NCERT Textbook: विशेष लेखन-स्वरूप और प्रकार | Hindi Class 12 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

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Page 4


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Page 5


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Rationalised 2023-24
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dkSu&dkSu gSa vkSj mudh i`"BHkwfe D;k gS] ckdh ik£V;ksa ls ml ikVhZ osQ oSQls fj'rs gSa vkSj muesa
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[kwfc;k¡ D;k gaS] oxSjg&oxSjgA i=kdkj dks ml ikVhZ osQ Hkhrj xgjkbZ rd vius laioZQ cukus
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ij vk¡[k ew¡ndj Hkjkslk ugha djuk pkfg, vkSj tkudkjh dh iqf"V dbZ vkSj lzksrksa osQ ”kfj;s Hkh
djuh pkfg,A ;kuh ml i=kdkj dks ”;knk ls ”;knk le; vius {ks=k osQ ckjs esa gj NksVh cM+h
tkudkjh bdêòh djus esa fcrkuk iM+rk gS rHkh og ml ckjs esa fo'ks"kKrk gkfly dj ldrk
gS vkSj mldh fjiksVZ ;k [kcj fo'oluh; ekuh tkrh gSA
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fy, ”k:jh gS fd ml {ks=k osQ ckjs esa vkidks ”;knk ls ”;knk irk gks] mldh rk”kk ls rk”kk
lwpuk vkiosQ ikl gks] vki mlosQ ckjs esa yxkrkj i<+rs gksa] tkudkfj;k¡ vkSj rF; bdêòs djrs
gksa vkSj ml {ks=k ls tqM+s yksxksa ls yxkrkj feyrs jgrs gksaA
blh rjg v[kckjksa vkSj i=k&if=kdkvksa esa fdlh [kkl fo"k; ij ys[k ;k LraHk fy[kus okys
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Rationalised 2023-24
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lkekU; ys[ku dk ;g loZekU; fu;e fo'ks"k ys[ku ij Hkh ykxw gksrk gS fd og ljy vkSj le>
esa vkus okyk gksA njvly] fo'ks"k ys[ku dk lacaèk ftu fo"k;ksa vkSj {ks=kksa ls gS] muesa ls vfèkdka'k
rduhdh :i ls tfVy {ks=k gSa vkSj muls tqM+h ?kVukvksa vkSj eqíksa dks le>uk vke ikBdksa osQ
fy, dfBu gksrk gSA blfy, bu {ks=kksa esa fo'ks"k ys[ku dh ”k:jr iM+rh gS ftlls ikBdksa dks
le>us esa eqf'dy u gksA fo'ks"k ys[ku dh Hkk"kk vkSj 'kSyh dbZ ekeyksa esa lkekU; ys[ku ls vyx
gSA muosQ chp lcls cqfu;knh I
+
kQoZQ ;g gS fd gj {ks=k fo'ks"k dh viuh fo'ks"k rduhdh 'kCnkoyh
gksrh gS tks ml fo"k; ij fy[krs gq, vkiosQ ys[ku esa vkrh gSA tSls dkjksckj ij fo'ks"k ys[ku
djrs gq, vkidks mlesa bLrseky gksus okyh 'kCnkoyh ls ifjfpr gksuk pkfg,A nwljs] vxj vki
ml 'kCnkoyh ls ifjfpr gSa rks vkiosQ lkeus pqukSrh ;g gksrh gS fd vki vius ikBd dks Hkh ml
'kCnkoyh ls bl rjg ifjfpr djk,¡ fd mls vkidh fjiksVZ dks le>us esa dksbZ fnDdr u gksA
felky osQ rkSj ij dkjksckj vkSj O;kikj ls tqM+h [kcjksa esa vki vdlj rstfM+,] eanfM+,]
fcdokyh] C;kt nj] eqnzkLiQhfr] O;kikj ?kkVk] jktdks"kh; ?kkVk] jktLo ?kkVk] ok£"kd ;kstuk]
fons'kh laLFkkxr fuos'kd] ,iQ-Mh-vkbZ-] vkod] fuos'k] vk;kr] fu;kZr tSls 'kCn i<+rs gksaxsA
blh rjg ^lksus esa Hkkjh mNky*] ^pk¡nh yq<+dh* ;k ^vkod c<+us ls yky fepZ dh dM+okgV
?kVh* ;k ^'ks;j ck”kkj us fiNys lkjs fjdkWMZ rksM+s] lsalsDl vkleku ij* vkfn 'kh"kZd Hkh vkidh
fuxkgksa ls xq”kjs gksaxsA i;kZoj.k vkSj ekSle ls tqM+h [kcjksa osQ fy, mlls tqM+s [kkl 'kCn elyuµif'peh
gok,¡] vknzZrk] VkWfDld dpjk] Xykscy okfe±x] rwI
+
kQku dk osaQæ ;k #[k vkfn 'kCnksa dh vksj Hkh
vkidk è;ku x;k gksxkA [ksyksa esa Hkh ^Hkkjr us ikfdLrku dks pkj foosQV ls ihVk*] ^pSafi;al di
esa eysf'k;k us teZuh osQ vkxs ?kqVus VsosQ* vkfn 'kh"kZd lgt gh è;ku [khaprs gSaA
fo'ks"k ys[ku dh dksbZ fuf'pr 'kSyh ugha gksrhA ysfdu vxj vki vius chV ls tqM+k dksbZ
lekpkj fy[k jgs gSa rks mldh 'kSyh mYkVk fijkfeM 'kSyh gh gksxhA ysfdu vxj vki lekpkj
Rationalised 2023-24
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fo'ks"k ys[kuµLo:i vkSj izdkj
I
+
kQhpj fy[k jgs gSa rks mldh 'kSyh dFkkRed gks ldrh gSA blh rjg vxj vki ys[k ;k fVIi.kh
fy[k jgs gksa rks bldh 'kq#vkr Hkh I
+
kQhpj dh rjg gks ldrh gSA tSls vki fdlh osQl LVMh ls
mldh 'kq#vkr dj ldrs gSa] mls fdlh [kcj ls tksM+dj ;kuh U;w”kisx osQ ”kfj;s Hkh 'kq: fd;k tk
ldrk gSA blesa iqjkus lanHkks± dks vkt osQ lanHkZ esa tksM+dj is'k djus dh Hkh laHkkouk gksrh gSA
pkgs vki 'kSyh dksbZ Hkh viuk,¡ ysfdu ewy ckr ;g gS fd fdlh [kkl fo"k; ij fy[kk
x;k vkidk vkys[k lkekU; ys[k ls vyx gksuk pkfg,A ,d ckr vkSj ;kn j[kuh pkfg, fd
fo'ks"k ys[ku dks lHkh ikBd ugha i<+rs vkSj ,d gn rd mudk ikBd oxZ vyx Hkh gksrk
gSA tSls lekpkji=k esa dkjksckj vkSj O;kikj dk iUuk de ikBd i<+rs gSa ysfdu tks ikBd i<+rs
gSa] mudh vis{kk lkekU; ikBdksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkd gksrh gSA pw¡fd os ml fo"k; ;k {ks=k ls
tqMs+ gksrs gSa] blfy, mudh vis{kk ;g gksrh gS fd mUgsa mu fo"k;ksa ;k {ks=kksa osQ ckjs esa ”;knk
foLrkj vkSj xgjkbZ ls crk;k tk,A
fo'ks"k ys[ku osQ {ks=k
fo'ks"k ys[ku osQ dbZ {ks=k gSaA vkerkSj ij jks”kejkZ dh fjiksfV±x vkSj chV dks NksM+dj oSls
lHkh {ks=k] fo'ks"k ys[ku osQ nk;js esa vkrs gSa ftuesa vyx ls fo'ks"kKrk dh ”k:jr gksrh gSA
ysfdu lekpkji=kksa vkSj nwljs ekè;eksa esa [ksy] dkjksckj] flusek] euksjatu] I
+
kSQ'ku] LokLF;]
foKku] i;kZoj.k] f'k{kk] thou'kSyh vkSj jgu&lgu tSls fo"k;ksa dks vktdy fo'ks"k ys[ku osQ
fygk”k ls ”;knk egÙo fey jgk gSA blosQ vykok j{kk] fons'k uhfr] jk"Vªh; lqj{kk vkSj fofèk
tSls {ks=kksa esa fo'ks"khÑr fjiksfV±x dks izkFkfedrk nh tk jgh gSA
4 vFkZ&O;kikj
4 [ksy
4 foKku&izkS|ksfxdh
4 Ñf"k
4 fons'k
4 j{kk
4 i;kZoj.k
4 f'k{kk
4 LokLF;
4 fI
+
kQYe&euksjatu
4 vijkèk
4 lkekftd eqís
4 dkuwu] vkfnA
Rationalised 2023-24