Short Notes: Testing of Materials with Universal Testing Machine | Short Notes for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE) PDF Download

 Page 1


Testing of Materials With Universal Testing Machine 
The Universal Testing Machine consists of two units.
1) Loading unit
2) Control panel 
1.Loading Unit:
• It consists of main hydraulic cylinder with robust base inside.
• The piston which moves up and down.
• The chain driven by electric motor which is fitted on left hand side.
• The screw column maintained in the base can be rotated using above 
arrangement of chain.
• Each column passes through the main nut which is fitted in the lower cross 
head.
• The lower table connected to main piston through a ball & the ball seat is 
joined to ensure axial loading.
• There is a connection between lower table and upper head assembly that 
moves up and down with main piston.
• The measurement of this assembly is carried out by number of bearings 
which slides over the columns.
• The test specimen each fixed in the job is known as 'Jack Job’.
• To fix up the specimen tightly, the movement of jack job is achieved helically 
by handle.
2.Control Panel:
Page 2


Testing of Materials With Universal Testing Machine 
The Universal Testing Machine consists of two units.
1) Loading unit
2) Control panel 
1.Loading Unit:
• It consists of main hydraulic cylinder with robust base inside.
• The piston which moves up and down.
• The chain driven by electric motor which is fitted on left hand side.
• The screw column maintained in the base can be rotated using above 
arrangement of chain.
• Each column passes through the main nut which is fitted in the lower cross 
head.
• The lower table connected to main piston through a ball & the ball seat is 
joined to ensure axial loading.
• There is a connection between lower table and upper head assembly that 
moves up and down with main piston.
• The measurement of this assembly is carried out by number of bearings 
which slides over the columns.
• The test specimen each fixed in the job is known as 'Jack Job’.
• To fix up the specimen tightly, the movement of jack job is achieved helically 
by handle.
2.Control Panel:
• It consists of oil tank having a hydraulic oil level sight glass for checking the 
oil level.
• The pump is displacement type piston pump having free plungers those 
ensure for continuation of high pressure.
• The pump is fixed to the tank from bottom.
• The suction & delivery valve are fitted to the pump near tank Electric motor 
driven the pump is mounted on four studs which is fitted on the right side of 
the tank.
• There is an arrangement for loosing or tightening of the valve.
• The four valves on control panel control the oil stroke in the hydraulic system.
Working principle of Loading System:
• The return valve is close, oil delivered by the pump through the flow control 
valves to the cylinder & the piston goes up.
• Pressure starts developing & either the specimen breaks or the load having 
maximum value is controlled with the base dynameters consisting in a 
cylinder in which the piston reciprocates.
• The switches have upper and lower push at the control panel for the 
downward & upward movement of the movable head.
• On & off switch provided on the control panel & the pilot lamp shows the 
transmission of main supply.
Methods of Testing:
Tension Test:
• Select the proper job and complete upper and lower check adjustment,apply 
some grease to the tapered surface of specimen or groove.
• Then operate the upper cross head grip operation handle & grip the upper end 
of test specimen fully in to the groove.
• Keep the lower left valve in fully close position. Open the right valve & close it 
after lower table is slightly lifted.
• Adjust the lower points to zero with the help of adjusting knob. This is 
necessary to remove the dead weight of the lower table. Then lock the jobs in 
this position by operating job working handle and open the left control valve.
• The printer on dial gauge at which the specimen breaks slightly return back & 
corresponding load is known as breaking load & maximum load is known as 
the ultimate load.
Compression Test:
• Fix upper and lower pressure plates to the upper stationary head & lower table 
respectively.
• Place the specimen on the lower plate in order to grip and adjust zero by 
lifting the lower table.
• Then perform the test in the same manner as described in tension test.
Flexural or Bending Test:
Page 3


Testing of Materials With Universal Testing Machine 
The Universal Testing Machine consists of two units.
1) Loading unit
2) Control panel 
1.Loading Unit:
• It consists of main hydraulic cylinder with robust base inside.
• The piston which moves up and down.
• The chain driven by electric motor which is fitted on left hand side.
• The screw column maintained in the base can be rotated using above 
arrangement of chain.
• Each column passes through the main nut which is fitted in the lower cross 
head.
• The lower table connected to main piston through a ball & the ball seat is 
joined to ensure axial loading.
• There is a connection between lower table and upper head assembly that 
moves up and down with main piston.
• The measurement of this assembly is carried out by number of bearings 
which slides over the columns.
• The test specimen each fixed in the job is known as 'Jack Job’.
• To fix up the specimen tightly, the movement of jack job is achieved helically 
by handle.
2.Control Panel:
• It consists of oil tank having a hydraulic oil level sight glass for checking the 
oil level.
• The pump is displacement type piston pump having free plungers those 
ensure for continuation of high pressure.
• The pump is fixed to the tank from bottom.
• The suction & delivery valve are fitted to the pump near tank Electric motor 
driven the pump is mounted on four studs which is fitted on the right side of 
the tank.
• There is an arrangement for loosing or tightening of the valve.
• The four valves on control panel control the oil stroke in the hydraulic system.
Working principle of Loading System:
• The return valve is close, oil delivered by the pump through the flow control 
valves to the cylinder & the piston goes up.
• Pressure starts developing & either the specimen breaks or the load having 
maximum value is controlled with the base dynameters consisting in a 
cylinder in which the piston reciprocates.
• The switches have upper and lower push at the control panel for the 
downward & upward movement of the movable head.
• On & off switch provided on the control panel & the pilot lamp shows the 
transmission of main supply.
Methods of Testing:
Tension Test:
• Select the proper job and complete upper and lower check adjustment,apply 
some grease to the tapered surface of specimen or groove.
• Then operate the upper cross head grip operation handle & grip the upper end 
of test specimen fully in to the groove.
• Keep the lower left valve in fully close position. Open the right valve & close it 
after lower table is slightly lifted.
• Adjust the lower points to zero with the help of adjusting knob. This is 
necessary to remove the dead weight of the lower table. Then lock the jobs in 
this position by operating job working handle and open the left control valve.
• The printer on dial gauge at which the specimen breaks slightly return back & 
corresponding load is known as breaking load & maximum load is known as 
the ultimate load.
Compression Test:
• Fix upper and lower pressure plates to the upper stationary head & lower table 
respectively.
• Place the specimen on the lower plate in order to grip and adjust zero by 
lifting the lower table.
• Then perform the test in the same manner as described in tension test.
Flexural or Bending Test:
Keep the bending table on the lower table in such a way that the cervtsal 
position of the bending table is fixed in the central location value of the lower 
table.
• The bending supports are adjusted to required distance.
• Stuffers at the back of the bending table at different positions.
• Then place the specimen on bending table & apply the load by bending 
attachment at the upper stationary head and perform the test in the same 
manner as described in tension test.
Brinell Hardness Test:
• Place the specimen on the lower table & lift it up slightly.
• Adjust the zero fixed value at the bottom side of the lower cross head and 
increase the load slowly till ultimate load value is obtained.
• Then release the load slowly with left control valve.
• Get the impression of a suitable value of five to ten millimeter on the 
specimen & measure the diameter of the impression correctly by microscope 
& calculate Brinell hardness.
Shear Test:
• Place the shear test attachment on the lower table, this attachment consists 
of cutter.
• The specimen is inserted in roles of shear test attachment & lift the lower 
table so that the zero is adjusted, then applies the load such that the 
specimen breaks in two or three pieces.
• If the specimen breaks in two pieces then it will be in angle shear, & if it 
breaks in three pieces then it will be in double shear.