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NCERT Textbook: कैसे लिखें कहानी | Hindi Class 12 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

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121
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dk fodkl gksus yxkA dFkkokpd dgkfu;k¡ lqukrs FksA fdlh ?kVukµ;q¼] izse] izfr'kksèk osQ fdLls
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121
Rationalised 2023-24
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122
vkerkSj ij dgkuhdkj osQ eu esa fdlh ?kVuk]
tkudkjh] vuqHko ;k dYiuk osQ dkj.k vkrk gSA
dHkh dgkuhdkj dh tkudkjh esa iwjk dFkkud vkrk
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vkdf"kZr djrk gSA blosQ ckn dFkkdkj mls foLrkj
nsus esa tqV tkrk gSA foLrkj nsus dk dke dYiuk osQ
vkèkkj ij fd;k tkrk gS ij ;g le>uk cgqr ”k:jh
gS fd dgkuhdkj dh dYiuk ^dksjh dYiuk* ugha
gksrhA ,slh dYiuk ugha gksrh tks vlaHko gksA cfYd
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osQ fy, ys[kd osQ ikl tks lw=k gksrk gS mlh osQ ekè;e ls dYiuk vkxs c<+rh gSA ;g lw=k
ys[kd dks ,d ifjos'k nsrk gS] ik=k nsrk gS] leL;k nsrk gSA buosQ vkèkkj ij ys[kd laHkkoukvksa
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dh ihM+k rd vius dks lhfer j[ksxk ;k D;k og bl ekuoh; =kklnh dks orZeku lkekftd vkSj
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gksA var rd dgkuh esa jkspdrk cuh jguh pkfg,A ;g jkspdrk }a} osQ dkj.k gh cuh jg ik,xhA
tSlk fd igys dgk tk pqdk gS] gj ?kVuk] ik=k] lEkL;k dk viuk ns'kdky vkSj LFkku gksrk
gSA dFkkud dk Lo:i cu tkus osQ ckn dgkuhdkj dFkkud osQ ns'kdky rFkk LFkku dks iwjh
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gSA ys[kd tc vius dFkkud osQ vkèkkj ij dgkuh dks foLrkj nsrk gS rks mlesa bu lc
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122
Rationalised 2023-24
Page 4


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121
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121
Rationalised 2023-24
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122
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tkudkjh] vuqHko ;k dYiuk osQ dkj.k vkrk gSA
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;g ekSdk ugha fey ldk gS fd MkWDVj dks fn[kk losQA bl tkudkjh osQ ckn ys[kd dh dYiuk
vLirky] ogk¡ dh O;oLFkk] ik=kksa vkfn dh xfrfofèk;ksa ij osaQfnzr gks tk,xhA blosQ lkFk gh og
viuk mís'; Hkh r; djsxkA D;k og vLirky osaQfnzr dgkuh fy[kuk pkgrk gS ;k og osQoy vki
dh ihM+k rd vius dks lhfer j[ksxk ;k D;k og bl ekuoh; =kklnh dks orZeku lkekftd vkSj
jktuSfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls tksM+dj dFkkud rS;kj djsxkA
vkerkSj ij dFkkud esa izkjaHk] eè; vkSj varµvFkkZr dFkkud dk iwjk Lo:i gksrk gSA
dFkkud u osQoy vkxs c<+rk gS cfYd mlesa }a} osQ rÙo Hkh gksrs gSa tks dgkuh dks jkspd cuk,
j[krs gSaA }a} osQ rÙoksa ls vfHkizk; ;g gS fd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa bl dke osQ jkLrs esa ;g ckèkk gSA
;g ckèkk lekIr gks xbZ rks vkxs dkSu&lh ckèkk vk ldrh gS\ ;k gks ldrk gS ,d ckèkk osQ
lekIr gks tkus ;k fdlh fu"d"kZ ij igq¡p tkus osQ dkj.k dFkkud iwjk gks tk,A dFkkud dh
iw.kZrk dh 'krZ ;gh gksrh gS fd dgkuh ukVdh; <ax ls vius mís'; dks iwjk djus osQ ckn lekIr
gksA var rd dgkuh esa jkspdrk cuh jguh pkfg,A ;g jkspdrk }a} osQ dkj.k gh cuh jg ik,xhA
tSlk fd igys dgk tk pqdk gS] gj ?kVuk] ik=k] lEkL;k dk viuk ns'kdky vkSj LFkku gksrk
gSA dFkkud dk Lo:i cu tkus osQ ckn dgkuhdkj dFkkud osQ ns'kdky rFkk LFkku dks iwjh
rjg le> ysrk gS] D;ksafd ;g dgkuh dks izkekf.kd vkSj jkspd cukus osQ fy, cgqr vko';d
gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, ;fn vLirky dk dFkkud gS rks vLirky dk iwjk ifjos'k] èofu;k¡] yksx]
dk;Z&O;kikj vkSj yksxksa osQ ikjLifjd lacaèk] fuR; ?kVus okyh ?kVuk,¡ vkfn dk tkuuk vko';d
gSA ys[kd tc vius dFkkud osQ vkèkkj ij dgkuh dks foLrkj nsrk gS rks mlesa bu lc
tkudkfj;ksa dh cgqr vko';drk gksrh gSA
122
Rationalised 2023-24
1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 oSQls fy[ksa dgkuh
123 123
ns'kdky] LFkku vkSj ifjos'k osQ ckn dFkkud osQ ik=kksa ij fopkj djuk pkfg,A gj ik=k dk
viuk Lo:i] LoHkko vkSj mís'; gksrk gSA dgkuh esa og fodflr Hkh gksrk gS ;k viuk Lo:i
Hkh cnyrk gSA dgkuhdkj osQ lkeus ik=kksa dk Lo:i ftruk Li"V gksxk mruh gh vklkuh mls
ik=kksa dk pfj=k&fp=k.k djus vkSj mlosQ laokn fy[kus esa gksxhA bl dkj.k ik=kksa dk vè;;u
dgkuh dh ,d cgqr egÙoiw.kZ vkSj cqfu;knh 'krZ gSA blosQ varxZr ik=kksa osQ varl±caèk ij Hkh
fopkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A dkSu&ls ik=k dh fdl&fdl ifjfLFkfr esa D;k izfrfozQ;k gksxh] ;g
Hkh dgkuhdkj dks irk gksuk pkfg,A njvly dgkuhdkj vkSj mlosQ ik=kksa osQ lkFk fudVre lacaèk
LFkkfir gksuk pkfg,A
ik=kksa dk pfj=k&fp=k.k djus vFkkZr mUgas dgkuh esa dFkkud dh vko';drkuqlkj vfèkd ls
vfèkd izHkko'kkyh <ax ls ykus osQ dbZ rjhosQ gSaA pfj=k&fp=k.k dk lcls ljy rjhdk ik=kksa osQ
xq.kksa dk dgkuhdkj }kjk c[kku gSA tSlsµeqjyhèkj cM+k nkuh gS] og nwljksa dk è;ku j[krk gS]
nwljksa osQ fy, mldh tku gkf”kj jgrh gS vkfn&vkfnA ij ;g rjhdk izHkkoghu vkSj cgqr
^vkmVMsVsM* gSA ik=kksa dk pfj=k&fp=k.k muosQ fozQ;k&dykiksa] laoknksa rFkk nwljs yksxksa }kjk cksys x,
laoknksa osQ ekè;e ls gh izHkko'kkyh gksrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,µeqjyhèkj us ,d xjhc vkneh
dks ljnh ls fBBqjrs gq, ns[kk rks viuh 'kky mls ns nhA ;k eqjyhèkj dk nksLr LowQy
esa I
+
kQhl tek djkus osQ fy, ykbu ls ckgj fudy vk;k D;ksafd mlosQ ikl iwjs iSls
ugha FksA eqjyhèkj us nksLr dks crk, fcuk I
+
kQhl tek djk nhA eryc ;g fd ik=k tks dke
djrs gSa muls mudk l'kDr fp=k.k gksrk gSA nwljs ik=k fdlh dk pfj=k&fp=k.k vius laoknksa osQ
ekè;e ls dj ldrs gSa tSls] jktho vius vkSj eqjyhèkj osQ fe=k iz;kx ls dg jgk gSµ;kj
bruh cM+h izkWCye rks eqjyhèkj gh ^lkWYo* dj ldrk gSA pyks mlh osQ ikl pysaA
ik=kksa dk pfj=k&fp=k.k] ik=kksa dh vfHk#fp;ksa osQ ekè;e ls Hkh gksrk gSA lekt esa
vyx&vyx izdkj osQ yksxksa dh vius LoHkko osQ
vuqlkj vyx&vyx vfHk#fp;k¡ gksrh gSaA eku yhft,
,d vkneh taxy esa tkdj [krjukd tkuojksa dh
rlohjsa [khaprk gSA fuf'pr :i ls ;g lkglh vkneh
gksxkA ,d vkneh os';ko`fÙk djkrk gS] >wB cksyrk gS]
nykyh djrk gS] d”kZ okil ugha djrkA ,sls vkneh
dk viuk vyx Lo:i cusxkA
dgkuh esa ik=kksa osQ laokn cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gksrs gSaA
laokn osQ fcuk ik=k dh dYiuk eqf'dy gSA laokn gh
dgkuh dks] ik=k dks LFkkfir] fodflr djrs gSa vkSj
dgkuh dks xfr nsrs gSa] vkxs c<+krs gSaA tks ?kVuk ;k
izfrfozQ;k dgkuhdkj gksrh gqbZ ugha fn[kk ldrk] mls
laoknksa osQ ekè;e ls lkeus ykrk gSA blfy, laoknksa dk
egÙo cjkcj cuk jgrk gSA ik=kksa osQ laokn fy[krs le;
4 dgkuh dk osaQnzh; ¯cnq dFkkud gksrk gSA
4 dgkuh dks izkekf.kd vkSj jkspd cukus osQ
fy, ns'kdky] okrkoj.k rFkk LFkku dk
è;ku j[kuk vko';d gSA
4 ys[kd ik=kksa osQ ckjs esa [kqn u cksydj
muosQ fØ;kdykiksa vkSj laoknksa osQ ekè;e
ls pfj=k dks l'kDr cukrk gSA
4 }a} dFkkud dks vkxs c<+krk gSA
4 dgkuh ys[ku lh[kus dk lcls dkjxj rjhdk
gksxk fd vPNh dgkfu;k¡ i<+h tk,¡A
Rationalised 2023-24
Page 5


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120 120 120 120 120
8
oSQls fy[ksa dgkuh
bl ikB esa---
4 dgkuh D;k gS\
4 dgkuh fdruh iqjkuh\
4 dgkuh osQ rÙo
dgkuh ys[ku ij fopkj djus ls igys
dgkuh osQ Lo:i vkSj mlosQ bfrgkl ij
oqQN ckrphr djuk ”k:jh gSA dgkuh D;k
gS\ vyx&vyx ys[kdksa vkSj fo}kuksa us
dgkuh dh fofHkUu ifjHkk"kk,¡ nh gSa vkSj
,d ifjHkk"kk lcdks ekU; ugha gSA ysfdu
vkxs c<+us osQ fy, ge dg ldrs gSa fd
fdlh ?kVuk] ik=k ;k leL;k dk ozQec¼
C;ksjk ftlesa ifjos'k gks] }a}kRedrk gks]
dFkk dk ozQfed fodkl gks] pje mRd"kZ
dk ¯cnq gks] mls dgkuh dgk tkrk gSA
okLro esa dgkuh gekjs thou ls bruh
fudV ;k mldk bruk vfoHkkT; fgLlk gS
fd gj vkneh fdlh u fdlh :i esa
dgkuh lqurk vkSj lqukrk gSA D;k vki
tkurs gaS fd ;fn dksbZ vkneh fdlh ckr
dks cgqr ?kqekfiQjk dj dg jgk gks rks
dgkuh fdlh ,d dh ugha] og dgus
okyksa dh gS] lquus okyksa dh HkhA bldh]
mldh] lcdh_ l`f"V lewps ifjokj dhA
ukuh dh eqgj bl ij gSA bl yksd dh
iztk gksus osQ dkj.k gj fdlh dh dgkuh
fy[kh vkSj lquh tk ldrh gSA
&Ñ".kk lkscrh
fganh dFkkdkj
Rationalised 2023-24
1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 oSQls fy[ksa dgkuh
121
lquus okyk dgrk gSµdgkuh u lqukvks! tYnh ls crkvks fd gqvk D;k\ izR;sd euq"; esa vius
vuqHko ck¡Vus vkSj nwljksa osQ vuqHkoksa dks tkuus dh izkÑfrd bPNk gS vFkkZr ge lc viuh
ckrsa fdlh dks lqukuk vkSj nwljksa dh lquuk pkgrs gSaA blfy, ;g dgk tk ldrk gS gj vkneh
esa dgkuh fy[kus dk ewy Hkko fufgr gSA ;g ckr nwljh gS fd oqQN yksxksa esa bl Hkko dk
fodkl gks tkrk gS vkSj oqQN bls fodflr ugha djrsA
tgk¡ rd dgkuh osQ bfrgkl dk loky gS] og mruk gh iqjkuk gS ftruk ekuo bfrgkl]
D;ksafd dgkuh] ekuo LoHkko vkSj izÑfr dk fgLlk gSA èkhjs&èkhjs dgkuh dgus dh vkfne dyk
dk fodkl gksus yxkA dFkkokpd dgkfu;k¡ lqukrs FksA fdlh ?kVukµ;q¼] izse] izfr'kksèk osQ fdLls
lquk, tkrs FksA ekuo LoHkko dk ,d xq.k dYiuk Hkh gSA lPph ?kVukvksa ij vkèkkfjr dFkk&dgkuh
lqukrs&lqukrs mlesa dYiuk dk lfEeJ.k Hkh gksus yxk] D;ksafd izk;% euq"; og lquuk pkgrk gS
tks mls fiz; gSA eku yhft, gekjk uk;d dgha ;q¼ esa gkj gh D;ksa u tk, ysfdu ;fn og uk;d
gS rks ge ;g lquuk pkgsaxs fd og fdruh ohjrk ls yM+k vkSj fdruh cgknqjh ls mlus ,d vPNs
mís'; osQ fy, vius izk.k U;ksNkoj dj fn,A uk;d dh ohjrk dk vPNk c[kku djus okys
dFkkokpd dh lc iz'kalk djsaxs vkSj mls buke nsaxsA dFkkokpd lquus okyksa dh vko';drkuqlkj
viuh dYiuk osQ ekè;e ls uk;d osQ xq.kksa dk c[kku djsxkA ekSf[kd dgkuh dh ijaijk gekjs
ns'k esa cgqr iqjkuh gS vkSj ns'k osQ dbZ Hkkxkas] fo'ks"k :i ls jktLFkku esa izpfyr gSA
izkphu dky esa ekSf[kd dgkfu;ksa dh yksdfiz;rk blfy, Hkh Fkh fd blls cM+k lapkj dk
dksbZ vkSj ekè;e ugha FkkA bl dkj.k èkeZ izpkjdksa us Hkh vius fl¼kar vkSj fopkj yksxksa rd
igq¡pkus osQ fy, dgkuh dk lgkjk fy;k FkkA ;gh ugha cfYd f'k{kk nsus osQ fy, Hkh dgkuh dh
foèkk dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k] tSls iapra=k dh dgkfu;k¡ fy[kh xb± tks cgqr f'k{kkizn gSaA bl rjg
vkfndky esa gh dgkuh osQ lkFk ^mís';* dk lfEeJ.k gks x;k Fkk tks vkxs py dj vkSSj
fodflr gqvkA
dgkuh dk osaQnzh; ¯cnq dFkkud gksrk gSA dFkkud gS D;k\ dgkuh dk og laf{kIr :i
ftlesa izkjaHk ls var rd dgkuh dh lHkh ?kVukvksa vkSj ik=kksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gksA mnkgj.k
osQ fy, izsepan dh dgkuh di
+
Qu nl&ckjg i`"Bksa dh dgkuh gS ysfdu bldk dFkkud
nl&ckjg iafDr;ksa esa Hkh fy[kk tk ldrk gSA ?khlw vkSj ekèko xk¡o osQ nks xjhc vkSj vkylh
fdlku gSaA cqfèk;k ekèko dh iRuh gSA og izlo ihM+k ls dksBjh osQ vanj rM+i jgh gSA dksBjh
osQ ckgj ?khlw vkSj ekèko vyko esa vkyw Hkwu dj [kkus dh rS;kjh dj jgs gSaA cqfèk;k izlo
ihM+k ls ej tkrh gSA nksuksa osQ ikl mldk di
+
Qu [kjhnus osQ iSls ugha gSaA os xk¡o osQ ”kehankj
osQ ikl iSls ek¡xus tkrs gSaA ”kehankj iSls ns nsrk gSA xk¡o osQ nwljs laiUu yksx Hkh iSls nsrs gSaA
?khlw vkSj ekèko di
+
Qu [kjhnus ck”kkj tkrs gS ij] di
+
Qu [kjhnus osQ ctk; mu iSlksa dh 'kjkc
ihrs gSa vkSj u'ks esa engks'k gksdj xkuk xkrs efnjky; esa fxj iM+rs gSaA
;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd dFkkud dgkuh dk ,d izkjafHkd uD'kk gksrk gSA mlh rjg tSls
edku cukus ls igys ,d cgqr izkjafHkd uD'kk dkx”k ij cuk;k tkrk gSA dgkuh dk dFkkud
121
Rationalised 2023-24
1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 12345678 vfHkO;fDr vkSj ekè;e
122
vkerkSj ij dgkuhdkj osQ eu esa fdlh ?kVuk]
tkudkjh] vuqHko ;k dYiuk osQ dkj.k vkrk gSA
dHkh dgkuhdkj dh tkudkjh esa iwjk dFkkud vkrk
gS vkSj dHkh dFkkud dk ,d lw=k vkrk gS] osQoy
,d NksVk&lk izlax ;k dksbZ ,d ik=k dFkkdkj dks
vkdf"kZr djrk gSA blosQ ckn dFkkdkj mls foLrkj
nsus esa tqV tkrk gSA foLrkj nsus dk dke dYiuk osQ
vkèkkj ij fd;k tkrk gS ij ;g le>uk cgqr ”k:jh
gS fd dgkuhdkj dh dYiuk ^dksjh dYiuk* ugha
gksrhA ,slh dYiuk ugha gksrh tks vlaHko gksA cfYd
,slh dYiuk gksrh gS tks laHko gksA dYiuk osQ foLrkj
osQ fy, ys[kd osQ ikl tks lw=k gksrk gS mlh osQ ekè;e ls dYiuk vkxs c<+rh gSA ;g lw=k
ys[kd dks ,d ifjos'k nsrk gS] ik=k nsrk gS] leL;k nsrk gSA buosQ vkèkkj ij ys[kd laHkkoukvksa
ij fopkj djrk gS vkSj ,d ,slk dkYifud <k¡pk rS;kj djrk gS tks laHkkfor gks vkSj ys[kd
osQ mís';ksa ls Hkh esy [kkrk gksA mnkgj.k osQ fy, ys[kd us vLirky osQ ckgj ,d ejh”k dks
ns[kkA tkudkjh feyh fd ;g ejh”k fiNys ,d lIrkg ls yxkrkj vk jgk gS ij vHkh rd mls
;g ekSdk ugha fey ldk gS fd MkWDVj dks fn[kk losQA bl tkudkjh osQ ckn ys[kd dh dYiuk
vLirky] ogk¡ dh O;oLFkk] ik=kksa vkfn dh xfrfofèk;ksa ij osaQfnzr gks tk,xhA blosQ lkFk gh og
viuk mís'; Hkh r; djsxkA D;k og vLirky osaQfnzr dgkuh fy[kuk pkgrk gS ;k og osQoy vki
dh ihM+k rd vius dks lhfer j[ksxk ;k D;k og bl ekuoh; =kklnh dks orZeku lkekftd vkSj
jktuSfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls tksM+dj dFkkud rS;kj djsxkA
vkerkSj ij dFkkud esa izkjaHk] eè; vkSj varµvFkkZr dFkkud dk iwjk Lo:i gksrk gSA
dFkkud u osQoy vkxs c<+rk gS cfYd mlesa }a} osQ rÙo Hkh gksrs gSa tks dgkuh dks jkspd cuk,
j[krs gSaA }a} osQ rÙoksa ls vfHkizk; ;g gS fd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa bl dke osQ jkLrs esa ;g ckèkk gSA
;g ckèkk lekIr gks xbZ rks vkxs dkSu&lh ckèkk vk ldrh gS\ ;k gks ldrk gS ,d ckèkk osQ
lekIr gks tkus ;k fdlh fu"d"kZ ij igq¡p tkus osQ dkj.k dFkkud iwjk gks tk,A dFkkud dh
iw.kZrk dh 'krZ ;gh gksrh gS fd dgkuh ukVdh; <ax ls vius mís'; dks iwjk djus osQ ckn lekIr
gksA var rd dgkuh esa jkspdrk cuh jguh pkfg,A ;g jkspdrk }a} osQ dkj.k gh cuh jg ik,xhA
tSlk fd igys dgk tk pqdk gS] gj ?kVuk] ik=k] lEkL;k dk viuk ns'kdky vkSj LFkku gksrk
gSA dFkkud dk Lo:i cu tkus osQ ckn dgkuhdkj dFkkud osQ ns'kdky rFkk LFkku dks iwjh
rjg le> ysrk gS] D;ksafd ;g dgkuh dks izkekf.kd vkSj jkspd cukus osQ fy, cgqr vko';d
gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, ;fn vLirky dk dFkkud gS rks vLirky dk iwjk ifjos'k] èofu;k¡] yksx]
dk;Z&O;kikj vkSj yksxksa osQ ikjLifjd lacaèk] fuR; ?kVus okyh ?kVuk,¡ vkfn dk tkuuk vko';d
gSA ys[kd tc vius dFkkud osQ vkèkkj ij dgkuh dks foLrkj nsrk gS rks mlesa bu lc
tkudkfj;ksa dh cgqr vko';drk gksrh gSA
122
Rationalised 2023-24
1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 oSQls fy[ksa dgkuh
123 123
ns'kdky] LFkku vkSj ifjos'k osQ ckn dFkkud osQ ik=kksa ij fopkj djuk pkfg,A gj ik=k dk
viuk Lo:i] LoHkko vkSj mís'; gksrk gSA dgkuh esa og fodflr Hkh gksrk gS ;k viuk Lo:i
Hkh cnyrk gSA dgkuhdkj osQ lkeus ik=kksa dk Lo:i ftruk Li"V gksxk mruh gh vklkuh mls
ik=kksa dk pfj=k&fp=k.k djus vkSj mlosQ laokn fy[kus esa gksxhA bl dkj.k ik=kksa dk vè;;u
dgkuh dh ,d cgqr egÙoiw.kZ vkSj cqfu;knh 'krZ gSA blosQ varxZr ik=kksa osQ varl±caèk ij Hkh
fopkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A dkSu&ls ik=k dh fdl&fdl ifjfLFkfr esa D;k izfrfozQ;k gksxh] ;g
Hkh dgkuhdkj dks irk gksuk pkfg,A njvly dgkuhdkj vkSj mlosQ ik=kksa osQ lkFk fudVre lacaèk
LFkkfir gksuk pkfg,A
ik=kksa dk pfj=k&fp=k.k djus vFkkZr mUgas dgkuh esa dFkkud dh vko';drkuqlkj vfèkd ls
vfèkd izHkko'kkyh <ax ls ykus osQ dbZ rjhosQ gSaA pfj=k&fp=k.k dk lcls ljy rjhdk ik=kksa osQ
xq.kksa dk dgkuhdkj }kjk c[kku gSA tSlsµeqjyhèkj cM+k nkuh gS] og nwljksa dk è;ku j[krk gS]
nwljksa osQ fy, mldh tku gkf”kj jgrh gS vkfn&vkfnA ij ;g rjhdk izHkkoghu vkSj cgqr
^vkmVMsVsM* gSA ik=kksa dk pfj=k&fp=k.k muosQ fozQ;k&dykiksa] laoknksa rFkk nwljs yksxksa }kjk cksys x,
laoknksa osQ ekè;e ls gh izHkko'kkyh gksrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,µeqjyhèkj us ,d xjhc vkneh
dks ljnh ls fBBqjrs gq, ns[kk rks viuh 'kky mls ns nhA ;k eqjyhèkj dk nksLr LowQy
esa I
+
kQhl tek djkus osQ fy, ykbu ls ckgj fudy vk;k D;ksafd mlosQ ikl iwjs iSls
ugha FksA eqjyhèkj us nksLr dks crk, fcuk I
+
kQhl tek djk nhA eryc ;g fd ik=k tks dke
djrs gSa muls mudk l'kDr fp=k.k gksrk gSA nwljs ik=k fdlh dk pfj=k&fp=k.k vius laoknksa osQ
ekè;e ls dj ldrs gSa tSls] jktho vius vkSj eqjyhèkj osQ fe=k iz;kx ls dg jgk gSµ;kj
bruh cM+h izkWCye rks eqjyhèkj gh ^lkWYo* dj ldrk gSA pyks mlh osQ ikl pysaA
ik=kksa dk pfj=k&fp=k.k] ik=kksa dh vfHk#fp;ksa osQ ekè;e ls Hkh gksrk gSA lekt esa
vyx&vyx izdkj osQ yksxksa dh vius LoHkko osQ
vuqlkj vyx&vyx vfHk#fp;k¡ gksrh gSaA eku yhft,
,d vkneh taxy esa tkdj [krjukd tkuojksa dh
rlohjsa [khaprk gSA fuf'pr :i ls ;g lkglh vkneh
gksxkA ,d vkneh os';ko`fÙk djkrk gS] >wB cksyrk gS]
nykyh djrk gS] d”kZ okil ugha djrkA ,sls vkneh
dk viuk vyx Lo:i cusxkA
dgkuh esa ik=kksa osQ laokn cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gksrs gSaA
laokn osQ fcuk ik=k dh dYiuk eqf'dy gSA laokn gh
dgkuh dks] ik=k dks LFkkfir] fodflr djrs gSa vkSj
dgkuh dks xfr nsrs gSa] vkxs c<+krs gSaA tks ?kVuk ;k
izfrfozQ;k dgkuhdkj gksrh gqbZ ugha fn[kk ldrk] mls
laoknksa osQ ekè;e ls lkeus ykrk gSA blfy, laoknksa dk
egÙo cjkcj cuk jgrk gSA ik=kksa osQ laokn fy[krs le;
4 dgkuh dk osaQnzh; ¯cnq dFkkud gksrk gSA
4 dgkuh dks izkekf.kd vkSj jkspd cukus osQ
fy, ns'kdky] okrkoj.k rFkk LFkku dk
è;ku j[kuk vko';d gSA
4 ys[kd ik=kksa osQ ckjs esa [kqn u cksydj
muosQ fØ;kdykiksa vkSj laoknksa osQ ekè;e
ls pfj=k dks l'kDr cukrk gSA
4 }a} dFkkud dks vkxs c<+krk gSA
4 dgkuh ys[ku lh[kus dk lcls dkjxj rjhdk
gksxk fd vPNh dgkfu;k¡ i<+h tk,¡A
Rationalised 2023-24
1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 1234567890123456 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124
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og mlosQ fo'oklksa] vkn'kks± rFkk fLFkfr;ksa osQ Hkh vuqowQy gksus pkfg,A laokn fy[krs le;
ys[kd xk;c gks tkrk gS vkSj ik=k Lo;a laokn cksyus yxrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy, fdlh e”knwj
osQ laokn ,sls gksus pkfg, fd osQoy laokn lqudj gh Jksrk dks irk py tk, fd dkSu cksy
jgk gS] ;g vkneh D;k djrk gS] bldh i`"BHkwfe D;k gS vkfn&vkfnA laokn NksVs] LokHkkfod
vkSj mís'; osQ izfr lhèks yf{kr gksus pkfg,A laoknksa dk vuko';d foLrkj cgqr&lh tfVyrk,¡
iSnk dj nsrk gS vkSj dgkuh esa >ksy vk tkrk gSA
dFkkud osQ vuqlkj dgkuh pje mRd"kZ vFkkZr DykbesDl dh vksj c<+rh gSA pje mRd"kZ
dk fp=k.k cgqr è;kuiwoZd djuk pkfg, D;ksafd Hkkoksa ;k ik=kksa osQ vfrfjDr vfHkO;fDr pje
mRd"kZ osQ izHkko dks de dj ldrh gSA dgkuhdkj dh izfrc¼rk ;k mís'; dh iwfrZ osQ izfr
vfrfjDr vkxzg dgkuh dks Hkk"k.k esa cny ldrs gSaA loksZÙke ;g gksrk gS fd pje mRd"kZ ikBd
dks Lo;a lkspus vkSj ys[kdh; i{kèkj dh vksj vkus osQ fy, izsfjr djsa ysfdu ikBd dks ;g Hkh
yxs fd mls Lora=krk nh xbZ gS vkSj mlus tks fu.kZ; fudkys gSa] os mlosQ vius gSaA
igys Hkh laosQr fn;k x;k gS fd dFkkud osQ cqfu;knh rÙoksa esa }a} dk egÙo cgqr vfèkd
gSA }a} gh dFkkud dks vkxs c<+krk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, vxj nks vkneh fdlh ckr ij lger
gSa rks muosQ chp dksbZ }a} ugha gS vkSj ckrphr vkerkSj ls vkxs ugha c<+ ldrh gSA ysfdu
vlgefr gS rks ckrphr ljyrk ls vkxs c<+sxhA dgkuh esa }a} nks fojksèkh rÙoksa dk Vdjko ;k
fdlh dh [kkst esa vkus okyh ckèkkvksa] var}±} vkfn osQ dkj.k iSnk gksrk gSA dgkuhdkj vius
dFkkud esa }a} osQ ¯cnqvksa dks ftruk Li"V j[ksxk dgkuh Hkh mruh gh liQyrk ls vkxs c<+sxhA
dgkuh fy[kus dh dyk lh[kus dk lcls vPNk vkSj lhèkk jkLrk ;g gS fd vPNh
dgkfu;k¡ i<+h tk,¡ vkSj mudk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk,A dgkuh ys[ku fl[kkus dh izfozQ;k esa ;gh
lcls vfèkd dkjxj ekè;e gksxkA
124
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pkfg, rks ;g Fkk fd esjh igyh dgkuh izse&dgkuh gksrhA mez osQ ,rckj ls Hkh ;gh
equkflc Fkk vkSj vnc osQ ,rckj ls HkhA ij izse osQ fy, (vkSj izse dgkuh osQ fy,
Hkh) vuqowQy ifjfLFkf;k¡ gksa rc dke cusA
eSaus ogh fy[kk tks esjs tSls ekgkSy esa iyus okys lHkh Hkkjrh; ;qod fy[krs
gSaµvcyk ukjh dh dgkuhA ¯gnh osQ vf/dka'k ys[kdksa dk rks lkfgR; esa inkiZ.k vcyk
ukjh dh dgkuh ls gh gksrk gS vkSj ;g nq[kkar gksuh pkfg,A eSaus Hkh oSlk gh fd;kA cM+h
cseryc] csrqdh dgkuh Fkh] u flj] u iSj vkSj 'kq: ls vkf[kj rd eux<a+r] ij pw¡fd
vcyk ukjh osQ ckjs esa Fkh vkSj nq[kkar Fkh] blfy, okuizLFkh th dks Hkh dksbZ ,rjk”k
ugha gks ldrk Fkk] vkSj firkth dks Hkh ugha] blfy, dgkuh] dkfyt if=kdk esa LFkku
ik xbZA
ij blosQ oqQN gh nsj ckn ,d izsedgkuh lpeqp dye ij vk gh xbZA u[k&f'k[k ls izse&dgkuh gh Fkh] ij fdlh
nwljh nqfu;k dh dgkuh] ftlls eSa ifjfpr ugha FkkA rc eSa dkfyt NksM+ pqdk Fkk] vkSj firkth osQ O;kikj esa gkFk c¡Vkus
yxk FkkA dkfyt osQ fnu ihNs NwVrs tk jgs Fks] vkSj vkxs dh nqfu;k cM+h mQViVk¡x vkSj csrqdh&lh u”kj vk jgh FkhA
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