Biology Booster Dose for NEET: Morphology in Flowering Plants | Biology Class 11 PDF Download

 Page 1


 
   
 
 
Biology Booster Dose for NEET 
 
Chapter- Morphology in Flowering Plants 
 
Flowering plants – Dominant Stage Sporophyte 
Vegetative Part – Root, Stem and leaf 
Reproduction Part – Flower, Fruit and Seed 
 
Root 
Role – Absorption, Transport of mineral and water anchorage, underground (chloroplast, cuticle 
node and internode) absent 
 
Type of Root Arises from  Example 
1) Tap root system Radicle Dicot root 
2) Adventitious Other than radicle Prop root ,Stilt root, root from node 
3) Fibrous root  Base of stem Root of monocot 
 
Parts of Root  
1) Root cap  Protection, thimble shape, absent in hydrophytes and secondary root 
2) Meristematic 
Region 
Cell with Dense cytoplasm, round shape cell, cell wall primary, 
vacuole absent 
3) Elongation region  Cell size increase, responsible for growth  
4) Maturation region  Largest region, root hair present 
 
Modifications of Tap Root 
Root modification Example  
Storage Carrot, Turnip, Radish 
Pneumatophores (Respiratory root)  Rhizophora (Marshy area and Halophytes) 
 
 
Page 2


 
   
 
 
Biology Booster Dose for NEET 
 
Chapter- Morphology in Flowering Plants 
 
Flowering plants – Dominant Stage Sporophyte 
Vegetative Part – Root, Stem and leaf 
Reproduction Part – Flower, Fruit and Seed 
 
Root 
Role – Absorption, Transport of mineral and water anchorage, underground (chloroplast, cuticle 
node and internode) absent 
 
Type of Root Arises from  Example 
1) Tap root system Radicle Dicot root 
2) Adventitious Other than radicle Prop root ,Stilt root, root from node 
3) Fibrous root  Base of stem Root of monocot 
 
Parts of Root  
1) Root cap  Protection, thimble shape, absent in hydrophytes and secondary root 
2) Meristematic 
Region 
Cell with Dense cytoplasm, round shape cell, cell wall primary, 
vacuole absent 
3) Elongation region  Cell size increase, responsible for growth  
4) Maturation region  Largest region, root hair present 
 
Modifications of Tap Root 
Root modification Example  
Storage Carrot, Turnip, Radish 
Pneumatophores (Respiratory root)  Rhizophora (Marshy area and Halophytes) 
 
 
 
   
 
Modification of Adventitious Root 
Root modification  Example 
1) Storage Sweet potato, Asparagus  
2) Prop root -support Banyan 
3) Stilt root-support Maize, sugar cane 
 
Stem 
Role   – Transport of water, mineral, food, synthesize hormone and bear branches and leaf 
Types of stem  
a. Herb – Green  
b. Shrub – Green to woody not trunk  
c. Tree – Woody and trunk 
Apical bud – Tip of branch and stem, Axillary bud – In leaf axil ,Adventitious bud – Other than 
node 
 
Modifications of Stem 
Stem modification Feature Example 
1. Thorns From axillary bud Citrus, Bougainvillea 
2. Stem Tendrils From Axillary bud All cucurbits, grape wine 
3. Photosynthetic 
stem 
Reduce transpiration known as 
phylloclade  
Euphorbia (cylindrical) Opuntia 
(flat) 
4. Runner  Spread to new niche, node develop root Grass, oxalis, strawberry 
5. Stolen Weak lateral branch Arch downward Mint jasmine 
6. Offset  Aquatic, node have tuft of root and 
crown of leaf 
Pistia, Eichhornia 
7. Sucker Oblique branch come out from under 
ground stem 
Banana, pineapple, 
Chrysanthemum 
8. Tuber Eye – Axillary bud Potato 
9. Rhizome Horizontal stem, branched ,node and 
internode  
Ginger, turmeric, banana 
sugarcane 
Page 3


 
   
 
 
Biology Booster Dose for NEET 
 
Chapter- Morphology in Flowering Plants 
 
Flowering plants – Dominant Stage Sporophyte 
Vegetative Part – Root, Stem and leaf 
Reproduction Part – Flower, Fruit and Seed 
 
Root 
Role – Absorption, Transport of mineral and water anchorage, underground (chloroplast, cuticle 
node and internode) absent 
 
Type of Root Arises from  Example 
1) Tap root system Radicle Dicot root 
2) Adventitious Other than radicle Prop root ,Stilt root, root from node 
3) Fibrous root  Base of stem Root of monocot 
 
Parts of Root  
1) Root cap  Protection, thimble shape, absent in hydrophytes and secondary root 
2) Meristematic 
Region 
Cell with Dense cytoplasm, round shape cell, cell wall primary, 
vacuole absent 
3) Elongation region  Cell size increase, responsible for growth  
4) Maturation region  Largest region, root hair present 
 
Modifications of Tap Root 
Root modification Example  
Storage Carrot, Turnip, Radish 
Pneumatophores (Respiratory root)  Rhizophora (Marshy area and Halophytes) 
 
 
 
   
 
Modification of Adventitious Root 
Root modification  Example 
1) Storage Sweet potato, Asparagus  
2) Prop root -support Banyan 
3) Stilt root-support Maize, sugar cane 
 
Stem 
Role   – Transport of water, mineral, food, synthesize hormone and bear branches and leaf 
Types of stem  
a. Herb – Green  
b. Shrub – Green to woody not trunk  
c. Tree – Woody and trunk 
Apical bud – Tip of branch and stem, Axillary bud – In leaf axil ,Adventitious bud – Other than 
node 
 
Modifications of Stem 
Stem modification Feature Example 
1. Thorns From axillary bud Citrus, Bougainvillea 
2. Stem Tendrils From Axillary bud All cucurbits, grape wine 
3. Photosynthetic 
stem 
Reduce transpiration known as 
phylloclade  
Euphorbia (cylindrical) Opuntia 
(flat) 
4. Runner  Spread to new niche, node develop root Grass, oxalis, strawberry 
5. Stolen Weak lateral branch Arch downward Mint jasmine 
6. Offset  Aquatic, node have tuft of root and 
crown of leaf 
Pistia, Eichhornia 
7. Sucker Oblique branch come out from under 
ground stem 
Banana, pineapple, 
Chrysanthemum 
8. Tuber Eye – Axillary bud Potato 
9. Rhizome Horizontal stem, branched ,node and 
internode  
Ginger, turmeric, banana 
sugarcane 
 
   
 
10.  Bulb Reduce stem + fleshy leaf Onion, garlic 
11. Corn Stem grow vertical  Amorphophallus (zamikand), 
colocasia 
 
 
Leaf  
Develop nodes on branches or stems 
Types: Acropetal, Lateral 
 
Parts of Leaf 
Parts  Role Modification feature 
Leaf base Attachment Pulvinus ( Pea) Leaf sheath – Grass 
Petiole  Flutter in Air Photosynthetic Petiole – Australian acacia 
Lamina (Leaf 
blade) 
Main 
photosynthetic 
part 
Simple leaf – Lamina entire or incision not reach upto 
mid rib 
Compound – Incision reach up to mid rib 
Pinnate – Mid rib become rachis and rachis attach to 
petiole 
Palmate – Leaf let attach to petiole (Exp.- silk cotton 
 
Phyllotaxy  
The arrangement of leaves on an axis or stem. 
 
Types of Phyllotaxy 
Phyllotaxy No. of leaf one node Example 
Alternate  1 S – sunflower M – Mustard C – China rose 
Opposite  2 Guava 
Whorled  Many Alstonia 
 
 
 
 
 
Page 4


 
   
 
 
Biology Booster Dose for NEET 
 
Chapter- Morphology in Flowering Plants 
 
Flowering plants – Dominant Stage Sporophyte 
Vegetative Part – Root, Stem and leaf 
Reproduction Part – Flower, Fruit and Seed 
 
Root 
Role – Absorption, Transport of mineral and water anchorage, underground (chloroplast, cuticle 
node and internode) absent 
 
Type of Root Arises from  Example 
1) Tap root system Radicle Dicot root 
2) Adventitious Other than radicle Prop root ,Stilt root, root from node 
3) Fibrous root  Base of stem Root of monocot 
 
Parts of Root  
1) Root cap  Protection, thimble shape, absent in hydrophytes and secondary root 
2) Meristematic 
Region 
Cell with Dense cytoplasm, round shape cell, cell wall primary, 
vacuole absent 
3) Elongation region  Cell size increase, responsible for growth  
4) Maturation region  Largest region, root hair present 
 
Modifications of Tap Root 
Root modification Example  
Storage Carrot, Turnip, Radish 
Pneumatophores (Respiratory root)  Rhizophora (Marshy area and Halophytes) 
 
 
 
   
 
Modification of Adventitious Root 
Root modification  Example 
1) Storage Sweet potato, Asparagus  
2) Prop root -support Banyan 
3) Stilt root-support Maize, sugar cane 
 
Stem 
Role   – Transport of water, mineral, food, synthesize hormone and bear branches and leaf 
Types of stem  
a. Herb – Green  
b. Shrub – Green to woody not trunk  
c. Tree – Woody and trunk 
Apical bud – Tip of branch and stem, Axillary bud – In leaf axil ,Adventitious bud – Other than 
node 
 
Modifications of Stem 
Stem modification Feature Example 
1. Thorns From axillary bud Citrus, Bougainvillea 
2. Stem Tendrils From Axillary bud All cucurbits, grape wine 
3. Photosynthetic 
stem 
Reduce transpiration known as 
phylloclade  
Euphorbia (cylindrical) Opuntia 
(flat) 
4. Runner  Spread to new niche, node develop root Grass, oxalis, strawberry 
5. Stolen Weak lateral branch Arch downward Mint jasmine 
6. Offset  Aquatic, node have tuft of root and 
crown of leaf 
Pistia, Eichhornia 
7. Sucker Oblique branch come out from under 
ground stem 
Banana, pineapple, 
Chrysanthemum 
8. Tuber Eye – Axillary bud Potato 
9. Rhizome Horizontal stem, branched ,node and 
internode  
Ginger, turmeric, banana 
sugarcane 
 
   
 
10.  Bulb Reduce stem + fleshy leaf Onion, garlic 
11. Corn Stem grow vertical  Amorphophallus (zamikand), 
colocasia 
 
 
Leaf  
Develop nodes on branches or stems 
Types: Acropetal, Lateral 
 
Parts of Leaf 
Parts  Role Modification feature 
Leaf base Attachment Pulvinus ( Pea) Leaf sheath – Grass 
Petiole  Flutter in Air Photosynthetic Petiole – Australian acacia 
Lamina (Leaf 
blade) 
Main 
photosynthetic 
part 
Simple leaf – Lamina entire or incision not reach upto 
mid rib 
Compound – Incision reach up to mid rib 
Pinnate – Mid rib become rachis and rachis attach to 
petiole 
Palmate – Leaf let attach to petiole (Exp.- silk cotton 
 
Phyllotaxy  
The arrangement of leaves on an axis or stem. 
 
Types of Phyllotaxy 
Phyllotaxy No. of leaf one node Example 
Alternate  1 S – sunflower M – Mustard C – China rose 
Opposite  2 Guava 
Whorled  Many Alstonia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
Venation 
 The system of arranging veins in leaf  
 
Types of Venation 
Venation Arrangement Example 
Parallel  Veins, not form, network Monocot, Orchids, Poaceal, Liliaceae 
Reticulate  Veins form network Dicot, Brassicaceae, Solanaceae, Fabaceae 
 
Modifications of Leaf  
Modification of Leaf Example 
1) Leaf spines Cactus 
2) Leaf tendril Pea 
3) Photosynthetic petiole Australian Acacia 
4) Fleshy leaf Onion 
5) Insectivorous plant Pitcher plant, Venus fly trap 
6) Stipule and pulvinus  Pea 
 
Inflorescence  
Arrangement of flower on floral Axis 
 
Types of Inflorescence 
Type Meaning  Example 
1. Racemose  Floral axis with have indefinite growth Old flower at 
base – young flower at top (Acropetal) 
Brassicaceae 
Fabaceae 
2. Cymose  Floral axis terminates into flower 
Old flower at top young at base (Basipetal) 
Solanaceae 
Liliaceae  
 
 
 
Page 5


 
   
 
 
Biology Booster Dose for NEET 
 
Chapter- Morphology in Flowering Plants 
 
Flowering plants – Dominant Stage Sporophyte 
Vegetative Part – Root, Stem and leaf 
Reproduction Part – Flower, Fruit and Seed 
 
Root 
Role – Absorption, Transport of mineral and water anchorage, underground (chloroplast, cuticle 
node and internode) absent 
 
Type of Root Arises from  Example 
1) Tap root system Radicle Dicot root 
2) Adventitious Other than radicle Prop root ,Stilt root, root from node 
3) Fibrous root  Base of stem Root of monocot 
 
Parts of Root  
1) Root cap  Protection, thimble shape, absent in hydrophytes and secondary root 
2) Meristematic 
Region 
Cell with Dense cytoplasm, round shape cell, cell wall primary, 
vacuole absent 
3) Elongation region  Cell size increase, responsible for growth  
4) Maturation region  Largest region, root hair present 
 
Modifications of Tap Root 
Root modification Example  
Storage Carrot, Turnip, Radish 
Pneumatophores (Respiratory root)  Rhizophora (Marshy area and Halophytes) 
 
 
 
   
 
Modification of Adventitious Root 
Root modification  Example 
1) Storage Sweet potato, Asparagus  
2) Prop root -support Banyan 
3) Stilt root-support Maize, sugar cane 
 
Stem 
Role   – Transport of water, mineral, food, synthesize hormone and bear branches and leaf 
Types of stem  
a. Herb – Green  
b. Shrub – Green to woody not trunk  
c. Tree – Woody and trunk 
Apical bud – Tip of branch and stem, Axillary bud – In leaf axil ,Adventitious bud – Other than 
node 
 
Modifications of Stem 
Stem modification Feature Example 
1. Thorns From axillary bud Citrus, Bougainvillea 
2. Stem Tendrils From Axillary bud All cucurbits, grape wine 
3. Photosynthetic 
stem 
Reduce transpiration known as 
phylloclade  
Euphorbia (cylindrical) Opuntia 
(flat) 
4. Runner  Spread to new niche, node develop root Grass, oxalis, strawberry 
5. Stolen Weak lateral branch Arch downward Mint jasmine 
6. Offset  Aquatic, node have tuft of root and 
crown of leaf 
Pistia, Eichhornia 
7. Sucker Oblique branch come out from under 
ground stem 
Banana, pineapple, 
Chrysanthemum 
8. Tuber Eye – Axillary bud Potato 
9. Rhizome Horizontal stem, branched ,node and 
internode  
Ginger, turmeric, banana 
sugarcane 
 
   
 
10.  Bulb Reduce stem + fleshy leaf Onion, garlic 
11. Corn Stem grow vertical  Amorphophallus (zamikand), 
colocasia 
 
 
Leaf  
Develop nodes on branches or stems 
Types: Acropetal, Lateral 
 
Parts of Leaf 
Parts  Role Modification feature 
Leaf base Attachment Pulvinus ( Pea) Leaf sheath – Grass 
Petiole  Flutter in Air Photosynthetic Petiole – Australian acacia 
Lamina (Leaf 
blade) 
Main 
photosynthetic 
part 
Simple leaf – Lamina entire or incision not reach upto 
mid rib 
Compound – Incision reach up to mid rib 
Pinnate – Mid rib become rachis and rachis attach to 
petiole 
Palmate – Leaf let attach to petiole (Exp.- silk cotton 
 
Phyllotaxy  
The arrangement of leaves on an axis or stem. 
 
Types of Phyllotaxy 
Phyllotaxy No. of leaf one node Example 
Alternate  1 S – sunflower M – Mustard C – China rose 
Opposite  2 Guava 
Whorled  Many Alstonia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
Venation 
 The system of arranging veins in leaf  
 
Types of Venation 
Venation Arrangement Example 
Parallel  Veins, not form, network Monocot, Orchids, Poaceal, Liliaceae 
Reticulate  Veins form network Dicot, Brassicaceae, Solanaceae, Fabaceae 
 
Modifications of Leaf  
Modification of Leaf Example 
1) Leaf spines Cactus 
2) Leaf tendril Pea 
3) Photosynthetic petiole Australian Acacia 
4) Fleshy leaf Onion 
5) Insectivorous plant Pitcher plant, Venus fly trap 
6) Stipule and pulvinus  Pea 
 
Inflorescence  
Arrangement of flower on floral Axis 
 
Types of Inflorescence 
Type Meaning  Example 
1. Racemose  Floral axis with have indefinite growth Old flower at 
base – young flower at top (Acropetal) 
Brassicaceae 
Fabaceae 
2. Cymose  Floral axis terminates into flower 
Old flower at top young at base (Basipetal) 
Solanaceae 
Liliaceae  
 
 
 
 
   
 
Types of Flower Based on reproductive organ Present 
Type Example 
Bisexual  Pistil and stamen present 
Staminate Stamen present pistil absent 
Pistillate  Pistil present and stamen absent  
 
Types of Flower Based on floral Appendages  
Type  Example 
Trimerous Liliaceae  
Tetramerous Brassicaceae  
Pentamerous Fabaceae, Solanaceae  
 
Classification of Flowers Based on the Position of Calyx, Corolla, 
and Androecium in Relation to the Ovary on Thalamus" 
Type Example 
Hypogynous  Ovary superior M- Mustard 
C- China rose 
B- Brinjal 
BrassicaceaeFabaceae 
Solanaceae Liliaceae 
Perigynous  Half inferior R- Rose 
P- Plum 
P- Peach 
Epigynous Inferior ovary Cu- Cucumber 
Gu- Guava 
Su- Sunflower