OR 
 
Why the dropping of Atom bombs on Japan by US towards the end of Second World War widely 
criticized?  
 
3. Which two countries of the South Asian region in your opinion have retained their democratic 
tradition since Independence?  
OR 
 
Suggest any one measure to improve Indo-Pak ties in the current scenario. 
 
4. Indira Gandhi?s imposition of National Emergency in 1975 cannot be justified. Give one 
argument.  
 
5. Why the ongoing environmental movements are opposing the construction of mega dams?  
SECTION B: TWO MARK QUESTIONS 
 
6. Match the following:- 
 
A. Anti – 
Congressism 
 
I.  A group of powerful and influential leaders within the 
congress 
B. Slogan II. Parties with different ideological position coming together 
to oppose congress and its policies. 
C. Defection 
 
III. A catchy phrase that attracts public attention. 
 
D. Syndicate 
 
IV. An elected representative leaving the party whose ticket 
she/he has been elected.  
 
7. How far is it correct to describe the „First Gulf War? as the first act of US Hegemony in the 
post cold war period?  
OR 
The UN along with many other countries of the world refused to give their mandate to 
„Operation Iraqi Freedom?? Elucidate their stand.  
 
8.  Analyze the implication of partition on India.  
OR 
How the formation of linguistic states helped in strengthening the foundation of democracy and 
the process of national integration in India. 
 
9. Why different arenas of cold war did not convert into a hot war between the two alliances.  
 
OR 
 
Identify any one occasion/ instance where cold war between the two super powers became a 
simple struggle for power by ignoring the ideological dimension. 
 
10. In spite of communal partition, India was not declared a „Hindu State?. How the leaders of 
Indian National Congress defended the adoption of “secularism” in India?  
 
 
SECTION C: FOUR MARKS QUESTIONS 
 
11. Identify the factors that contributed to Pakistan?s failure in building a stable democracy?  
OR 
Briefly explain two positive and two negative developments in Indo-Bangladesh relations. 
 
12. Examine four important components of traditional notion of security.  
 
13. Assess the major consequences of disintegration of USSR on India.  
Page 3


CLASS – XII 
POLITCAL SCIENCE (Code - 028) 
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER 2018-19 
Time allowed: 3:00 Hrs                      M.M. 100 
 
General Instructions 
a) The question paper is divided into A, B, C, D and E Sections. 
b) All Questions are compulsory. 
c) Question Nos. 1 to 5 carries 1mark each. Answer should not exceed 20 words each. 
d) Question Nos. 6 to 10 carries 2 marks each. Answer should not exceed 40 words each. 
e) Question Nos.11 to 16 carries 4 marks each. Answer should not exceed 100 words each. 
f) Question Nos. 17 to 21 carries 5 marks each. Answer should not exceed 150 words each. 
g) Question No. 21 is a map-based question. Write its answer in your answer book. 
h) Question Nos. 22 to 27 carries 6 marks each. Answer should not exceed 150 words each. 
SECTION A: ONE MARK QUESTIONS 
1. Which of the following statements are Incorrect about the contemporary world order?                  
 
a) There is an absence of world government which could regulate the state?s behavior. 
b) The US is the predominant player in the world affairs. 
c) States are using force against one another. 
d) States which violate international law are severely punished by the UN. 
 
2. Suggest one argument in support of the establishment of NIEO in the World.  
 
OR 
 
Why the dropping of Atom bombs on Japan by US towards the end of Second World War widely 
criticized?  
 
3. Which two countries of the South Asian region in your opinion have retained their democratic 
tradition since Independence?  
OR 
 
Suggest any one measure to improve Indo-Pak ties in the current scenario. 
 
4. Indira Gandhi?s imposition of National Emergency in 1975 cannot be justified. Give one 
argument.  
 
5. Why the ongoing environmental movements are opposing the construction of mega dams?  
SECTION B: TWO MARK QUESTIONS 
 
6. Match the following:- 
 
A. Anti – 
Congressism 
 
I.  A group of powerful and influential leaders within the 
congress 
B. Slogan II. Parties with different ideological position coming together 
to oppose congress and its policies. 
C. Defection 
 
III. A catchy phrase that attracts public attention. 
 
D. Syndicate 
 
IV. An elected representative leaving the party whose ticket 
she/he has been elected.  
 
7. How far is it correct to describe the „First Gulf War? as the first act of US Hegemony in the 
post cold war period?  
OR 
The UN along with many other countries of the world refused to give their mandate to 
„Operation Iraqi Freedom?? Elucidate their stand.  
 
8.  Analyze the implication of partition on India.  
OR 
How the formation of linguistic states helped in strengthening the foundation of democracy and 
the process of national integration in India. 
 
9. Why different arenas of cold war did not convert into a hot war between the two alliances.  
 
OR 
 
Identify any one occasion/ instance where cold war between the two super powers became a 
simple struggle for power by ignoring the ideological dimension. 
 
10. In spite of communal partition, India was not declared a „Hindu State?. How the leaders of 
Indian National Congress defended the adoption of “secularism” in India?  
 
 
SECTION C: FOUR MARKS QUESTIONS 
 
11. Identify the factors that contributed to Pakistan?s failure in building a stable democracy?  
OR 
Briefly explain two positive and two negative developments in Indo-Bangladesh relations. 
 
12. Examine four important components of traditional notion of security.  
 
13. Assess the major consequences of disintegration of USSR on India.  
 
14. “China followed its own path in introducing a market economy”. Justify this statement with 
four suitable arguments?  
OR 
How far is it correct to describe ASEAN as an alternative Centre of power in the world? 
 
15. State the political impact of globalization on the world?  
 
16. What was the impact of Imposition of National Emergency (1975) on party system in India?  
OR 
What were the factors that led to the popularity of India Gandhi?s government in the early 
1970?s? 
 
SECTION D: FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS 
 
17. Read the following passage and answer the following questions- 
 
There is a growing significance of environmental as well as resource issues in the world politics. 
If the various governments take steps to check environmental degradation, these issues will have 
political consequences. Most of them are such that no single government can address them fully. 
At the Rio Summit, the first world countries were pursuing a different environmental agenda 
than the third world countries. The Indian government is already participating in global efforts 
through a number of programmes. India?s International negotiating position relies heavily on the 
principles of UNFCCC.  
i. How the first World countries pursued a different environmental agenda from the third 
world countries?                   2 
ii. The issue of global warming has deeply affected the world. Substantiate the statement 
with three examples.                   3 
 
OR 
 
Read the following passage and answer the questions below- 
 
Globalization as a concept fundamentally deals with flows. These flows could be of various 
kinds- Ideas moving from one part of the world to another, capital shunted between two or more 
places, commodities being traded across borders, and people moving in search of better 
livelihoods to different parts of the world. The crucial element is the worldwide 
„interconnectedness? that is created and sustained as a consequence of these constant flows. 
Globalization is a multi-dimensional concept. It has political, economic and cultural 
manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished. 
 
 
 
Page 4


CLASS – XII 
POLITCAL SCIENCE (Code - 028) 
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER 2018-19 
Time allowed: 3:00 Hrs                      M.M. 100 
 
General Instructions 
a) The question paper is divided into A, B, C, D and E Sections. 
b) All Questions are compulsory. 
c) Question Nos. 1 to 5 carries 1mark each. Answer should not exceed 20 words each. 
d) Question Nos. 6 to 10 carries 2 marks each. Answer should not exceed 40 words each. 
e) Question Nos.11 to 16 carries 4 marks each. Answer should not exceed 100 words each. 
f) Question Nos. 17 to 21 carries 5 marks each. Answer should not exceed 150 words each. 
g) Question No. 21 is a map-based question. Write its answer in your answer book. 
h) Question Nos. 22 to 27 carries 6 marks each. Answer should not exceed 150 words each. 
SECTION A: ONE MARK QUESTIONS 
1. Which of the following statements are Incorrect about the contemporary world order?                  
 
a) There is an absence of world government which could regulate the state?s behavior. 
b) The US is the predominant player in the world affairs. 
c) States are using force against one another. 
d) States which violate international law are severely punished by the UN. 
 
2. Suggest one argument in support of the establishment of NIEO in the World.  
 
OR 
 
Why the dropping of Atom bombs on Japan by US towards the end of Second World War widely 
criticized?  
 
3. Which two countries of the South Asian region in your opinion have retained their democratic 
tradition since Independence?  
OR 
 
Suggest any one measure to improve Indo-Pak ties in the current scenario. 
 
4. Indira Gandhi?s imposition of National Emergency in 1975 cannot be justified. Give one 
argument.  
 
5. Why the ongoing environmental movements are opposing the construction of mega dams?  
SECTION B: TWO MARK QUESTIONS 
 
6. Match the following:- 
 
A. Anti – 
Congressism 
 
I.  A group of powerful and influential leaders within the 
congress 
B. Slogan II. Parties with different ideological position coming together 
to oppose congress and its policies. 
C. Defection 
 
III. A catchy phrase that attracts public attention. 
 
D. Syndicate 
 
IV. An elected representative leaving the party whose ticket 
she/he has been elected.  
 
7. How far is it correct to describe the „First Gulf War? as the first act of US Hegemony in the 
post cold war period?  
OR 
The UN along with many other countries of the world refused to give their mandate to 
„Operation Iraqi Freedom?? Elucidate their stand.  
 
8.  Analyze the implication of partition on India.  
OR 
How the formation of linguistic states helped in strengthening the foundation of democracy and 
the process of national integration in India. 
 
9. Why different arenas of cold war did not convert into a hot war between the two alliances.  
 
OR 
 
Identify any one occasion/ instance where cold war between the two super powers became a 
simple struggle for power by ignoring the ideological dimension. 
 
10. In spite of communal partition, India was not declared a „Hindu State?. How the leaders of 
Indian National Congress defended the adoption of “secularism” in India?  
 
 
SECTION C: FOUR MARKS QUESTIONS 
 
11. Identify the factors that contributed to Pakistan?s failure in building a stable democracy?  
OR 
Briefly explain two positive and two negative developments in Indo-Bangladesh relations. 
 
12. Examine four important components of traditional notion of security.  
 
13. Assess the major consequences of disintegration of USSR on India.  
 
14. “China followed its own path in introducing a market economy”. Justify this statement with 
four suitable arguments?  
OR 
How far is it correct to describe ASEAN as an alternative Centre of power in the world? 
 
15. State the political impact of globalization on the world?  
 
16. What was the impact of Imposition of National Emergency (1975) on party system in India?  
OR 
What were the factors that led to the popularity of India Gandhi?s government in the early 
1970?s? 
 
SECTION D: FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS 
 
17. Read the following passage and answer the following questions- 
 
There is a growing significance of environmental as well as resource issues in the world politics. 
If the various governments take steps to check environmental degradation, these issues will have 
political consequences. Most of them are such that no single government can address them fully. 
At the Rio Summit, the first world countries were pursuing a different environmental agenda 
than the third world countries. The Indian government is already participating in global efforts 
through a number of programmes. India?s International negotiating position relies heavily on the 
principles of UNFCCC.  
i. How the first World countries pursued a different environmental agenda from the third 
world countries?                   2 
ii. The issue of global warming has deeply affected the world. Substantiate the statement 
with three examples.                   3 
 
OR 
 
Read the following passage and answer the questions below- 
 
Globalization as a concept fundamentally deals with flows. These flows could be of various 
kinds- Ideas moving from one part of the world to another, capital shunted between two or more 
places, commodities being traded across borders, and people moving in search of better 
livelihoods to different parts of the world. The crucial element is the worldwide 
„interconnectedness? that is created and sustained as a consequence of these constant flows. 
Globalization is a multi-dimensional concept. It has political, economic and cultural 
manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished. 
 
 
 
i. “Globalization is a multi-dimensional concept”. Justify.              1 
ii. In Globalization, the crucial element is the „worldwide interconnectedness?. Substantiate 
the statement with two suitable examples.                2 
iii. How the disintegration of USSR helped in spreading globalization across the world?      2 
 
18. Read the given passage and answer the following questions.   
 
The Naxalite movement has used force to snatch land from the rich landowners and give it to the 
poor and the landless. Its supporters advocated the use of violent means to achieve their political 
goals. In spite of the use of preventive of detention and other strong measures adopted by the 
West Bengal government run by the Congress Party, the Naxalite movement did not come to an 
end. In later years, it spread to many other parts of the country. The Naxalite Movement has by 
now splintered into various parties and organizations. Some of these parties like the CPI-ML 
(Liberation) participate in open democratic politics. Nine states are affected by Naxalite 
violence. Most of these are very backward areas inhabited by Adivasis. 
 
a) Why was Naxalite movement considered as a threat to the democracy?           2 
b) How the Naxalite movement came into existence?              2 
c) Why the role of Indian government has been criticized by various Human Rights Activist in 
dealing with Naxalities?                                                                                                          1 
          
OR 
Read the given passage and answer the following questions:  
 
The year 1967 is considered as a landmark year in India?s political and electoral history. The 
Congress party remained a dominant force throughout the country from 1952 onwards. This 
trend was to undergo significant changes with the 1967 elections… It was in the context of 
heightened popular discontent and the polarization of popular forces that the fourth general 
elections of the Lok Sabha and State assemblies were held in February 1967.The results jolted 
the Congress at both the national and state levels. Many contemporary political observers 
described the elections as a political earthquake. 
 
a) Analyze the socio-economic and political context of fourth general elections in India.           3 
b) Why the 1967 general elections were described as a „political earthquake? by many political 
observers?                                                     2 
    
19. Read the passage and answer the questions that follow.  
 
Article 370 gives greater autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir as compared to other states of India. 
The state has its own constitution. All provisions of the Indian constitution are not applicable to 
the state. Laws passed by the Parliament apply to J&K only if the state agrees. This special status 
has provoked two opposite reactions. There is a section of people outside J&K that believe that 
the special status of the state conferred by article 370 does not allow full integration of the state 
with India. This section feels that Article 370 should therefore be revoked and J&K should be 
like any other state in India. 
Page 5


CLASS – XII 
POLITCAL SCIENCE (Code - 028) 
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER 2018-19 
Time allowed: 3:00 Hrs                      M.M. 100 
 
General Instructions 
a) The question paper is divided into A, B, C, D and E Sections. 
b) All Questions are compulsory. 
c) Question Nos. 1 to 5 carries 1mark each. Answer should not exceed 20 words each. 
d) Question Nos. 6 to 10 carries 2 marks each. Answer should not exceed 40 words each. 
e) Question Nos.11 to 16 carries 4 marks each. Answer should not exceed 100 words each. 
f) Question Nos. 17 to 21 carries 5 marks each. Answer should not exceed 150 words each. 
g) Question No. 21 is a map-based question. Write its answer in your answer book. 
h) Question Nos. 22 to 27 carries 6 marks each. Answer should not exceed 150 words each. 
SECTION A: ONE MARK QUESTIONS 
1. Which of the following statements are Incorrect about the contemporary world order?                  
 
a) There is an absence of world government which could regulate the state?s behavior. 
b) The US is the predominant player in the world affairs. 
c) States are using force against one another. 
d) States which violate international law are severely punished by the UN. 
 
2. Suggest one argument in support of the establishment of NIEO in the World.  
 
OR 
 
Why the dropping of Atom bombs on Japan by US towards the end of Second World War widely 
criticized?  
 
3. Which two countries of the South Asian region in your opinion have retained their democratic 
tradition since Independence?  
OR 
 
Suggest any one measure to improve Indo-Pak ties in the current scenario. 
 
4. Indira Gandhi?s imposition of National Emergency in 1975 cannot be justified. Give one 
argument.  
 
5. Why the ongoing environmental movements are opposing the construction of mega dams?  
SECTION B: TWO MARK QUESTIONS 
 
6. Match the following:- 
 
A. Anti – 
Congressism 
 
I.  A group of powerful and influential leaders within the 
congress 
B. Slogan II. Parties with different ideological position coming together 
to oppose congress and its policies. 
C. Defection 
 
III. A catchy phrase that attracts public attention. 
 
D. Syndicate 
 
IV. An elected representative leaving the party whose ticket 
she/he has been elected.  
 
7. How far is it correct to describe the „First Gulf War? as the first act of US Hegemony in the 
post cold war period?  
OR 
The UN along with many other countries of the world refused to give their mandate to 
„Operation Iraqi Freedom?? Elucidate their stand.  
 
8.  Analyze the implication of partition on India.  
OR 
How the formation of linguistic states helped in strengthening the foundation of democracy and 
the process of national integration in India. 
 
9. Why different arenas of cold war did not convert into a hot war between the two alliances.  
 
OR 
 
Identify any one occasion/ instance where cold war between the two super powers became a 
simple struggle for power by ignoring the ideological dimension. 
 
10. In spite of communal partition, India was not declared a „Hindu State?. How the leaders of 
Indian National Congress defended the adoption of “secularism” in India?  
 
 
SECTION C: FOUR MARKS QUESTIONS 
 
11. Identify the factors that contributed to Pakistan?s failure in building a stable democracy?  
OR 
Briefly explain two positive and two negative developments in Indo-Bangladesh relations. 
 
12. Examine four important components of traditional notion of security.  
 
13. Assess the major consequences of disintegration of USSR on India.  
 
14. “China followed its own path in introducing a market economy”. Justify this statement with 
four suitable arguments?  
OR 
How far is it correct to describe ASEAN as an alternative Centre of power in the world? 
 
15. State the political impact of globalization on the world?  
 
16. What was the impact of Imposition of National Emergency (1975) on party system in India?  
OR 
What were the factors that led to the popularity of India Gandhi?s government in the early 
1970?s? 
 
SECTION D: FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS 
 
17. Read the following passage and answer the following questions- 
 
There is a growing significance of environmental as well as resource issues in the world politics. 
If the various governments take steps to check environmental degradation, these issues will have 
political consequences. Most of them are such that no single government can address them fully. 
At the Rio Summit, the first world countries were pursuing a different environmental agenda 
than the third world countries. The Indian government is already participating in global efforts 
through a number of programmes. India?s International negotiating position relies heavily on the 
principles of UNFCCC.  
i. How the first World countries pursued a different environmental agenda from the third 
world countries?                   2 
ii. The issue of global warming has deeply affected the world. Substantiate the statement 
with three examples.                   3 
 
OR 
 
Read the following passage and answer the questions below- 
 
Globalization as a concept fundamentally deals with flows. These flows could be of various 
kinds- Ideas moving from one part of the world to another, capital shunted between two or more 
places, commodities being traded across borders, and people moving in search of better 
livelihoods to different parts of the world. The crucial element is the worldwide 
„interconnectedness? that is created and sustained as a consequence of these constant flows. 
Globalization is a multi-dimensional concept. It has political, economic and cultural 
manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished. 
 
 
 
i. “Globalization is a multi-dimensional concept”. Justify.              1 
ii. In Globalization, the crucial element is the „worldwide interconnectedness?. Substantiate 
the statement with two suitable examples.                2 
iii. How the disintegration of USSR helped in spreading globalization across the world?      2 
 
18. Read the given passage and answer the following questions.   
 
The Naxalite movement has used force to snatch land from the rich landowners and give it to the 
poor and the landless. Its supporters advocated the use of violent means to achieve their political 
goals. In spite of the use of preventive of detention and other strong measures adopted by the 
West Bengal government run by the Congress Party, the Naxalite movement did not come to an 
end. In later years, it spread to many other parts of the country. The Naxalite Movement has by 
now splintered into various parties and organizations. Some of these parties like the CPI-ML 
(Liberation) participate in open democratic politics. Nine states are affected by Naxalite 
violence. Most of these are very backward areas inhabited by Adivasis. 
 
a) Why was Naxalite movement considered as a threat to the democracy?           2 
b) How the Naxalite movement came into existence?              2 
c) Why the role of Indian government has been criticized by various Human Rights Activist in 
dealing with Naxalities?                                                                                                          1 
          
OR 
Read the given passage and answer the following questions:  
 
The year 1967 is considered as a landmark year in India?s political and electoral history. The 
Congress party remained a dominant force throughout the country from 1952 onwards. This 
trend was to undergo significant changes with the 1967 elections… It was in the context of 
heightened popular discontent and the polarization of popular forces that the fourth general 
elections of the Lok Sabha and State assemblies were held in February 1967.The results jolted 
the Congress at both the national and state levels. Many contemporary political observers 
described the elections as a political earthquake. 
 
a) Analyze the socio-economic and political context of fourth general elections in India.           3 
b) Why the 1967 general elections were described as a „political earthquake? by many political 
observers?                                                     2 
    
19. Read the passage and answer the questions that follow.  
 
Article 370 gives greater autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir as compared to other states of India. 
The state has its own constitution. All provisions of the Indian constitution are not applicable to 
the state. Laws passed by the Parliament apply to J&K only if the state agrees. This special status 
has provoked two opposite reactions. There is a section of people outside J&K that believe that 
the special status of the state conferred by article 370 does not allow full integration of the state 
with India. This section feels that Article 370 should therefore be revoked and J&K should be 
like any other state in India. 
 
a) The people of Kashmir have strongly resisted the question of repeal of article 370 from 
Indian Constitution. Analyze any three reasons for the same.              3  
b) Suggest any two steps that can be taken to improve the situation in Kashmir.            2 
 
20. Interpret the given picture and answer the following questions:-  
 
 
a) The US hegemony is being constrained in the current scenario. Justify with two suitable 
examples.                                                                                                           2 
b) Assess the steps taken by India to deal with US hegemony in the current scenario.          3 
 
Note: The following questions are for the visually impaired students. 
 
a) The present world order is different from the cold war period. Justify           2 
b) Assess the implications of the US Hegemony economic terms on the world.           3 
 
21.