Humanities/Arts Exam > Humanities/Arts Notes > Hindi Class 12 > NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन
NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन | Hindi Class 12 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download
| Download, print and study this document offline |
Please wait while the PDF view is loading
Page 1
12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 47 47 47 47 47
fofHkUu ekè;eksa osQ fy, ys[ku
3
fofHkUu ekè;eksa osQ
fy, ys[ku
bl ikB esa---
4 izeq[k tulapkj ekè;e (¯izV] Vh-oh-] jsfM;ks
vkSj baVjusV)
tulapkj osQ fofHkUu ekè;eksa dh [kwfc;k¡ vkSj [kkfe;k¡
4 ¯izV ekè;e
eqfnzr ekè;e esa ys[ku osQ fy, è;ku
j[kus ;ksX; ckrsa
4 jsfM;ks
jsfM;ks lekpkj dh lajpuk
4 jsfM;ks osQ fy, lekpkj ys[kuµcqfu;knh ckrsa
4 Vsyhfo”ku
Vh-oh- [kcjksa osQ fofHkUu pj.k
4 jsfM;ks vkSj Vsyhfo”ku lekpkj dh
Hkk"kk vkSj 'kSyh
4 baVjusV
baVjusV i=kdkfjrk
baVjusV i=kdkfjrk dk bfrgkl
Hkkjr esa baVjusV i=kdkfjrk
4 ¯gnh usV lalkj
[kcj fy[kuk cgqr gh jpukRed dke
gks ldrk gSA mruk gh jpukRed]
ftruk dfork fy[kuk_ nksuksa dk mís';
euq"; dks vkSj lekt dks rkdr igq¡pkuk
gSA [kcj esa ys[kd rF;ksa dks cny ugha
ldrk] ij nks ;k nks ls vf/d rF;ksa
osQ esy ls vlfy;r [kksy ldrk gSA
&j?kqohj lgk;
¯gnh osQ izeq[k dfo vkSj i=kdkj
,d u”kj esa---
fofHkUu tulapkj ekè;eksa osQ fy, ys[ku
osQ vyx&vyx rjhosQ gSaA v[kckj vkSj
i=k&if=kdkvksa esa fy[kus dh vyx 'kSyh
gS] tcfd jsfM;ks vkSj Vsyhfo”ku osQ fy,
fy[kuk ,d vyx dyk gSA pw¡fd ekè;e
vyx&vyx gSa blfy, mudh ”k:jrsa Hkh
vyx gSaA fofHkUu ekè;eksa osQ fy, ys[ku
osQ vyx&vyx rjhdksa dks le>uk cgqr
”k:jh gSA bu ekè;eksa osQ ys[ku ossQ fy,
cksyus] fy[kus osQ vfrfjDr ikBdksa&Jksrkvksa
vkSj n'kZdksa dh ”k:jr dks Hkh è;ku esa
j[kk tkrk gSA
Rationalised 2023-24
Page 2
12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 47 47 47 47 47
fofHkUu ekè;eksa osQ fy, ys[ku
3
fofHkUu ekè;eksa osQ
fy, ys[ku
bl ikB esa---
4 izeq[k tulapkj ekè;e (¯izV] Vh-oh-] jsfM;ks
vkSj baVjusV)
tulapkj osQ fofHkUu ekè;eksa dh [kwfc;k¡ vkSj [kkfe;k¡
4 ¯izV ekè;e
eqfnzr ekè;e esa ys[ku osQ fy, è;ku
j[kus ;ksX; ckrsa
4 jsfM;ks
jsfM;ks lekpkj dh lajpuk
4 jsfM;ks osQ fy, lekpkj ys[kuµcqfu;knh ckrsa
4 Vsyhfo”ku
Vh-oh- [kcjksa osQ fofHkUu pj.k
4 jsfM;ks vkSj Vsyhfo”ku lekpkj dh
Hkk"kk vkSj 'kSyh
4 baVjusV
baVjusV i=kdkfjrk
baVjusV i=kdkfjrk dk bfrgkl
Hkkjr esa baVjusV i=kdkfjrk
4 ¯gnh usV lalkj
[kcj fy[kuk cgqr gh jpukRed dke
gks ldrk gSA mruk gh jpukRed]
ftruk dfork fy[kuk_ nksuksa dk mís';
euq"; dks vkSj lekt dks rkdr igq¡pkuk
gSA [kcj esa ys[kd rF;ksa dks cny ugha
ldrk] ij nks ;k nks ls vf/d rF;ksa
osQ esy ls vlfy;r [kksy ldrk gSA
&j?kqohj lgk;
¯gnh osQ izeq[k dfo vkSj i=kdkj
,d u”kj esa---
fofHkUu tulapkj ekè;eksa osQ fy, ys[ku
osQ vyx&vyx rjhosQ gSaA v[kckj vkSj
i=k&if=kdkvksa esa fy[kus dh vyx 'kSyh
gS] tcfd jsfM;ks vkSj Vsyhfo”ku osQ fy,
fy[kuk ,d vyx dyk gSA pw¡fd ekè;e
vyx&vyx gSa blfy, mudh ”k:jrsa Hkh
vyx gSaA fofHkUu ekè;eksa osQ fy, ys[ku
osQ vyx&vyx rjhdksa dks le>uk cgqr
”k:jh gSA bu ekè;eksa osQ ys[ku ossQ fy,
cksyus] fy[kus osQ vfrfjDr ikBdksa&Jksrkvksa
vkSj n'kZdksa dh ”k:jr dks Hkh è;ku esa
j[kk tkrk gSA
Rationalised 2023-24
1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 48
vfHkO;fDr vkSj ekè;e
izeq[k tulapkj ekè;e (¯izV] Vh-oh-] jsfM;ks vkSj baVjusV)
mEehn gS fd vki fu;fer :i ls v[kckj i<+rs gksaxsA blosQ vykok euksjatu ;k lekpkj tkuus
osQ fy, Vh-oh- Hkh ns[krs gksaxs vkSj jsfM;ks Hkh lqurs gksaxsA laHko gS fd vki dHkh&dHkkj baVjusV
ij Hkh lekpkj i<+rs] lqurs ;k ns[krs gksaA D;k vkius dHkh xkSj fd;k gS fd tulapkj osQ bu
lHkh izeq[k ekè;eksa esa] lekpkjksa osQ ys[ku vkSj izLrqfr esa D;k varj gS\ dHkh è;ku ls fdlh
'kke ;k jkr dks Vh-oh- vkSj jsfM;ks ij flI
+
kZQ lekpkj lqfu, vkSj ekSdk feys rks baVjusV ij
tkdj mUgha lekpkjksa dks fIkQj ls if<+,A vxys fnu lqcg v[kckj è;ku ls if<+,A vc crkb,
fd bu lHkh ekè;eksa esa i<+s] lqus ;k ns[ks x, lekpkjksa dh ys[ku&'kSyh] Hkk"kk vkSj izLrqfr esa
vkidks D;k I
+
kQoZQ u”kj vk;k\ muesa dksbZ fo'ks"k varj gS Hkh ;k ugha\
fu'p; gh] bu lHkh ekè;eksa esa lekpkjksa dh ys[ku&'kSyh] Hkk"kk vkSj izLrqfr esa vkidks dbZ
varj ns[kus dks feys gksaxsA lcls lgt vkSj vklkuh ls u”kj vkusokyk varj rks ;gh fn[kkbZ nsrk
gS fd tgk¡ v[kckj i<+us osQ fy, gS] ogha jsfM;ks lquus osQ fy, vkSj Vh-oh- ns[kus osQ fy,
”;knk egÙoiw.kZ gSA baVjusV ij i<+us] lquus vkSj ns[kus] rhuksa dh gh lqfoèkk gSA ”kkfgj gS fd
v[kckj Nis gq, 'kCnksa dk ekè;e gS tcfd jsfM;ks cksys gq, 'kCnksa dkA
tulapkj osQ fofHkUu ekè;eksa osQ chp I
+
kQoZQ dks le>us osQ fy, lHkh ekè;eksa osQ ys[ku
dh ckjhfd;ksa dks le>uk ”k:jh gSA ysfdu bu ekè;eksa osQ chp osQ I
+
kQoZQ dks vki rHkh le>
ldrs gSa tc vki gj ekè;e dh fo'ks"krkvksa] mldh [kwfc;ksa vkSj [kkfe;ksa ls ifjfpr gksaA gj
ekè;e dh viuh oqQN [kwfc;k¡ gSa rks oqQN [kkfe;k¡ HkhA [kcj fy[kus osQ le; gesa budk iwjk
è;ku j[kuk iM+rk gS vkSj bu ekè;eksa dh ”k:jr dks le>uk iM+rk gSA
tulapkj osQ fofHkUu ekè;eksa dh [kwfc;k¡ vkSj [kkfe;k¡
tulapkj osQ fofHkUu ekè;eksa ls vkidks jks”k] de ;k ”;knk] lkcdk iM+rk gksxkA vxj vkils
iwNk tk, fd vki bu lHkh ekè;eksa esa lcls vfèkd fdls ilan djrs gSa vkSj D;ksa] rks vkidk
tokc D;k gksxk\ 'kk;n vki FkksM+k lksp esa iM+ tk,¡A vkidk mÙkj pkgs tks gks] bruk r; gS fd
bl loky dk dksbZ ,d fuf'pr tokc ugha gSA laHko gS vkidks Vh-oh- ”;knk ilan gks vkSj
vkiosQ nksLr dks jsfM;ksA vkidk nksLr jsfM;ks vius i<+us osQ dejs esa I
+
kqQjlr ls ;k oqQN vkSj dke
Rationalised 2023-24
Page 3
12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 47 47 47 47 47
fofHkUu ekè;eksa osQ fy, ys[ku
3
fofHkUu ekè;eksa osQ
fy, ys[ku
bl ikB esa---
4 izeq[k tulapkj ekè;e (¯izV] Vh-oh-] jsfM;ks
vkSj baVjusV)
tulapkj osQ fofHkUu ekè;eksa dh [kwfc;k¡ vkSj [kkfe;k¡
4 ¯izV ekè;e
eqfnzr ekè;e esa ys[ku osQ fy, è;ku
j[kus ;ksX; ckrsa
4 jsfM;ks
jsfM;ks lekpkj dh lajpuk
4 jsfM;ks osQ fy, lekpkj ys[kuµcqfu;knh ckrsa
4 Vsyhfo”ku
Vh-oh- [kcjksa osQ fofHkUu pj.k
4 jsfM;ks vkSj Vsyhfo”ku lekpkj dh
Hkk"kk vkSj 'kSyh
4 baVjusV
baVjusV i=kdkfjrk
baVjusV i=kdkfjrk dk bfrgkl
Hkkjr esa baVjusV i=kdkfjrk
4 ¯gnh usV lalkj
[kcj fy[kuk cgqr gh jpukRed dke
gks ldrk gSA mruk gh jpukRed]
ftruk dfork fy[kuk_ nksuksa dk mís';
euq"; dks vkSj lekt dks rkdr igq¡pkuk
gSA [kcj esa ys[kd rF;ksa dks cny ugha
ldrk] ij nks ;k nks ls vf/d rF;ksa
osQ esy ls vlfy;r [kksy ldrk gSA
&j?kqohj lgk;
¯gnh osQ izeq[k dfo vkSj i=kdkj
,d u”kj esa---
fofHkUu tulapkj ekè;eksa osQ fy, ys[ku
osQ vyx&vyx rjhosQ gSaA v[kckj vkSj
i=k&if=kdkvksa esa fy[kus dh vyx 'kSyh
gS] tcfd jsfM;ks vkSj Vsyhfo”ku osQ fy,
fy[kuk ,d vyx dyk gSA pw¡fd ekè;e
vyx&vyx gSa blfy, mudh ”k:jrsa Hkh
vyx gSaA fofHkUu ekè;eksa osQ fy, ys[ku
osQ vyx&vyx rjhdksa dks le>uk cgqr
”k:jh gSA bu ekè;eksa osQ ys[ku ossQ fy,
cksyus] fy[kus osQ vfrfjDr ikBdksa&Jksrkvksa
vkSj n'kZdksa dh ”k:jr dks Hkh è;ku esa
j[kk tkrk gSA
Rationalised 2023-24
1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 48
vfHkO;fDr vkSj ekè;e
izeq[k tulapkj ekè;e (¯izV] Vh-oh-] jsfM;ks vkSj baVjusV)
mEehn gS fd vki fu;fer :i ls v[kckj i<+rs gksaxsA blosQ vykok euksjatu ;k lekpkj tkuus
osQ fy, Vh-oh- Hkh ns[krs gksaxs vkSj jsfM;ks Hkh lqurs gksaxsA laHko gS fd vki dHkh&dHkkj baVjusV
ij Hkh lekpkj i<+rs] lqurs ;k ns[krs gksaA D;k vkius dHkh xkSj fd;k gS fd tulapkj osQ bu
lHkh izeq[k ekè;eksa esa] lekpkjksa osQ ys[ku vkSj izLrqfr esa D;k varj gS\ dHkh è;ku ls fdlh
'kke ;k jkr dks Vh-oh- vkSj jsfM;ks ij flI
+
kZQ lekpkj lqfu, vkSj ekSdk feys rks baVjusV ij
tkdj mUgha lekpkjksa dks fIkQj ls if<+,A vxys fnu lqcg v[kckj è;ku ls if<+,A vc crkb,
fd bu lHkh ekè;eksa esa i<+s] lqus ;k ns[ks x, lekpkjksa dh ys[ku&'kSyh] Hkk"kk vkSj izLrqfr esa
vkidks D;k I
+
kQoZQ u”kj vk;k\ muesa dksbZ fo'ks"k varj gS Hkh ;k ugha\
fu'p; gh] bu lHkh ekè;eksa esa lekpkjksa dh ys[ku&'kSyh] Hkk"kk vkSj izLrqfr esa vkidks dbZ
varj ns[kus dks feys gksaxsA lcls lgt vkSj vklkuh ls u”kj vkusokyk varj rks ;gh fn[kkbZ nsrk
gS fd tgk¡ v[kckj i<+us osQ fy, gS] ogha jsfM;ks lquus osQ fy, vkSj Vh-oh- ns[kus osQ fy,
”;knk egÙoiw.kZ gSA baVjusV ij i<+us] lquus vkSj ns[kus] rhuksa dh gh lqfoèkk gSA ”kkfgj gS fd
v[kckj Nis gq, 'kCnksa dk ekè;e gS tcfd jsfM;ks cksys gq, 'kCnksa dkA
tulapkj osQ fofHkUu ekè;eksa osQ chp I
+
kQoZQ dks le>us osQ fy, lHkh ekè;eksa osQ ys[ku
dh ckjhfd;ksa dks le>uk ”k:jh gSA ysfdu bu ekè;eksa osQ chp osQ I
+
kQoZQ dks vki rHkh le>
ldrs gSa tc vki gj ekè;e dh fo'ks"krkvksa] mldh [kwfc;ksa vkSj [kkfe;ksa ls ifjfpr gksaA gj
ekè;e dh viuh oqQN [kwfc;k¡ gSa rks oqQN [kkfe;k¡ HkhA [kcj fy[kus osQ le; gesa budk iwjk
è;ku j[kuk iM+rk gS vkSj bu ekè;eksa dh ”k:jr dks le>uk iM+rk gSA
tulapkj osQ fofHkUu ekè;eksa dh [kwfc;k¡ vkSj [kkfe;k¡
tulapkj osQ fofHkUu ekè;eksa ls vkidks jks”k] de ;k ”;knk] lkcdk iM+rk gksxkA vxj vkils
iwNk tk, fd vki bu lHkh ekè;eksa esa lcls vfèkd fdls ilan djrs gSa vkSj D;ksa] rks vkidk
tokc D;k gksxk\ 'kk;n vki FkksM+k lksp esa iM+ tk,¡A vkidk mÙkj pkgs tks gks] bruk r; gS fd
bl loky dk dksbZ ,d fuf'pr tokc ugha gSA laHko gS vkidks Vh-oh- ”;knk ilan gks vkSj
vkiosQ nksLr dks jsfM;ksA vkidk nksLr jsfM;ks vius i<+us osQ dejs esa I
+
kqQjlr ls ;k oqQN vkSj dke
Rationalised 2023-24
12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 49
fofHkUu ekè;eksa osQ fy, ys[ku
djrs gq, lqurk gksA blh rjg vkiosQ fdlh vkSj lkFkh dks i<+uk cgqr ilan gks vkSj mlosQ i
+
qQjlr
osQ {k.k v[kckj vkSj if=kdkvksa osQ lkFk xq”kjrs gksa tcfd vkidk dksbZ vU; nksLr baVjusV ij
pS¯Vx djrs ;k oqQN vkSj i<+rs@ns[krs gq, mlh ls fpiosQ jguk ilan djrk gksA
”kkfgj gS lc dh viuh&viuh ilan gSA ysfdu lc dh ilan osQ ihNs oqQN dkj.k ”k:j
gSaA vki ;k vkiosQ vU; nksLr vyx&vyx tulapkj ekè;eksa dks blfy, vfèkd ilan djrs
gSa D;ksafd mudh fo'ks"krk,¡ ;k [kwfc;k¡] vkidh ;k vkiosQ vU; nksLrksa osQ fetk”k] #fp;ksa]
”k:jrksa vkSj igq¡p osQ vuqowQy gSaA Li"V gS fd ge lc viuh&viuh #fp;ksa] ”k:jrksa vkSj
LoHkko osQ eqrkfcd ekè;e pqurs vkSj mudk bLrseky djrs gSaA bldk vFkZ ;g Hkh gS fd gj
ekè;e dh viuh oqQN fo'ks"krk,¡ ;k [kwfc;k¡ gSa rks oqQN [kkfe;k¡ Hkh gSaA ftlosQ dkj.k dksbZ
ekè;e&fo'ks"k fdlh dks vfèkd ilan vkrk gS rks fdlh dks deA
ysfdu bldk ;g vFkZ drbZ ugha gS fd tulapkj dk dksbZ ,d ekè;e lcls vPNk ;k csgrj
gS ;k dksbZ ,d&nwljs ls derj gSA lc dh viuh oqQN [kwfc;k¡ vkSj [kkfe;k¡ gSaA tSls baæèkuq"k dh
NVk vyx&vyx jaxksa osQ ,d lkFk vkus ls curh gS] oSls gh tulapkj osQ fofHkUu ekè;eksa dh
vlyh 'kfDr muosQ ijLij iwjd gksus esa gSA tulapkj osQ fofHkUu ekè;eksa osQ chp I
+
kQoZQ pkgs
ftruk gks ysfdu os vkil esa izfr}a}h ugha cfYd ,d&nwljs osQ iwjd vkSj lg;ksxh gSaA
dgus dh ”k:jr ugha gS fd v[kckj esa lekpkj i<+us vkSj #ddj ml ij lkspus esa ,d
vyx rjg dh larqf"V feyrh gS] tcfd Vh-oh- ij ?kVukvksa dh rlohjsa ns[kdj mldh
thoarrk dk ,glkl gksrk gSA bl rjg dk jksekap v[kckj ;k baVjusV ij ugha fey ldrkA blh
rjg jsfM;ks ij [kcjsa lqurs gq, vki ftruk mUeqDr gksrs gSa] mruk fdlh vkSj ekè;e esa laHko
ugha gSA mèkj] baVjusV varjfozQ;kRedrk (baVj,fDVfoVh) vkSj lwpukvksa osQ fo'kky HkaMkj dk
vn~Hkqr ekè;e gS] cl ,d cVu nckb, vkSj lwpukvksa osQ vFkkg lalkj esa igq¡p tkb,A ftl
Hkh fo"k; ij vki tkuuk pkgsa] baVjusV osQ ”kfj;s ogk¡ igq¡p ldrs gSaA
;s lHkh ekè;e gekjh vyx&vyx ”k:jrksa dks iwjk djrs gSa vkSj bu lHkh dh gekjs nSfud
thou esa oqQN u oqQN mi;ksfxrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vyx&vyx ekè;e gksus osQ ckotwn buesa
ls dksbZ lekIRk ugha gqvk vkSj bu lHkh ekè;eksa dk yxkrkj foLrkj vkSj fodkl gks jgk gSA
vkb, vc bu lHkh ekè;eksa dh vyx&vyx [kwfc;ksa vkSj [kkfe;ksa dks le>us dh dksf'k'k djsaA
¯izV ekè;e
¯izV ;kuh eqfær ekè;e tulapkj osQ vkèkqfud ekè;eksa esa lcls iqjkuk gSA vly esa vkèkqfud ;qx
dh 'kq#vkr gh eqæ.k ;kuh NikbZ osQ vkfo"dkj ls gqbZA gkyk¡fd eqæ.k dh 'kq#vkr phu ls gqbZ
ysfdu vkt ge ftl Nkis[kkus dks ns[krs gSa] blosQ vkfo"dkj dk Js; teZuh osQ xqVsucxZ dks
tkrk gSA Nkik[kkuk ;kuh izsl osQ vkfo"dkj us nqfu;k dh rLkohj cny nhA ;wjksi esa iqutkZxj.k
^jsuslk¡* dh 'kq#vkr esa Nkis[kkus dh vge Hkwfedk FkhA Hkkjr esa igyk Nkik[kkuk lu~ 1556 esa
xksok esa [kqykA bls fe'kufj;ksa us èkeZ izpkj dh iqLrosaQ Nkius osQ fy, [kksyk FkkA rc ls vc
rd eqæ.k rduhd esa dkI
+
kQh cnyko vk;k gS vkSj eqfær ekè;eksa dk O;kid foLrkj gqvk gSA
Rationalised 2023-24
Page 4
12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 47 47 47 47 47
fofHkUu ekè;eksa osQ fy, ys[ku
3
fofHkUu ekè;eksa osQ
fy, ys[ku
bl ikB esa---
4 izeq[k tulapkj ekè;e (¯izV] Vh-oh-] jsfM;ks
vkSj baVjusV)
tulapkj osQ fofHkUu ekè;eksa dh [kwfc;k¡ vkSj [kkfe;k¡
4 ¯izV ekè;e
eqfnzr ekè;e esa ys[ku osQ fy, è;ku
j[kus ;ksX; ckrsa
4 jsfM;ks
jsfM;ks lekpkj dh lajpuk
4 jsfM;ks osQ fy, lekpkj ys[kuµcqfu;knh ckrsa
4 Vsyhfo”ku
Vh-oh- [kcjksa osQ fofHkUu pj.k
4 jsfM;ks vkSj Vsyhfo”ku lekpkj dh
Hkk"kk vkSj 'kSyh
4 baVjusV
baVjusV i=kdkfjrk
baVjusV i=kdkfjrk dk bfrgkl
Hkkjr esa baVjusV i=kdkfjrk
4 ¯gnh usV lalkj
[kcj fy[kuk cgqr gh jpukRed dke
gks ldrk gSA mruk gh jpukRed]
ftruk dfork fy[kuk_ nksuksa dk mís';
euq"; dks vkSj lekt dks rkdr igq¡pkuk
gSA [kcj esa ys[kd rF;ksa dks cny ugha
ldrk] ij nks ;k nks ls vf/d rF;ksa
osQ esy ls vlfy;r [kksy ldrk gSA
&j?kqohj lgk;
¯gnh osQ izeq[k dfo vkSj i=kdkj
,d u”kj esa---
fofHkUu tulapkj ekè;eksa osQ fy, ys[ku
osQ vyx&vyx rjhosQ gSaA v[kckj vkSj
i=k&if=kdkvksa esa fy[kus dh vyx 'kSyh
gS] tcfd jsfM;ks vkSj Vsyhfo”ku osQ fy,
fy[kuk ,d vyx dyk gSA pw¡fd ekè;e
vyx&vyx gSa blfy, mudh ”k:jrsa Hkh
vyx gSaA fofHkUu ekè;eksa osQ fy, ys[ku
osQ vyx&vyx rjhdksa dks le>uk cgqr
”k:jh gSA bu ekè;eksa osQ ys[ku ossQ fy,
cksyus] fy[kus osQ vfrfjDr ikBdksa&Jksrkvksa
vkSj n'kZdksa dh ”k:jr dks Hkh è;ku esa
j[kk tkrk gSA
Rationalised 2023-24
1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 48
vfHkO;fDr vkSj ekè;e
izeq[k tulapkj ekè;e (¯izV] Vh-oh-] jsfM;ks vkSj baVjusV)
mEehn gS fd vki fu;fer :i ls v[kckj i<+rs gksaxsA blosQ vykok euksjatu ;k lekpkj tkuus
osQ fy, Vh-oh- Hkh ns[krs gksaxs vkSj jsfM;ks Hkh lqurs gksaxsA laHko gS fd vki dHkh&dHkkj baVjusV
ij Hkh lekpkj i<+rs] lqurs ;k ns[krs gksaA D;k vkius dHkh xkSj fd;k gS fd tulapkj osQ bu
lHkh izeq[k ekè;eksa esa] lekpkjksa osQ ys[ku vkSj izLrqfr esa D;k varj gS\ dHkh è;ku ls fdlh
'kke ;k jkr dks Vh-oh- vkSj jsfM;ks ij flI
+
kZQ lekpkj lqfu, vkSj ekSdk feys rks baVjusV ij
tkdj mUgha lekpkjksa dks fIkQj ls if<+,A vxys fnu lqcg v[kckj è;ku ls if<+,A vc crkb,
fd bu lHkh ekè;eksa esa i<+s] lqus ;k ns[ks x, lekpkjksa dh ys[ku&'kSyh] Hkk"kk vkSj izLrqfr esa
vkidks D;k I
+
kQoZQ u”kj vk;k\ muesa dksbZ fo'ks"k varj gS Hkh ;k ugha\
fu'p; gh] bu lHkh ekè;eksa esa lekpkjksa dh ys[ku&'kSyh] Hkk"kk vkSj izLrqfr esa vkidks dbZ
varj ns[kus dks feys gksaxsA lcls lgt vkSj vklkuh ls u”kj vkusokyk varj rks ;gh fn[kkbZ nsrk
gS fd tgk¡ v[kckj i<+us osQ fy, gS] ogha jsfM;ks lquus osQ fy, vkSj Vh-oh- ns[kus osQ fy,
”;knk egÙoiw.kZ gSA baVjusV ij i<+us] lquus vkSj ns[kus] rhuksa dh gh lqfoèkk gSA ”kkfgj gS fd
v[kckj Nis gq, 'kCnksa dk ekè;e gS tcfd jsfM;ks cksys gq, 'kCnksa dkA
tulapkj osQ fofHkUu ekè;eksa osQ chp I
+
kQoZQ dks le>us osQ fy, lHkh ekè;eksa osQ ys[ku
dh ckjhfd;ksa dks le>uk ”k:jh gSA ysfdu bu ekè;eksa osQ chp osQ I
+
kQoZQ dks vki rHkh le>
ldrs gSa tc vki gj ekè;e dh fo'ks"krkvksa] mldh [kwfc;ksa vkSj [kkfe;ksa ls ifjfpr gksaA gj
ekè;e dh viuh oqQN [kwfc;k¡ gSa rks oqQN [kkfe;k¡ HkhA [kcj fy[kus osQ le; gesa budk iwjk
è;ku j[kuk iM+rk gS vkSj bu ekè;eksa dh ”k:jr dks le>uk iM+rk gSA
tulapkj osQ fofHkUu ekè;eksa dh [kwfc;k¡ vkSj [kkfe;k¡
tulapkj osQ fofHkUu ekè;eksa ls vkidks jks”k] de ;k ”;knk] lkcdk iM+rk gksxkA vxj vkils
iwNk tk, fd vki bu lHkh ekè;eksa esa lcls vfèkd fdls ilan djrs gSa vkSj D;ksa] rks vkidk
tokc D;k gksxk\ 'kk;n vki FkksM+k lksp esa iM+ tk,¡A vkidk mÙkj pkgs tks gks] bruk r; gS fd
bl loky dk dksbZ ,d fuf'pr tokc ugha gSA laHko gS vkidks Vh-oh- ”;knk ilan gks vkSj
vkiosQ nksLr dks jsfM;ksA vkidk nksLr jsfM;ks vius i<+us osQ dejs esa I
+
kqQjlr ls ;k oqQN vkSj dke
Rationalised 2023-24
12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 49
fofHkUu ekè;eksa osQ fy, ys[ku
djrs gq, lqurk gksA blh rjg vkiosQ fdlh vkSj lkFkh dks i<+uk cgqr ilan gks vkSj mlosQ i
+
qQjlr
osQ {k.k v[kckj vkSj if=kdkvksa osQ lkFk xq”kjrs gksa tcfd vkidk dksbZ vU; nksLr baVjusV ij
pS¯Vx djrs ;k oqQN vkSj i<+rs@ns[krs gq, mlh ls fpiosQ jguk ilan djrk gksA
”kkfgj gS lc dh viuh&viuh ilan gSA ysfdu lc dh ilan osQ ihNs oqQN dkj.k ”k:j
gSaA vki ;k vkiosQ vU; nksLr vyx&vyx tulapkj ekè;eksa dks blfy, vfèkd ilan djrs
gSa D;ksafd mudh fo'ks"krk,¡ ;k [kwfc;k¡] vkidh ;k vkiosQ vU; nksLrksa osQ fetk”k] #fp;ksa]
”k:jrksa vkSj igq¡p osQ vuqowQy gSaA Li"V gS fd ge lc viuh&viuh #fp;ksa] ”k:jrksa vkSj
LoHkko osQ eqrkfcd ekè;e pqurs vkSj mudk bLrseky djrs gSaA bldk vFkZ ;g Hkh gS fd gj
ekè;e dh viuh oqQN fo'ks"krk,¡ ;k [kwfc;k¡ gSa rks oqQN [kkfe;k¡ Hkh gSaA ftlosQ dkj.k dksbZ
ekè;e&fo'ks"k fdlh dks vfèkd ilan vkrk gS rks fdlh dks deA
ysfdu bldk ;g vFkZ drbZ ugha gS fd tulapkj dk dksbZ ,d ekè;e lcls vPNk ;k csgrj
gS ;k dksbZ ,d&nwljs ls derj gSA lc dh viuh oqQN [kwfc;k¡ vkSj [kkfe;k¡ gSaA tSls baæèkuq"k dh
NVk vyx&vyx jaxksa osQ ,d lkFk vkus ls curh gS] oSls gh tulapkj osQ fofHkUu ekè;eksa dh
vlyh 'kfDr muosQ ijLij iwjd gksus esa gSA tulapkj osQ fofHkUu ekè;eksa osQ chp I
+
kQoZQ pkgs
ftruk gks ysfdu os vkil esa izfr}a}h ugha cfYd ,d&nwljs osQ iwjd vkSj lg;ksxh gSaA
dgus dh ”k:jr ugha gS fd v[kckj esa lekpkj i<+us vkSj #ddj ml ij lkspus esa ,d
vyx rjg dh larqf"V feyrh gS] tcfd Vh-oh- ij ?kVukvksa dh rlohjsa ns[kdj mldh
thoarrk dk ,glkl gksrk gSA bl rjg dk jksekap v[kckj ;k baVjusV ij ugha fey ldrkA blh
rjg jsfM;ks ij [kcjsa lqurs gq, vki ftruk mUeqDr gksrs gSa] mruk fdlh vkSj ekè;e esa laHko
ugha gSA mèkj] baVjusV varjfozQ;kRedrk (baVj,fDVfoVh) vkSj lwpukvksa osQ fo'kky HkaMkj dk
vn~Hkqr ekè;e gS] cl ,d cVu nckb, vkSj lwpukvksa osQ vFkkg lalkj esa igq¡p tkb,A ftl
Hkh fo"k; ij vki tkuuk pkgsa] baVjusV osQ ”kfj;s ogk¡ igq¡p ldrs gSaA
;s lHkh ekè;e gekjh vyx&vyx ”k:jrksa dks iwjk djrs gSa vkSj bu lHkh dh gekjs nSfud
thou esa oqQN u oqQN mi;ksfxrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vyx&vyx ekè;e gksus osQ ckotwn buesa
ls dksbZ lekIRk ugha gqvk vkSj bu lHkh ekè;eksa dk yxkrkj foLrkj vkSj fodkl gks jgk gSA
vkb, vc bu lHkh ekè;eksa dh vyx&vyx [kwfc;ksa vkSj [kkfe;ksa dks le>us dh dksf'k'k djsaA
¯izV ekè;e
¯izV ;kuh eqfær ekè;e tulapkj osQ vkèkqfud ekè;eksa esa lcls iqjkuk gSA vly esa vkèkqfud ;qx
dh 'kq#vkr gh eqæ.k ;kuh NikbZ osQ vkfo"dkj ls gqbZA gkyk¡fd eqæ.k dh 'kq#vkr phu ls gqbZ
ysfdu vkt ge ftl Nkis[kkus dks ns[krs gSa] blosQ vkfo"dkj dk Js; teZuh osQ xqVsucxZ dks
tkrk gSA Nkik[kkuk ;kuh izsl osQ vkfo"dkj us nqfu;k dh rLkohj cny nhA ;wjksi esa iqutkZxj.k
^jsuslk¡* dh 'kq#vkr esa Nkis[kkus dh vge Hkwfedk FkhA Hkkjr esa igyk Nkik[kkuk lu~ 1556 esa
xksok esa [kqykA bls fe'kufj;ksa us èkeZ izpkj dh iqLrosaQ Nkius osQ fy, [kksyk FkkA rc ls vc
rd eqæ.k rduhd esa dkI
+
kQh cnyko vk;k gS vkSj eqfær ekè;eksa dk O;kid foLrkj gqvk gSA
Rationalised 2023-24
1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 50
vfHkO;fDr vkSj ekè;e
eqfær ekè;eksa osQ rgr v[kckj] if=kdk,¡] iqLrosaQ vkfn gSaA gekjs nSfud thou esa budk
fdruk egÙo gS] ;g nksgjkus dh ”k:jr ugha gSA eqfær ekè;eksa dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk ;k
'kfDr ;g gS fd Nis gq, 'kCnksa esa LFkkf;Ro gksrk gSA mls vki vkjke ls vkSj èkhjs&èkhjs i<+ ldrs
gSaA i<+rs gq, ml ij lksp ldrs gSaA vxj dksbZ ckr le> esa ugha vkbZ rks mls nksckjk ;k ftruh
ckj bPNk djs] mruh ckj i<+ ldrs gSaA
;gh ugha] vxj vki v[kckj ;k if=kdk i<+ jgs gksa rks vki viuh ilan osQ vuqlkj fdlh
Hkh i`"B vkSj ml ij izdkf'kr fdlh Hkh lekpkj ;k fjiksVZ ls i<+us dh 'kq#vkr dj ldrs gSaA
,slh dksbZ ckè;rk ugha gS fd vki v[kckj igys i`"B vkSj igyh [kcj ls i<+uk 'kq: djsaA lkFk
gh] eqfær ekè;eksa osQ LFkkf;Ro dk ,d ykHk ;g Hkh gS fd vki mUgsa yacs le; rd lqjf{kr
j[k ldrs gSa vkSj mls lanHkZ dh rjg bLrseky dj ldrs gSaA
eqfær ekè;eksa dh nwljh cM+h fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd ;g fyf[kr Hkk"kk dk foLrkj gSA ”kkfgj gS
fd blesa fyf[kr Hkk"kk dh lHkh fo'ks"krk,¡ 'kkfey gSaA fyf[kr vkSj ekSf[kd Hkk"kk esa lcls cM+k
varj ;g gS fd fyf[kr Hkk"kk vuq'kklu dh ek¡x djrh gSA cksyus esa ,d Lor%LiwQrZrk gksrh gS
ysfdu fy[kus esa vkidks Hkk"kk] O;kdj.k] orZuh vkSj 'kCnksa osQ mi;qDr bLrseky dk è;ku j[kuk
ys[ku ls Nkis[kkus rd
Rationalised 2023-24
Page 5
12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 47 47 47 47 47
fofHkUu ekè;eksa osQ fy, ys[ku
3
fofHkUu ekè;eksa osQ
fy, ys[ku
bl ikB esa---
4 izeq[k tulapkj ekè;e (¯izV] Vh-oh-] jsfM;ks
vkSj baVjusV)
tulapkj osQ fofHkUu ekè;eksa dh [kwfc;k¡ vkSj [kkfe;k¡
4 ¯izV ekè;e
eqfnzr ekè;e esa ys[ku osQ fy, è;ku
j[kus ;ksX; ckrsa
4 jsfM;ks
jsfM;ks lekpkj dh lajpuk
4 jsfM;ks osQ fy, lekpkj ys[kuµcqfu;knh ckrsa
4 Vsyhfo”ku
Vh-oh- [kcjksa osQ fofHkUu pj.k
4 jsfM;ks vkSj Vsyhfo”ku lekpkj dh
Hkk"kk vkSj 'kSyh
4 baVjusV
baVjusV i=kdkfjrk
baVjusV i=kdkfjrk dk bfrgkl
Hkkjr esa baVjusV i=kdkfjrk
4 ¯gnh usV lalkj
[kcj fy[kuk cgqr gh jpukRed dke
gks ldrk gSA mruk gh jpukRed]
ftruk dfork fy[kuk_ nksuksa dk mís';
euq"; dks vkSj lekt dks rkdr igq¡pkuk
gSA [kcj esa ys[kd rF;ksa dks cny ugha
ldrk] ij nks ;k nks ls vf/d rF;ksa
osQ esy ls vlfy;r [kksy ldrk gSA
&j?kqohj lgk;
¯gnh osQ izeq[k dfo vkSj i=kdkj
,d u”kj esa---
fofHkUu tulapkj ekè;eksa osQ fy, ys[ku
osQ vyx&vyx rjhosQ gSaA v[kckj vkSj
i=k&if=kdkvksa esa fy[kus dh vyx 'kSyh
gS] tcfd jsfM;ks vkSj Vsyhfo”ku osQ fy,
fy[kuk ,d vyx dyk gSA pw¡fd ekè;e
vyx&vyx gSa blfy, mudh ”k:jrsa Hkh
vyx gSaA fofHkUu ekè;eksa osQ fy, ys[ku
osQ vyx&vyx rjhdksa dks le>uk cgqr
”k:jh gSA bu ekè;eksa osQ ys[ku ossQ fy,
cksyus] fy[kus osQ vfrfjDr ikBdksa&Jksrkvksa
vkSj n'kZdksa dh ”k:jr dks Hkh è;ku esa
j[kk tkrk gSA
Rationalised 2023-24
1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 48
vfHkO;fDr vkSj ekè;e
izeq[k tulapkj ekè;e (¯izV] Vh-oh-] jsfM;ks vkSj baVjusV)
mEehn gS fd vki fu;fer :i ls v[kckj i<+rs gksaxsA blosQ vykok euksjatu ;k lekpkj tkuus
osQ fy, Vh-oh- Hkh ns[krs gksaxs vkSj jsfM;ks Hkh lqurs gksaxsA laHko gS fd vki dHkh&dHkkj baVjusV
ij Hkh lekpkj i<+rs] lqurs ;k ns[krs gksaA D;k vkius dHkh xkSj fd;k gS fd tulapkj osQ bu
lHkh izeq[k ekè;eksa esa] lekpkjksa osQ ys[ku vkSj izLrqfr esa D;k varj gS\ dHkh è;ku ls fdlh
'kke ;k jkr dks Vh-oh- vkSj jsfM;ks ij flI
+
kZQ lekpkj lqfu, vkSj ekSdk feys rks baVjusV ij
tkdj mUgha lekpkjksa dks fIkQj ls if<+,A vxys fnu lqcg v[kckj è;ku ls if<+,A vc crkb,
fd bu lHkh ekè;eksa esa i<+s] lqus ;k ns[ks x, lekpkjksa dh ys[ku&'kSyh] Hkk"kk vkSj izLrqfr esa
vkidks D;k I
+
kQoZQ u”kj vk;k\ muesa dksbZ fo'ks"k varj gS Hkh ;k ugha\
fu'p; gh] bu lHkh ekè;eksa esa lekpkjksa dh ys[ku&'kSyh] Hkk"kk vkSj izLrqfr esa vkidks dbZ
varj ns[kus dks feys gksaxsA lcls lgt vkSj vklkuh ls u”kj vkusokyk varj rks ;gh fn[kkbZ nsrk
gS fd tgk¡ v[kckj i<+us osQ fy, gS] ogha jsfM;ks lquus osQ fy, vkSj Vh-oh- ns[kus osQ fy,
”;knk egÙoiw.kZ gSA baVjusV ij i<+us] lquus vkSj ns[kus] rhuksa dh gh lqfoèkk gSA ”kkfgj gS fd
v[kckj Nis gq, 'kCnksa dk ekè;e gS tcfd jsfM;ks cksys gq, 'kCnksa dkA
tulapkj osQ fofHkUu ekè;eksa osQ chp I
+
kQoZQ dks le>us osQ fy, lHkh ekè;eksa osQ ys[ku
dh ckjhfd;ksa dks le>uk ”k:jh gSA ysfdu bu ekè;eksa osQ chp osQ I
+
kQoZQ dks vki rHkh le>
ldrs gSa tc vki gj ekè;e dh fo'ks"krkvksa] mldh [kwfc;ksa vkSj [kkfe;ksa ls ifjfpr gksaA gj
ekè;e dh viuh oqQN [kwfc;k¡ gSa rks oqQN [kkfe;k¡ HkhA [kcj fy[kus osQ le; gesa budk iwjk
è;ku j[kuk iM+rk gS vkSj bu ekè;eksa dh ”k:jr dks le>uk iM+rk gSA
tulapkj osQ fofHkUu ekè;eksa dh [kwfc;k¡ vkSj [kkfe;k¡
tulapkj osQ fofHkUu ekè;eksa ls vkidks jks”k] de ;k ”;knk] lkcdk iM+rk gksxkA vxj vkils
iwNk tk, fd vki bu lHkh ekè;eksa esa lcls vfèkd fdls ilan djrs gSa vkSj D;ksa] rks vkidk
tokc D;k gksxk\ 'kk;n vki FkksM+k lksp esa iM+ tk,¡A vkidk mÙkj pkgs tks gks] bruk r; gS fd
bl loky dk dksbZ ,d fuf'pr tokc ugha gSA laHko gS vkidks Vh-oh- ”;knk ilan gks vkSj
vkiosQ nksLr dks jsfM;ksA vkidk nksLr jsfM;ks vius i<+us osQ dejs esa I
+
kqQjlr ls ;k oqQN vkSj dke
Rationalised 2023-24
12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 49
fofHkUu ekè;eksa osQ fy, ys[ku
djrs gq, lqurk gksA blh rjg vkiosQ fdlh vkSj lkFkh dks i<+uk cgqr ilan gks vkSj mlosQ i
+
qQjlr
osQ {k.k v[kckj vkSj if=kdkvksa osQ lkFk xq”kjrs gksa tcfd vkidk dksbZ vU; nksLr baVjusV ij
pS¯Vx djrs ;k oqQN vkSj i<+rs@ns[krs gq, mlh ls fpiosQ jguk ilan djrk gksA
”kkfgj gS lc dh viuh&viuh ilan gSA ysfdu lc dh ilan osQ ihNs oqQN dkj.k ”k:j
gSaA vki ;k vkiosQ vU; nksLr vyx&vyx tulapkj ekè;eksa dks blfy, vfèkd ilan djrs
gSa D;ksafd mudh fo'ks"krk,¡ ;k [kwfc;k¡] vkidh ;k vkiosQ vU; nksLrksa osQ fetk”k] #fp;ksa]
”k:jrksa vkSj igq¡p osQ vuqowQy gSaA Li"V gS fd ge lc viuh&viuh #fp;ksa] ”k:jrksa vkSj
LoHkko osQ eqrkfcd ekè;e pqurs vkSj mudk bLrseky djrs gSaA bldk vFkZ ;g Hkh gS fd gj
ekè;e dh viuh oqQN fo'ks"krk,¡ ;k [kwfc;k¡ gSa rks oqQN [kkfe;k¡ Hkh gSaA ftlosQ dkj.k dksbZ
ekè;e&fo'ks"k fdlh dks vfèkd ilan vkrk gS rks fdlh dks deA
ysfdu bldk ;g vFkZ drbZ ugha gS fd tulapkj dk dksbZ ,d ekè;e lcls vPNk ;k csgrj
gS ;k dksbZ ,d&nwljs ls derj gSA lc dh viuh oqQN [kwfc;k¡ vkSj [kkfe;k¡ gSaA tSls baæèkuq"k dh
NVk vyx&vyx jaxksa osQ ,d lkFk vkus ls curh gS] oSls gh tulapkj osQ fofHkUu ekè;eksa dh
vlyh 'kfDr muosQ ijLij iwjd gksus esa gSA tulapkj osQ fofHkUu ekè;eksa osQ chp I
+
kQoZQ pkgs
ftruk gks ysfdu os vkil esa izfr}a}h ugha cfYd ,d&nwljs osQ iwjd vkSj lg;ksxh gSaA
dgus dh ”k:jr ugha gS fd v[kckj esa lekpkj i<+us vkSj #ddj ml ij lkspus esa ,d
vyx rjg dh larqf"V feyrh gS] tcfd Vh-oh- ij ?kVukvksa dh rlohjsa ns[kdj mldh
thoarrk dk ,glkl gksrk gSA bl rjg dk jksekap v[kckj ;k baVjusV ij ugha fey ldrkA blh
rjg jsfM;ks ij [kcjsa lqurs gq, vki ftruk mUeqDr gksrs gSa] mruk fdlh vkSj ekè;e esa laHko
ugha gSA mèkj] baVjusV varjfozQ;kRedrk (baVj,fDVfoVh) vkSj lwpukvksa osQ fo'kky HkaMkj dk
vn~Hkqr ekè;e gS] cl ,d cVu nckb, vkSj lwpukvksa osQ vFkkg lalkj esa igq¡p tkb,A ftl
Hkh fo"k; ij vki tkuuk pkgsa] baVjusV osQ ”kfj;s ogk¡ igq¡p ldrs gSaA
;s lHkh ekè;e gekjh vyx&vyx ”k:jrksa dks iwjk djrs gSa vkSj bu lHkh dh gekjs nSfud
thou esa oqQN u oqQN mi;ksfxrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vyx&vyx ekè;e gksus osQ ckotwn buesa
ls dksbZ lekIRk ugha gqvk vkSj bu lHkh ekè;eksa dk yxkrkj foLrkj vkSj fodkl gks jgk gSA
vkb, vc bu lHkh ekè;eksa dh vyx&vyx [kwfc;ksa vkSj [kkfe;ksa dks le>us dh dksf'k'k djsaA
¯izV ekè;e
¯izV ;kuh eqfær ekè;e tulapkj osQ vkèkqfud ekè;eksa esa lcls iqjkuk gSA vly esa vkèkqfud ;qx
dh 'kq#vkr gh eqæ.k ;kuh NikbZ osQ vkfo"dkj ls gqbZA gkyk¡fd eqæ.k dh 'kq#vkr phu ls gqbZ
ysfdu vkt ge ftl Nkis[kkus dks ns[krs gSa] blosQ vkfo"dkj dk Js; teZuh osQ xqVsucxZ dks
tkrk gSA Nkik[kkuk ;kuh izsl osQ vkfo"dkj us nqfu;k dh rLkohj cny nhA ;wjksi esa iqutkZxj.k
^jsuslk¡* dh 'kq#vkr esa Nkis[kkus dh vge Hkwfedk FkhA Hkkjr esa igyk Nkik[kkuk lu~ 1556 esa
xksok esa [kqykA bls fe'kufj;ksa us èkeZ izpkj dh iqLrosaQ Nkius osQ fy, [kksyk FkkA rc ls vc
rd eqæ.k rduhd esa dkI
+
kQh cnyko vk;k gS vkSj eqfær ekè;eksa dk O;kid foLrkj gqvk gSA
Rationalised 2023-24
1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 50
vfHkO;fDr vkSj ekè;e
eqfær ekè;eksa osQ rgr v[kckj] if=kdk,¡] iqLrosaQ vkfn gSaA gekjs nSfud thou esa budk
fdruk egÙo gS] ;g nksgjkus dh ”k:jr ugha gSA eqfær ekè;eksa dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk ;k
'kfDr ;g gS fd Nis gq, 'kCnksa esa LFkkf;Ro gksrk gSA mls vki vkjke ls vkSj èkhjs&èkhjs i<+ ldrs
gSaA i<+rs gq, ml ij lksp ldrs gSaA vxj dksbZ ckr le> esa ugha vkbZ rks mls nksckjk ;k ftruh
ckj bPNk djs] mruh ckj i<+ ldrs gSaA
;gh ugha] vxj vki v[kckj ;k if=kdk i<+ jgs gksa rks vki viuh ilan osQ vuqlkj fdlh
Hkh i`"B vkSj ml ij izdkf'kr fdlh Hkh lekpkj ;k fjiksVZ ls i<+us dh 'kq#vkr dj ldrs gSaA
,slh dksbZ ckè;rk ugha gS fd vki v[kckj igys i`"B vkSj igyh [kcj ls i<+uk 'kq: djsaA lkFk
gh] eqfær ekè;eksa osQ LFkkf;Ro dk ,d ykHk ;g Hkh gS fd vki mUgsa yacs le; rd lqjf{kr
j[k ldrs gSa vkSj mls lanHkZ dh rjg bLrseky dj ldrs gSaA
eqfær ekè;eksa dh nwljh cM+h fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd ;g fyf[kr Hkk"kk dk foLrkj gSA ”kkfgj gS
fd blesa fyf[kr Hkk"kk dh lHkh fo'ks"krk,¡ 'kkfey gSaA fyf[kr vkSj ekSf[kd Hkk"kk esa lcls cM+k
varj ;g gS fd fyf[kr Hkk"kk vuq'kklu dh ek¡x djrh gSA cksyus esa ,d Lor%LiwQrZrk gksrh gS
ysfdu fy[kus esa vkidks Hkk"kk] O;kdj.k] orZuh vkSj 'kCnksa osQ mi;qDr bLrseky dk è;ku j[kuk
ys[ku ls Nkis[kkus rd
Rationalised 2023-24
12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 51
fofHkUu ekè;eksa osQ fy, ys[ku
oqQN orZeku lekpkji=kksa dk ,d dksyk”k
Rationalised 2023-24
Read More
|
88 videos|166 docs|36 tests
|
Related Exams
About this Document
|
4.88/5 Rating |
|
Nov 17, 2024 Last updated |
Document Description: NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन for Humanities/Arts 2024 is part of Hindi Class 12 preparation.
The notes and questions for NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन have been prepared according to the Humanities/Arts exam syllabus. Information about NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन covers topics
like and NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन Example, for Humanities/Arts 2024 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, notes, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन.
Introduction of NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन in English is available as part of our Hindi Class 12
for Humanities/Arts & NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन in Hindi for Hindi Class 12 course.
Download more important topics related with notes, lectures and mock test series for Humanities/Arts
Exam by signing up for free. Humanities/Arts: NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन | Hindi Class 12 - Humanities/Arts
Description
Full syllabus notes, lecture & questions for NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन | Hindi Class 12 - Humanities/Arts - Humanities/Arts | Plus excerises question with solution to help you revise complete syllabus for Hindi Class 12 | Best notes, free PDF download
Information about NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन
In this doc you can find the meaning of NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन defined & explained in the simplest way possible. Besides explaining types of
NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन theory, EduRev gives you an ample number of questions to practice NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन tests, examples and also practice Humanities/Arts
tests
|
Explore Courses for Humanities/Arts exam
|
|
Signup for Free!
Signup to see your scores go up within 7 days! Learn & Practice with 1000+ FREE Notes, Videos & Tests.
Related Searches
Exam
,Objective type Questions
,study material
,Free
,NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन | Hindi Class 12 - Humanities/Arts
,past year papers
,Important questions
,Summary
,ppt
,Semester Notes
,shortcuts and tricks
,Sample Paper
,Extra Questions
,NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन | Hindi Class 12 - Humanities/Arts
,Viva Questions
,practice quizzes
,MCQs
,mock tests for examination
,video lectures
,NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन | Hindi Class 12 - Humanities/Arts
,Previous Year Questions with Solutions
;
Additional Information about NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन for Humanities/Arts Preparation
NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन Free PDF Download
The NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन is an invaluable resource that delves deep into the core of the Humanities/Arts exam.
These study notes are curated by experts and cover all the essential topics and concepts, making your preparation more efficient and effective.
With the help of these notes, you can grasp complex subjects quickly, revise important points easily,
and reinforce your understanding of key concepts. The study notes are presented in a concise and easy-to-understand manner,
allowing you to optimize your learning process. Whether you're looking for best-recommended books, sample papers, study material,
or toppers' notes, this PDF has got you covered. Download the NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन now and kickstart your journey towards success in the Humanities/Arts exam.
Importance of NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन
The importance of NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन cannot be overstated, especially for Humanities/Arts aspirants.
This document holds the key to success in the Humanities/Arts exam.
It offers a detailed understanding of the concept, providing invaluable insights into the topic.
By knowing the concepts well in advance, students can plan their preparation effectively.
Utilize this indispensable guide for a well-rounded preparation and achieve your desired results.
NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन Notes
NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन Notes offer in-depth insights into the specific topic to help you master it with ease.
This comprehensive document covers all aspects related to NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन.
It includes detailed information about the exam syllabus, recommended books, and study materials for a well-rounded preparation.
Practice papers and question papers enable you to assess your progress effectively.
Additionally, the paper analysis provides valuable tips for tackling the exam strategically.
Access to Toppers' notes gives you an edge in understanding complex concepts.
Whether you're a beginner or aiming for advanced proficiency, NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन Notes on EduRev are your ultimate resource for success.
NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन Humanities/Arts Questions
The "NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन Humanities/Arts Questions" guide is a valuable resource for all aspiring students preparing for the
Humanities/Arts exam. It focuses on providing a wide range of practice questions to help students gauge
their understanding of the exam topics. These questions cover the entire syllabus, ensuring comprehensive preparation.
The guide includes previous years' question papers for students to familiarize themselves with the exam's format and difficulty level.
Additionally, it offers subject-specific question banks, allowing students to focus on weak areas and improve their performance.
Study NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन on the App
Students of Humanities/Arts can study NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन alongwith tests & analysis from the EduRev app,
which will help them while preparing for their exam. Apart from the NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन,
students can also utilize the EduRev App for other study materials such as previous year question papers, syllabus, important questions, etc.
The EduRev App will make your learning easier as you can access it from anywhere you want.
The content of NCERT Textbook: विभिन्न माध्यमों के लिए लेखन is prepared as per the latest Humanities/Arts syllabus.
|
© EduRev
|
Education Revolution
|
Follow Us
|
Signup to see your scores
go up within 7 days!
Access 1000+ FREE Docs, Videos and Tests
Takes less than 10 seconds to signup