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M o n s o o n
C l a s s i c a l  M o n s o o n  T h e o r y
J e t s t r e a m s
F e a t u r e s  o f  I n d i a n  M o n s o o n
E N S O  ( E l  N i ñ o - S o u t h e r n  O s c i l l a t i o n )
O n s e t  a n d  O f f s e t  o f  M o n s o o n
O t h e r  F a c t o r s  A f f e c t i n g  t h e  I n d i a n
M o n s o o n
D e f i n i t i o n :  A  t h e o r y  e x p l a i n i n g  t h e  s e a s o n a l  r e v e r s a l
o f  w i n d s  a n d  a s s o c i a t e d  r a i n f a l l  p a t t e r n s ,  p r i m a r i l y
r e f e r r i n g  t o  t h e  I n d i a n  M o n s o o n .
K e y  c o n c e p t s :
H i m a l a y a s :  I n f l u e n c e  o n  t h e  d i r e c t i o n  a n d  i n t e n s i t y  o f
m o n s o o n  w i n d s .
W e s t e r n  G h a t s :  H i n d r a n c e  t o  t h e  n o r t h w a r d  p r o g r e s s
o f  m o n s o o n  w i n d s  o v e r  t h e  p e n i n s u l a r  p l a t e a u .
I n d i a n  O c e a n  D i p o l e :  A n o m a l i e s  i n  s e a  s u r f a c e
t e m p e r a t u r e s  a f f e c t i n g  t h e  s t r e n g t h  o f  m o n s o o n
r a i n f a l l .
D e f i n i t i o n :  D i s t i n c t  c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s  t h a t  d e f i n e  t h e
I n d i a n  M o n s o o n  s y s t e m .
K e y  f e a t u r e s :
O n s e t  o v e r  K e r a l a :  A r r i v a l  o f  m o n s o o n  w i n d s  a n d
a s s o c i a t e d  r a i n f a l l  o v e r  t h e  s o u t h w e s t  c o a s t  o f  I n d i a .
W i t h d r a w a l  f r o m  R a j a s t h a n :  R e t r e a t  o f  m o n s o o n
w i n d s  f r o m  n o r t h w e s t  I n d i a .
M o n s o o n  b r e a k s :  P e r i o d s  o f  t e m p o r a r y  c e s s a t i o n  i n
m o n s o o n  r a i n f a l l .
M o n s o o n  d e p r e s s i o n s :  C y c l o n i c  s y s t e m s  f o r m e d  o v e r
t h e  B a y  o f  B e n g a l ,  c a u s i n g  i n t e n s e  r a i n f a l l .
D i f f e r e n t i a l  h e a t i n g :  L a n d  a n d  s e a  h e a t  u p  a t
d i f f e r e n t  r a t e s ,  c a u s i n g  a  p r e s s u r e  g r a d i e n t  a n d  t h e
c r e a t i o n  o f  w i n d s .
S u m m e r  m o n s o o n :  L o w - p r e s s u r e  s y s t e m  o v e r  t h e
I n d i a n  s u b c o n t i n e n t ,  d r a w i n g  i n  m o i s t  a i r  f r o m  t h e
I n d i a n  O c e a n .
W i n t e r  m o n s o o n :  H i g h - p r e s s u r e  s y s t e m  o v e r  t h e
I n d i a n  s u b c o n t i n e n t ,  w i t h  d r y  w i n d s  f l o w i n g  f r o m
l a n d  t o  t h e  s e a .
D e f i n i t i o n :
K e y  c o n c e p t s :
D e f i n i t i o n :  A n  i r r e g u l a r  c l i m a t e  p h e n o m e n o n
c h a r a c t e r i z e d  b y  t h e  w a r m i n g  o r  c o o l i n g  o f  t h e
e a s t e r n  P a c i f i c  O c e a n .
K e y  c o n c e p t s :
O n s e t  o v e r  K e r a l a :  A r o u n d  J u n e  1 s t ,  m o n s o o n  w i n d s
r e a c h  t h e  s o u t h w e s t  c o a s t  o f  I n d i a .
O n s e t  o v e r  o t h e r  r e g i o n s :  P r o g r e s s i o n  o f  m o n s o o n
w i n d s  a c r o s s  t h e  I n d i a n  s u b c o n t i n e n t .
O f f s e t  f r o m  R a j a s t h a n :  A r o u n d  S e p t e m b e r  1 s t ,
m o n s o o n  w i n d s  r e t r e a t  f r o m  n o r t h w e s t  I n d i a .
E l  N i ñ o :  W a r m e r  o c e a n  t e m p e r a t u r e s ,  l e a d i n g  t o
a l t e r e d  a t m o s p h e r i c  c i r c u l a t i o n  p a t t e r n s  a n d  r e d u c e d
r a i n f a l l  o v e r  t h e  I n d i a n  s u b c o n t i n e n t .
L a  N i ñ a :  C o o l e r  o c e a n  t e m p e r a t u r e s ,  r e s u l t i n g  i n
e n h a n c e d  a t m o s p h e r i c  c i r c u l a t i o n  a n d  i n c r e a s e d
r a i n f a l l  o v e r  t h e  I n d i a n  s u b c o n t i n e n t .
O n s e t :  T h e  a r r i v a l  o f  m o n s o o n  w i n d s  o v e r  a  s p e c i f i c
r e g i o n ,  m a r k i n g  t h e  b e g i n n i n g  o f  s e a s o n a l  r a i n f a l l .
O f f s e t :  T h e  w i t h d r a w a l  o f  m o n s o o n  w i n d s  f r o m  a
r e g i o n ,  i n d i c a t i n g  t h e  e n d  o f  s e a s o n a l  r a i n f a l l .
D e f i n i t i o n :  N a r r o w ,  h i g h - s p e e d  a i r  c u r r e n t s  i n  t h e
u p p e r  t r o p o s p h e r e  ( a r o u n d  9 - 1 6  k m  a l t i t u d e ) ,
i n f l u e n c i n g  w e a t h e r  p a t t e r n s .
K e y  c o n c e p t s :
P o l a r  j e t  s t r e a m :  L o c a t e d  a t  h i g h e r  l a t i t u d e s ,  i t
i n f l u e n c e s  t h e  m o v e m e n t  o f  c y c l o n i c  d e p r e s s i o n s
d u r i n g  t h e  I n d i a n  w i n t e r .
S u b t r o p i c a l  j e t  s t r e a m :  L o c a t e d  c l o s e r  t o  t h e
e q u a t o r ,  i t  h a s  a  r o l e  i n  s t e e r i n g  m o n s o o n
d e p r e s s i o n s  d u r i n g  t h e  I n d i a n  s u m m e r .
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