Class 11 Sociology Previous Year Paper - 3 | Sociology Class 11 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

 Page 1


     
Date:                                      Class: XI 
Sociology 
Time: 3 hrs.                               M. M: 80  
General Instructions: 
1. Questions No. 1-14 are of 2 marks each and are to be answered in about 30 words each.  
2. Questions No.15-21 are of 4 marks each and are to be answered in about 80 words each.  
3. Questions No. 22-24 are of 6 marks each and are to be answered in about 200 words each. 
4. Question No. 25 carries 6 marks and is to be answered based on the passage given. 
 
1 How is psychology different from social psychology? 
 
2 
2 What is serial monogamy? How is it different from polygamy? 
 
2 
3 What are reference groups? 
 
2 
4 Explain functionalist view of family. 
 
2 
5 Explain briefly the non-material aspects of culture. 
 
2 
6 Define the term family. What is family of procreation? 
 
2 
7 Write a short note on Indira Awas Yojana. 
 
2 
8 Whom does Peter Berger compare a sociologist to? Why? 
  
2 
9 What are norms? How are they different from rules? 
 
2 
10 Explain peer groups as an agency of socialization. 
 
2 
11 Explain the main functions of education as an institution. 
 
2 
12 Explain ethnocentrism. 
 
2 
13 How is sociology different from common sense observation? 
 
2 
14 Define kinship. What are the two types of kins? 
 
2 
15 Explain the concept of state. Explain the different types of citizenship rights. 
 
4(1+3) 
16 What is social control? Differentiate between formal and informal mechanisms of social control. 
 
4 
17 Define marriage. Explain the different forms of marriage based on eligibility/ineligibility of mates. 
 
4 
18 What is cognition? How are ideas and information transmitted in literate and non-literate societies? 
 
4 
19 What is cultural change? What gives an impetus for such a change? 
 
4 
20 What did classical economic approach deal with? Why has there been a resurgence of economic 
sociology? 
OR 
Give four points of difference between primary and secondary social groups. 
 
4 
21 What were the major changes brought by industrialization? 4 
Page 2


     
Date:                                      Class: XI 
Sociology 
Time: 3 hrs.                               M. M: 80  
General Instructions: 
1. Questions No. 1-14 are of 2 marks each and are to be answered in about 30 words each.  
2. Questions No.15-21 are of 4 marks each and are to be answered in about 80 words each.  
3. Questions No. 22-24 are of 6 marks each and are to be answered in about 200 words each. 
4. Question No. 25 carries 6 marks and is to be answered based on the passage given. 
 
1 How is psychology different from social psychology? 
 
2 
2 What is serial monogamy? How is it different from polygamy? 
 
2 
3 What are reference groups? 
 
2 
4 Explain functionalist view of family. 
 
2 
5 Explain briefly the non-material aspects of culture. 
 
2 
6 Define the term family. What is family of procreation? 
 
2 
7 Write a short note on Indira Awas Yojana. 
 
2 
8 Whom does Peter Berger compare a sociologist to? Why? 
  
2 
9 What are norms? How are they different from rules? 
 
2 
10 Explain peer groups as an agency of socialization. 
 
2 
11 Explain the main functions of education as an institution. 
 
2 
12 Explain ethnocentrism. 
 
2 
13 How is sociology different from common sense observation? 
 
2 
14 Define kinship. What are the two types of kins? 
 
2 
15 Explain the concept of state. Explain the different types of citizenship rights. 
 
4(1+3) 
16 What is social control? Differentiate between formal and informal mechanisms of social control. 
 
4 
17 Define marriage. Explain the different forms of marriage based on eligibility/ineligibility of mates. 
 
4 
18 What is cognition? How are ideas and information transmitted in literate and non-literate societies? 
 
4 
19 What is cultural change? What gives an impetus for such a change? 
 
4 
20 What did classical economic approach deal with? Why has there been a resurgence of economic 
sociology? 
OR 
Give four points of difference between primary and secondary social groups. 
 
4 
21 What were the major changes brought by industrialization? 4 
 
22 What is a social group? Describe any five important characteristics of a social group. 
 
6 
23 How do people perform different roles? Explain role conflict and role stereotyping. Give examples 
for the each. 
  
6 
24 Analyze the definition of culture as given by Alfred Kroeber & Clyde Kluckhohn. 
OR 
According to Max Weber, how did Calvinism influence the growth of capitalism? 
6 
25 At the time of birth, the human infant knows nothing about what we call society or social 
behavior……..The child is socialized by several agencies and institutions in which he/she 
participates,….. 
i) Define the term socialization. 
ii) Explain the two stages of socialization. 
iii) Discuss any three agencies of socialization.  
6(1+2+3) 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Page 3


     
Date:                                      Class: XI 
Sociology 
Time: 3 hrs.                               M. M: 80  
General Instructions: 
1. Questions No. 1-14 are of 2 marks each and are to be answered in about 30 words each.  
2. Questions No.15-21 are of 4 marks each and are to be answered in about 80 words each.  
3. Questions No. 22-24 are of 6 marks each and are to be answered in about 200 words each. 
4. Question No. 25 carries 6 marks and is to be answered based on the passage given. 
 
1 How is psychology different from social psychology? 
 
2 
2 What is serial monogamy? How is it different from polygamy? 
 
2 
3 What are reference groups? 
 
2 
4 Explain functionalist view of family. 
 
2 
5 Explain briefly the non-material aspects of culture. 
 
2 
6 Define the term family. What is family of procreation? 
 
2 
7 Write a short note on Indira Awas Yojana. 
 
2 
8 Whom does Peter Berger compare a sociologist to? Why? 
  
2 
9 What are norms? How are they different from rules? 
 
2 
10 Explain peer groups as an agency of socialization. 
 
2 
11 Explain the main functions of education as an institution. 
 
2 
12 Explain ethnocentrism. 
 
2 
13 How is sociology different from common sense observation? 
 
2 
14 Define kinship. What are the two types of kins? 
 
2 
15 Explain the concept of state. Explain the different types of citizenship rights. 
 
4(1+3) 
16 What is social control? Differentiate between formal and informal mechanisms of social control. 
 
4 
17 Define marriage. Explain the different forms of marriage based on eligibility/ineligibility of mates. 
 
4 
18 What is cognition? How are ideas and information transmitted in literate and non-literate societies? 
 
4 
19 What is cultural change? What gives an impetus for such a change? 
 
4 
20 What did classical economic approach deal with? Why has there been a resurgence of economic 
sociology? 
OR 
Give four points of difference between primary and secondary social groups. 
 
4 
21 What were the major changes brought by industrialization? 4 
 
22 What is a social group? Describe any five important characteristics of a social group. 
 
6 
23 How do people perform different roles? Explain role conflict and role stereotyping. Give examples 
for the each. 
  
6 
24 Analyze the definition of culture as given by Alfred Kroeber & Clyde Kluckhohn. 
OR 
According to Max Weber, how did Calvinism influence the growth of capitalism? 
6 
25 At the time of birth, the human infant knows nothing about what we call society or social 
behavior……..The child is socialized by several agencies and institutions in which he/she 
participates,….. 
i) Define the term socialization. 
ii) Explain the two stages of socialization. 
iii) Discuss any three agencies of socialization.  
6(1+2+3) 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sociology(Answer Key)              Class: XI 
1 How is psychology different from social psychology? 
Psychology is science of behavior. It involves itself primarily with the individual.  
Social psychology serves as the bridge b/w psychology and sociology, maintains a primary interest in 
the individual but concerns itself with the way in which the individual behaves in social groups, 
collectively with other groups.  
2 
2 What is serial monogamy? How is it different from polygamy? 
Serial monogamy is permitted, which means permission to marry again after the death of the first 
spouse.  
Polygamy- Denotes marriage to more than one mate at one time. It can be either Polygyny – One 
husband with two or more wives. 
Polyandry – One wife with two or more husbands.   
2 
3 What are reference groups?  
The groups whose lifestyles are emulated are known as ref groups. We do not belong to that reference 
group but we do identify ourselves with that group. 
2 
4 Explain functionalist view of family. 
According to functionalists family performs important tasks, which contribute to society’s basic needs 
and helps perpetuate social order. It says that modern industrial societies function best if women look 
after the family and men earn the family livelihood. 
2 
5 Explain briefly the non-material aspects of culture. 
• Cognitive Aspect- refers to how we learn to process what we hear or see, so as to give it meaning. 
Ex.- identifying the ring of a cell-phone as ours. 
• Normative Aspect-refers to rules of conduct like not opening other people’s letters, performing 
rituals at death, etc.     
2 
6 Define the term family. What is family of procreation?  
A family is a group of persons directly linked by kin connections, the adult members of which assume 
responsibility for caring for children.    
Family of procreation is the family in which one is married.\ 
2 
7 Write a short note on Indira Awas Yojana.  
Operationalized from 1999-2000 is a major scheme by the govt’s Ministry of Rural Devp. (MORD) 
and Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO).   
2 
8 Whom does Peter Berger compare a sociologist to? Why? 
To a spy.  Just like a spy his work is to report as accurately as he can about a certain terrain. 
Information has to free of bias.  
2 
9 What are norms? How are they different from rules? 
While norms are implicit rules, laws are explicit rules. A law is a formal sanction defined by 
government as a rule or principle that its citizens must follow. While norms are decided by the society, 
laws are derived from the authority of the state. Violation of the laws means penalties and punishment. 
2 
10 Explain peer groups as an agency of socialization. 
Peer groups- In peer groups, a child discover a different kind of interaction, within which rules of 
behavior can be tested out and explored. It is an egalitarian group. Peer relationships often remain 
important throughout a person’s life and can be of any age group.        
 
2 
11 Explain the main functions of education as an institution  
• Prepare a common base. 
• Prepare the child for a specific occupation. 
2 
12 Explain ethnocentrism. 
Ethnocentrism is the application of one’s own cultural values in evaluating the behavior and beliefs of 
people from other cultures.  Opposite of cosmopolitanism. .                    
2 
13 How is sociology different from common sense observation? 
The common sense observations are generally based on what may be called ‘naturalistic ‘ or 
individualistic explanations. Common sense is unreflective since it does not question its own origins.  
Sociology has a body of concepts, methods and data, no matter how loosely coordinated. The 
sociologist must be ready to ask of any our beliefs, about ourselves – Is this really so? Reflective. 
2 
14 Define kinship. What are the two types of kins? 
Kinship ties are connections between individuals, established either through marriage or through the 
lines of descent that connect blood relatives (mother, father, brother, sister, relatives, etc.) 
Consanguinal kin- Kins who are related through ‘blood’. 
Affines- Kins related through marriage. 
2 
Page 4


     
Date:                                      Class: XI 
Sociology 
Time: 3 hrs.                               M. M: 80  
General Instructions: 
1. Questions No. 1-14 are of 2 marks each and are to be answered in about 30 words each.  
2. Questions No.15-21 are of 4 marks each and are to be answered in about 80 words each.  
3. Questions No. 22-24 are of 6 marks each and are to be answered in about 200 words each. 
4. Question No. 25 carries 6 marks and is to be answered based on the passage given. 
 
1 How is psychology different from social psychology? 
 
2 
2 What is serial monogamy? How is it different from polygamy? 
 
2 
3 What are reference groups? 
 
2 
4 Explain functionalist view of family. 
 
2 
5 Explain briefly the non-material aspects of culture. 
 
2 
6 Define the term family. What is family of procreation? 
 
2 
7 Write a short note on Indira Awas Yojana. 
 
2 
8 Whom does Peter Berger compare a sociologist to? Why? 
  
2 
9 What are norms? How are they different from rules? 
 
2 
10 Explain peer groups as an agency of socialization. 
 
2 
11 Explain the main functions of education as an institution. 
 
2 
12 Explain ethnocentrism. 
 
2 
13 How is sociology different from common sense observation? 
 
2 
14 Define kinship. What are the two types of kins? 
 
2 
15 Explain the concept of state. Explain the different types of citizenship rights. 
 
4(1+3) 
16 What is social control? Differentiate between formal and informal mechanisms of social control. 
 
4 
17 Define marriage. Explain the different forms of marriage based on eligibility/ineligibility of mates. 
 
4 
18 What is cognition? How are ideas and information transmitted in literate and non-literate societies? 
 
4 
19 What is cultural change? What gives an impetus for such a change? 
 
4 
20 What did classical economic approach deal with? Why has there been a resurgence of economic 
sociology? 
OR 
Give four points of difference between primary and secondary social groups. 
 
4 
21 What were the major changes brought by industrialization? 4 
 
22 What is a social group? Describe any five important characteristics of a social group. 
 
6 
23 How do people perform different roles? Explain role conflict and role stereotyping. Give examples 
for the each. 
  
6 
24 Analyze the definition of culture as given by Alfred Kroeber & Clyde Kluckhohn. 
OR 
According to Max Weber, how did Calvinism influence the growth of capitalism? 
6 
25 At the time of birth, the human infant knows nothing about what we call society or social 
behavior……..The child is socialized by several agencies and institutions in which he/she 
participates,….. 
i) Define the term socialization. 
ii) Explain the two stages of socialization. 
iii) Discuss any three agencies of socialization.  
6(1+2+3) 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sociology(Answer Key)              Class: XI 
1 How is psychology different from social psychology? 
Psychology is science of behavior. It involves itself primarily with the individual.  
Social psychology serves as the bridge b/w psychology and sociology, maintains a primary interest in 
the individual but concerns itself with the way in which the individual behaves in social groups, 
collectively with other groups.  
2 
2 What is serial monogamy? How is it different from polygamy? 
Serial monogamy is permitted, which means permission to marry again after the death of the first 
spouse.  
Polygamy- Denotes marriage to more than one mate at one time. It can be either Polygyny – One 
husband with two or more wives. 
Polyandry – One wife with two or more husbands.   
2 
3 What are reference groups?  
The groups whose lifestyles are emulated are known as ref groups. We do not belong to that reference 
group but we do identify ourselves with that group. 
2 
4 Explain functionalist view of family. 
According to functionalists family performs important tasks, which contribute to society’s basic needs 
and helps perpetuate social order. It says that modern industrial societies function best if women look 
after the family and men earn the family livelihood. 
2 
5 Explain briefly the non-material aspects of culture. 
• Cognitive Aspect- refers to how we learn to process what we hear or see, so as to give it meaning. 
Ex.- identifying the ring of a cell-phone as ours. 
• Normative Aspect-refers to rules of conduct like not opening other people’s letters, performing 
rituals at death, etc.     
2 
6 Define the term family. What is family of procreation?  
A family is a group of persons directly linked by kin connections, the adult members of which assume 
responsibility for caring for children.    
Family of procreation is the family in which one is married.\ 
2 
7 Write a short note on Indira Awas Yojana.  
Operationalized from 1999-2000 is a major scheme by the govt’s Ministry of Rural Devp. (MORD) 
and Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO).   
2 
8 Whom does Peter Berger compare a sociologist to? Why? 
To a spy.  Just like a spy his work is to report as accurately as he can about a certain terrain. 
Information has to free of bias.  
2 
9 What are norms? How are they different from rules? 
While norms are implicit rules, laws are explicit rules. A law is a formal sanction defined by 
government as a rule or principle that its citizens must follow. While norms are decided by the society, 
laws are derived from the authority of the state. Violation of the laws means penalties and punishment. 
2 
10 Explain peer groups as an agency of socialization. 
Peer groups- In peer groups, a child discover a different kind of interaction, within which rules of 
behavior can be tested out and explored. It is an egalitarian group. Peer relationships often remain 
important throughout a person’s life and can be of any age group.        
 
2 
11 Explain the main functions of education as an institution  
• Prepare a common base. 
• Prepare the child for a specific occupation. 
2 
12 Explain ethnocentrism. 
Ethnocentrism is the application of one’s own cultural values in evaluating the behavior and beliefs of 
people from other cultures.  Opposite of cosmopolitanism. .                    
2 
13 How is sociology different from common sense observation? 
The common sense observations are generally based on what may be called ‘naturalistic ‘ or 
individualistic explanations. Common sense is unreflective since it does not question its own origins.  
Sociology has a body of concepts, methods and data, no matter how loosely coordinated. The 
sociologist must be ready to ask of any our beliefs, about ourselves – Is this really so? Reflective. 
2 
14 Define kinship. What are the two types of kins? 
Kinship ties are connections between individuals, established either through marriage or through the 
lines of descent that connect blood relatives (mother, father, brother, sister, relatives, etc.) 
Consanguinal kin- Kins who are related through ‘blood’. 
Affines- Kins related through marriage. 
2 
15 Explain the concept of state. Explain the different types of citizenship rights.  
A state exists where there is a political apparatus of government ruling over a given territory. Govt. 
authority is backed by a legal system and by the capacity to use military force to implement its 
policies. State has sovereignty, citizenship and nationalism.  
• Civil Rights 
• Political Rights 
• Social Rights                                                                      
4(1+3) 
16 What is social control? Differentiate between formal and informal mechanisms of social control. 
Social control refers to the social process, techniques and strategies by which behaviors of individual 
or groups are regulated. It refers both to the use of force to regulate the behavior of the individual and 
groups and also refers to the enforcing of values and patterns for maintaining order in society.  
Formal mechanism is codified, systematic, and its agencies are the law and the state. Informal is 
personal, unofficial and uncodified. Agencies are family, religion and kinship.   
4 
17 Define marriage. Explain the different forms of marriage based on eligibility/ineligibility of 
mates. 
Marriage can be defined as a socially acknowledged and approved sexual union between two adult 
individuals. When two people marry they become kin to one another.     
Endogamy- marriage within a culturally defined group of which he/she is a member. 
Exogamy- Individual to marry outside his/her own group.                                                
4 
18 What is cognition? How are ideas and information transmitted in literate and non-literate 
societies? 
Cognition refers to understanding how we make sense of all the information coming to us from our 
environment. 
Literate- Books and documents 
Non literate- Orally 
4 
19 What is cultural change? What gives an impetus for such a change? 
1. What is cultural change? What gives an impetus for such a change? 
           Cultural change is the way in which societies change their patterns of culture. 
• Internal causes 
• External intervention 
Changes in natural environment   
4 
20 What did classical economic approach deal with? Why has there been a resurgence of economic 
sociology? 
Economics is the study of prod and distribution of goods and services. The classical economic 
approach dealt with the interrelations of pure economic variables: the relations of price, demand and 
supply; money flows; output and input ratios, etc. The focus of traditional eco. has been on a narrow 
understanding of eco activity namely the allocation of scarce goods & services within a society. The 
sociological approach looks at eco behavior in a broader context of social norms, values, practices and 
interests. Sociology unlike economics does not provide technical solutions but it encourages a 
questioning and critical perspective. This helps questioning of basic assumptions & thereby facilitates 
a discussion of not just the technical means towards a given goal but also about a social desirability of 
a goal. 
OR 
Give four points of difference between primary and secondary social groups. 
Primary Group                                          Secondary Group 
1. Small group of people. -  Relatively large in size 
2. Connected by intimate and face-to-face association and co-operation. - Maintain formal and 
impersonal relationships 
3. Members have sense of belonging. - There is no strong sense of belonging together 
4. These are person oriented.-  They are goal oriented 
5. Family, villages and groups of friends are examples.- Schools, govt. offices, hospitals, students’ 
associations are examples. 
4 
21 
 
What were the major changes brought by industrialization? 
• Degradation of labour 
• Urban canters expanded and grew 
• Factory and its mechanical division of labour became important 
Significance of clock time as a basis of social organization.                                                
4 
22 What is a social group? Describe any five important characteristics of a social group. 
A social group refers to a collection of continuously interacting persons who share common interest, 
culture, values and norms within a given society. 
6 
Page 5


     
Date:                                      Class: XI 
Sociology 
Time: 3 hrs.                               M. M: 80  
General Instructions: 
1. Questions No. 1-14 are of 2 marks each and are to be answered in about 30 words each.  
2. Questions No.15-21 are of 4 marks each and are to be answered in about 80 words each.  
3. Questions No. 22-24 are of 6 marks each and are to be answered in about 200 words each. 
4. Question No. 25 carries 6 marks and is to be answered based on the passage given. 
 
1 How is psychology different from social psychology? 
 
2 
2 What is serial monogamy? How is it different from polygamy? 
 
2 
3 What are reference groups? 
 
2 
4 Explain functionalist view of family. 
 
2 
5 Explain briefly the non-material aspects of culture. 
 
2 
6 Define the term family. What is family of procreation? 
 
2 
7 Write a short note on Indira Awas Yojana. 
 
2 
8 Whom does Peter Berger compare a sociologist to? Why? 
  
2 
9 What are norms? How are they different from rules? 
 
2 
10 Explain peer groups as an agency of socialization. 
 
2 
11 Explain the main functions of education as an institution. 
 
2 
12 Explain ethnocentrism. 
 
2 
13 How is sociology different from common sense observation? 
 
2 
14 Define kinship. What are the two types of kins? 
 
2 
15 Explain the concept of state. Explain the different types of citizenship rights. 
 
4(1+3) 
16 What is social control? Differentiate between formal and informal mechanisms of social control. 
 
4 
17 Define marriage. Explain the different forms of marriage based on eligibility/ineligibility of mates. 
 
4 
18 What is cognition? How are ideas and information transmitted in literate and non-literate societies? 
 
4 
19 What is cultural change? What gives an impetus for such a change? 
 
4 
20 What did classical economic approach deal with? Why has there been a resurgence of economic 
sociology? 
OR 
Give four points of difference between primary and secondary social groups. 
 
4 
21 What were the major changes brought by industrialization? 4 
 
22 What is a social group? Describe any five important characteristics of a social group. 
 
6 
23 How do people perform different roles? Explain role conflict and role stereotyping. Give examples 
for the each. 
  
6 
24 Analyze the definition of culture as given by Alfred Kroeber & Clyde Kluckhohn. 
OR 
According to Max Weber, how did Calvinism influence the growth of capitalism? 
6 
25 At the time of birth, the human infant knows nothing about what we call society or social 
behavior……..The child is socialized by several agencies and institutions in which he/she 
participates,….. 
i) Define the term socialization. 
ii) Explain the two stages of socialization. 
iii) Discuss any three agencies of socialization.  
6(1+2+3) 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sociology(Answer Key)              Class: XI 
1 How is psychology different from social psychology? 
Psychology is science of behavior. It involves itself primarily with the individual.  
Social psychology serves as the bridge b/w psychology and sociology, maintains a primary interest in 
the individual but concerns itself with the way in which the individual behaves in social groups, 
collectively with other groups.  
2 
2 What is serial monogamy? How is it different from polygamy? 
Serial monogamy is permitted, which means permission to marry again after the death of the first 
spouse.  
Polygamy- Denotes marriage to more than one mate at one time. It can be either Polygyny – One 
husband with two or more wives. 
Polyandry – One wife with two or more husbands.   
2 
3 What are reference groups?  
The groups whose lifestyles are emulated are known as ref groups. We do not belong to that reference 
group but we do identify ourselves with that group. 
2 
4 Explain functionalist view of family. 
According to functionalists family performs important tasks, which contribute to society’s basic needs 
and helps perpetuate social order. It says that modern industrial societies function best if women look 
after the family and men earn the family livelihood. 
2 
5 Explain briefly the non-material aspects of culture. 
• Cognitive Aspect- refers to how we learn to process what we hear or see, so as to give it meaning. 
Ex.- identifying the ring of a cell-phone as ours. 
• Normative Aspect-refers to rules of conduct like not opening other people’s letters, performing 
rituals at death, etc.     
2 
6 Define the term family. What is family of procreation?  
A family is a group of persons directly linked by kin connections, the adult members of which assume 
responsibility for caring for children.    
Family of procreation is the family in which one is married.\ 
2 
7 Write a short note on Indira Awas Yojana.  
Operationalized from 1999-2000 is a major scheme by the govt’s Ministry of Rural Devp. (MORD) 
and Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO).   
2 
8 Whom does Peter Berger compare a sociologist to? Why? 
To a spy.  Just like a spy his work is to report as accurately as he can about a certain terrain. 
Information has to free of bias.  
2 
9 What are norms? How are they different from rules? 
While norms are implicit rules, laws are explicit rules. A law is a formal sanction defined by 
government as a rule or principle that its citizens must follow. While norms are decided by the society, 
laws are derived from the authority of the state. Violation of the laws means penalties and punishment. 
2 
10 Explain peer groups as an agency of socialization. 
Peer groups- In peer groups, a child discover a different kind of interaction, within which rules of 
behavior can be tested out and explored. It is an egalitarian group. Peer relationships often remain 
important throughout a person’s life and can be of any age group.        
 
2 
11 Explain the main functions of education as an institution  
• Prepare a common base. 
• Prepare the child for a specific occupation. 
2 
12 Explain ethnocentrism. 
Ethnocentrism is the application of one’s own cultural values in evaluating the behavior and beliefs of 
people from other cultures.  Opposite of cosmopolitanism. .                    
2 
13 How is sociology different from common sense observation? 
The common sense observations are generally based on what may be called ‘naturalistic ‘ or 
individualistic explanations. Common sense is unreflective since it does not question its own origins.  
Sociology has a body of concepts, methods and data, no matter how loosely coordinated. The 
sociologist must be ready to ask of any our beliefs, about ourselves – Is this really so? Reflective. 
2 
14 Define kinship. What are the two types of kins? 
Kinship ties are connections between individuals, established either through marriage or through the 
lines of descent that connect blood relatives (mother, father, brother, sister, relatives, etc.) 
Consanguinal kin- Kins who are related through ‘blood’. 
Affines- Kins related through marriage. 
2 
15 Explain the concept of state. Explain the different types of citizenship rights.  
A state exists where there is a political apparatus of government ruling over a given territory. Govt. 
authority is backed by a legal system and by the capacity to use military force to implement its 
policies. State has sovereignty, citizenship and nationalism.  
• Civil Rights 
• Political Rights 
• Social Rights                                                                      
4(1+3) 
16 What is social control? Differentiate between formal and informal mechanisms of social control. 
Social control refers to the social process, techniques and strategies by which behaviors of individual 
or groups are regulated. It refers both to the use of force to regulate the behavior of the individual and 
groups and also refers to the enforcing of values and patterns for maintaining order in society.  
Formal mechanism is codified, systematic, and its agencies are the law and the state. Informal is 
personal, unofficial and uncodified. Agencies are family, religion and kinship.   
4 
17 Define marriage. Explain the different forms of marriage based on eligibility/ineligibility of 
mates. 
Marriage can be defined as a socially acknowledged and approved sexual union between two adult 
individuals. When two people marry they become kin to one another.     
Endogamy- marriage within a culturally defined group of which he/she is a member. 
Exogamy- Individual to marry outside his/her own group.                                                
4 
18 What is cognition? How are ideas and information transmitted in literate and non-literate 
societies? 
Cognition refers to understanding how we make sense of all the information coming to us from our 
environment. 
Literate- Books and documents 
Non literate- Orally 
4 
19 What is cultural change? What gives an impetus for such a change? 
1. What is cultural change? What gives an impetus for such a change? 
           Cultural change is the way in which societies change their patterns of culture. 
• Internal causes 
• External intervention 
Changes in natural environment   
4 
20 What did classical economic approach deal with? Why has there been a resurgence of economic 
sociology? 
Economics is the study of prod and distribution of goods and services. The classical economic 
approach dealt with the interrelations of pure economic variables: the relations of price, demand and 
supply; money flows; output and input ratios, etc. The focus of traditional eco. has been on a narrow 
understanding of eco activity namely the allocation of scarce goods & services within a society. The 
sociological approach looks at eco behavior in a broader context of social norms, values, practices and 
interests. Sociology unlike economics does not provide technical solutions but it encourages a 
questioning and critical perspective. This helps questioning of basic assumptions & thereby facilitates 
a discussion of not just the technical means towards a given goal but also about a social desirability of 
a goal. 
OR 
Give four points of difference between primary and secondary social groups. 
Primary Group                                          Secondary Group 
1. Small group of people. -  Relatively large in size 
2. Connected by intimate and face-to-face association and co-operation. - Maintain formal and 
impersonal relationships 
3. Members have sense of belonging. - There is no strong sense of belonging together 
4. These are person oriented.-  They are goal oriented 
5. Family, villages and groups of friends are examples.- Schools, govt. offices, hospitals, students’ 
associations are examples. 
4 
21 
 
What were the major changes brought by industrialization? 
• Degradation of labour 
• Urban canters expanded and grew 
• Factory and its mechanical division of labour became important 
Significance of clock time as a basis of social organization.                                                
4 
22 What is a social group? Describe any five important characteristics of a social group. 
A social group refers to a collection of continuously interacting persons who share common interest, 
culture, values and norms within a given society. 
6 
1. Persistent interaction to provide continuity 
2. A stable pattern of these interactions 
3. A sense of belonging to identify with other members- each indi. Conscious of the group itself and its 
own set of rules, rituals & symbols 
4. Shared interest 
5. Acceptance of common norm sand values 
6. A definable structure. 
23 How do people perform different roles? Explain role conflict and role stereotyping. Give 
examples for the each.  
People perform their roles according to social expectations, i.e. role taking and role playing. 
Role conflict is the incompatibility among roles corresponding to one or more status. It occurs when 
contrary expectations arise from two or more roles.  Ex.- working women. 
Role stereotyping is a process of reinforcing some specific role for some member of the society. Ex. 
6 
24 Analyze the definition of culture as given by Alfred Kroeber & Clyde Kluckhohn. 
Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn- Culture is -  
a) A way of thinking, feeling, believing 
b) The total way of life of a people. 
c) An abstraction from behavior 
d) Learned behavior 
e) A storehouse of pooled learning 
f) The social legacy the individual acquires from his group 
g) A set of standardized orientations to recurrent problems 
h) A mechanism for the normative regulation of behavior. 
Analysis- a refers to mental ways, b refers to total way of life, d,e,f  lay stress on culture as what is 
shared and passed on among generations. Last two refer to culture as a means of directing behavior.     
OR 
According to Max Weber, how did Calvinism influence the growth of capitalism? 
• Calvinism (a branch of Christianity) exerted an important influence on the emergence and growth of 
capitalism as a mode of economic organization.  
• Calvinists believed that the world was created for the glory of the God.  
• They also believed in the concept of predestination.  
• If a person was successful in his work, it was a sign of God’s happiness.  
• Calvinists believed in frugal lifestyle and investment to increase profit was something like a holy 
creed.  
• More investment means more profit which would lead to creation of more capital. 
6 
25 At the time of birth, the human infant knows nothing about what we call society or social 
behavior……..The child is socialized by several agencies and institutions in which he/she 
participates,….. 
i) Define the term socialization. 
Socialization is the process whereby the helpless infant gradually becomes a self-aware 
knowledgeable person skilled in the ways of the culture into which he is born. 
ii) Explain the two stages of socialization. 
Primary and Secondary                        (to be explained) 
iii) Discuss any three agencies of socialization.  
Agencies- 
• Family 
• Peers groups 
• Schools 
• Mass media 
• Work                                                                                  (Any 3 With explanation)                  
6(1+2+3) 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
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