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Syllabus: Sociology for Class 12
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Page 1
COURSE STRUCTURE
CLASS XII (2025-26)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
Units Marks
A Indian Society
1. Introducing Indian Society Non- evaluative
2. The Demographic Structure of Indian Society 10
3. Social Institutions: Continuity and Change 10
5. Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion 10
6. The Challenges of Cultural Diversity 10
7. Suggestions for Project Work Non- evaluative
40
B Social Change and Development in India
8. Structural Change 5
9. Cultural Change 5
11.Change and Development in Rural Society 10
12. Change and Development in Industrial Society 10
15. Social Movements 10
40
Total 80
COURSE CONTENT
A.
INDIAN SOCIETY
40 Marks
Unit 1
Introducing Indian Society
Colonialism, Nationalism, Class and Community (Non- evaluative)
Unit 2
The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society
? Theories and concepts in demography
? Rural-Urban Linkages and Divisions
? Population Policy in India
Class XII (2026-27)
Page 2
COURSE STRUCTURE
CLASS XII (2025-26)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
Units Marks
A Indian Society
1. Introducing Indian Society Non- evaluative
2. The Demographic Structure of Indian Society 10
3. Social Institutions: Continuity and Change 10
5. Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion 10
6. The Challenges of Cultural Diversity 10
7. Suggestions for Project Work Non- evaluative
40
B Social Change and Development in India
8. Structural Change 5
9. Cultural Change 5
11.Change and Development in Rural Society 10
12. Change and Development in Industrial Society 10
15. Social Movements 10
40
Total 80
COURSE CONTENT
A.
INDIAN SOCIETY
40 Marks
Unit 1
Introducing Indian Society
Colonialism, Nationalism, Class and Community (Non- evaluative)
Unit 2
The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society
? Theories and concepts in demography
? Rural-Urban Linkages and Divisions
? Population Policy in India
Class XII (2026-27)
Unit 3
Social Institutions: Continuity and Change
? Caste and the Caste System
? Tribal Communities
? Family and Kinship
Unit 5
Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion
? Social Inequality and Social Exclusion
? Systems justifying and perpetuating Inequality - Caste, Tribe, the Other
Backward Classes
? Adivasi Struggles
? The Struggle for Women’s Equality and Rights
? The struggles of the Differently Abled
Unit 6
The Challenges of Cultural Diversity
? Cultural communities and the nation state
? Regionalism in the Indian context
? The Nation state and religion related issues and identities
? Communalism, secularism and the nation state
? State and Civil Society
Unit 7
Suggestions for Project Work
B.
SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
40 Marks
Unit 8
Structural Change
Understanding Colonialism, Industrialization, Urbanization
Unit 9
Cultural Change
? Social Reform Movements
? Different Kinds of Social Change: Sanskritisation, Westernisation,
Modernization, Secularization
Unit 11
Change and Development in Rural Society
? Agrarian Structure: Caste & class in Rural India
? Land Reforms, Green Revolution and Emerging Agrarian society
? Green revolution and its social consequences
? Transformation in Rural Society
? Circulation of labour
? Globalization, Liberalization and Rural Society
Page 3
COURSE STRUCTURE
CLASS XII (2025-26)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
Units Marks
A Indian Society
1. Introducing Indian Society Non- evaluative
2. The Demographic Structure of Indian Society 10
3. Social Institutions: Continuity and Change 10
5. Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion 10
6. The Challenges of Cultural Diversity 10
7. Suggestions for Project Work Non- evaluative
40
B Social Change and Development in India
8. Structural Change 5
9. Cultural Change 5
11.Change and Development in Rural Society 10
12. Change and Development in Industrial Society 10
15. Social Movements 10
40
Total 80
COURSE CONTENT
A.
INDIAN SOCIETY
40 Marks
Unit 1
Introducing Indian Society
Colonialism, Nationalism, Class and Community (Non- evaluative)
Unit 2
The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society
? Theories and concepts in demography
? Rural-Urban Linkages and Divisions
? Population Policy in India
Class XII (2026-27)
Unit 3
Social Institutions: Continuity and Change
? Caste and the Caste System
? Tribal Communities
? Family and Kinship
Unit 5
Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion
? Social Inequality and Social Exclusion
? Systems justifying and perpetuating Inequality - Caste, Tribe, the Other
Backward Classes
? Adivasi Struggles
? The Struggle for Women’s Equality and Rights
? The struggles of the Differently Abled
Unit 6
The Challenges of Cultural Diversity
? Cultural communities and the nation state
? Regionalism in the Indian context
? The Nation state and religion related issues and identities
? Communalism, secularism and the nation state
? State and Civil Society
Unit 7
Suggestions for Project Work
B.
SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
40 Marks
Unit 8
Structural Change
Understanding Colonialism, Industrialization, Urbanization
Unit 9
Cultural Change
? Social Reform Movements
? Different Kinds of Social Change: Sanskritisation, Westernisation,
Modernization, Secularization
Unit 11
Change and Development in Rural Society
? Agrarian Structure: Caste & class in Rural India
? Land Reforms, Green Revolution and Emerging Agrarian society
? Green revolution and its social consequences
? Transformation in Rural Society
? Circulation of labour
? Globalization, Liberalization and Rural Society
Unit 12
Change and Development in Industrial Society
? From Planned Industrialization to Liberalization
? How people find Jobs
? Work Processes: How work is carried out, working conditions, home based
work, Strikes and Unions
Unit 15
Social Movements
? Concept of Social Movements
? Theories and Classification of Social Movements
? Environmental Movements
? Class-Based Movements: Workers, Peasants
? Caste-Based Movements: Dalit Movement, Backward Class/Castes,
Trends in Upper Caste Responses
? Tribal Movements
? Women’s Movements in Independent India
PROJECT WORK
Max. Marks: 20
C. Project undertaken during the academic year at school level
1. Introduction -2 Marks
2. Statement of Purpose – 2 Marks
3. Research Question – 2 Marks
4. Methodology – 3 Marks
5. Data Analysis – 4 Marks
6. Conclusion – 2 Marks
15 Marks
D. Viva – based on the project work
05 Marks
Prescribed Books:
1. Introducing Sociology, Class XI, Published by NCERT
2. Understanding Society, Class XI, Published by NCERT
3. Indian Society, Class XII, Published by NCERT
4. Social Change and Development in India, Class XII, published by NCERT
Page 4
COURSE STRUCTURE
CLASS XII (2025-26)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
Units Marks
A Indian Society
1. Introducing Indian Society Non- evaluative
2. The Demographic Structure of Indian Society 10
3. Social Institutions: Continuity and Change 10
5. Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion 10
6. The Challenges of Cultural Diversity 10
7. Suggestions for Project Work Non- evaluative
40
B Social Change and Development in India
8. Structural Change 5
9. Cultural Change 5
11.Change and Development in Rural Society 10
12. Change and Development in Industrial Society 10
15. Social Movements 10
40
Total 80
COURSE CONTENT
A.
INDIAN SOCIETY
40 Marks
Unit 1
Introducing Indian Society
Colonialism, Nationalism, Class and Community (Non- evaluative)
Unit 2
The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society
? Theories and concepts in demography
? Rural-Urban Linkages and Divisions
? Population Policy in India
Class XII (2026-27)
Unit 3
Social Institutions: Continuity and Change
? Caste and the Caste System
? Tribal Communities
? Family and Kinship
Unit 5
Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion
? Social Inequality and Social Exclusion
? Systems justifying and perpetuating Inequality - Caste, Tribe, the Other
Backward Classes
? Adivasi Struggles
? The Struggle for Women’s Equality and Rights
? The struggles of the Differently Abled
Unit 6
The Challenges of Cultural Diversity
? Cultural communities and the nation state
? Regionalism in the Indian context
? The Nation state and religion related issues and identities
? Communalism, secularism and the nation state
? State and Civil Society
Unit 7
Suggestions for Project Work
B.
SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
40 Marks
Unit 8
Structural Change
Understanding Colonialism, Industrialization, Urbanization
Unit 9
Cultural Change
? Social Reform Movements
? Different Kinds of Social Change: Sanskritisation, Westernisation,
Modernization, Secularization
Unit 11
Change and Development in Rural Society
? Agrarian Structure: Caste & class in Rural India
? Land Reforms, Green Revolution and Emerging Agrarian society
? Green revolution and its social consequences
? Transformation in Rural Society
? Circulation of labour
? Globalization, Liberalization and Rural Society
Unit 12
Change and Development in Industrial Society
? From Planned Industrialization to Liberalization
? How people find Jobs
? Work Processes: How work is carried out, working conditions, home based
work, Strikes and Unions
Unit 15
Social Movements
? Concept of Social Movements
? Theories and Classification of Social Movements
? Environmental Movements
? Class-Based Movements: Workers, Peasants
? Caste-Based Movements: Dalit Movement, Backward Class/Castes,
Trends in Upper Caste Responses
? Tribal Movements
? Women’s Movements in Independent India
PROJECT WORK
Max. Marks: 20
C. Project undertaken during the academic year at school level
1. Introduction -2 Marks
2. Statement of Purpose – 2 Marks
3. Research Question – 2 Marks
4. Methodology – 3 Marks
5. Data Analysis – 4 Marks
6. Conclusion – 2 Marks
15 Marks
D. Viva – based on the project work
05 Marks
Prescribed Books:
1. Introducing Sociology, Class XI, Published by NCERT
2. Understanding Society, Class XI, Published by NCERT
3. Indian Society, Class XII, Published by NCERT
4. Social Change and Development in India, Class XII, published by NCERT
SOCIOLOGY
QUESTION PAPER DESIGN
CLASS XII (2025-26)
S. No. Competencies Total
Marks
Weightage
(%)
1 Knowledge & Understanding
Exhibit memory of previously learned material by recalling
facts, terms, basic concepts, and answers. Demonstrate
understanding of facts and ideas by organizing, comparing,
translating, interpreting, giving descriptions, and stating main
ideas
30
37.5%
2 Application of Knowledge and Concepts
Solve problems to new situations by applying acquired
knowledge, facts, techniques and rules in a different way.
Examine and break information into parts by identifying
motives or causes. Make inferences and find evidence to
support generalizations
Present and defend opinions by making judgments about
information, validity of ideas, or quality of work based on a set
of criteria.
32
40%
3 Formulate, Analyse , Evaluate & Create
Compile information together in a different way by combining
elements in a new pattern or proposing alternative solutions.
18
22.5%
Total 80 100%
Note: Kindly refer to the guidelines on project work for class XI and XII given below: -
Class XII (2026-27)
Page 5
COURSE STRUCTURE
CLASS XII (2025-26)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
Units Marks
A Indian Society
1. Introducing Indian Society Non- evaluative
2. The Demographic Structure of Indian Society 10
3. Social Institutions: Continuity and Change 10
5. Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion 10
6. The Challenges of Cultural Diversity 10
7. Suggestions for Project Work Non- evaluative
40
B Social Change and Development in India
8. Structural Change 5
9. Cultural Change 5
11.Change and Development in Rural Society 10
12. Change and Development in Industrial Society 10
15. Social Movements 10
40
Total 80
COURSE CONTENT
A.
INDIAN SOCIETY
40 Marks
Unit 1
Introducing Indian Society
Colonialism, Nationalism, Class and Community (Non- evaluative)
Unit 2
The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society
? Theories and concepts in demography
? Rural-Urban Linkages and Divisions
? Population Policy in India
Class XII (2026-27)
Unit 3
Social Institutions: Continuity and Change
? Caste and the Caste System
? Tribal Communities
? Family and Kinship
Unit 5
Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion
? Social Inequality and Social Exclusion
? Systems justifying and perpetuating Inequality - Caste, Tribe, the Other
Backward Classes
? Adivasi Struggles
? The Struggle for Women’s Equality and Rights
? The struggles of the Differently Abled
Unit 6
The Challenges of Cultural Diversity
? Cultural communities and the nation state
? Regionalism in the Indian context
? The Nation state and religion related issues and identities
? Communalism, secularism and the nation state
? State and Civil Society
Unit 7
Suggestions for Project Work
B.
SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
40 Marks
Unit 8
Structural Change
Understanding Colonialism, Industrialization, Urbanization
Unit 9
Cultural Change
? Social Reform Movements
? Different Kinds of Social Change: Sanskritisation, Westernisation,
Modernization, Secularization
Unit 11
Change and Development in Rural Society
? Agrarian Structure: Caste & class in Rural India
? Land Reforms, Green Revolution and Emerging Agrarian society
? Green revolution and its social consequences
? Transformation in Rural Society
? Circulation of labour
? Globalization, Liberalization and Rural Society
Unit 12
Change and Development in Industrial Society
? From Planned Industrialization to Liberalization
? How people find Jobs
? Work Processes: How work is carried out, working conditions, home based
work, Strikes and Unions
Unit 15
Social Movements
? Concept of Social Movements
? Theories and Classification of Social Movements
? Environmental Movements
? Class-Based Movements: Workers, Peasants
? Caste-Based Movements: Dalit Movement, Backward Class/Castes,
Trends in Upper Caste Responses
? Tribal Movements
? Women’s Movements in Independent India
PROJECT WORK
Max. Marks: 20
C. Project undertaken during the academic year at school level
1. Introduction -2 Marks
2. Statement of Purpose – 2 Marks
3. Research Question – 2 Marks
4. Methodology – 3 Marks
5. Data Analysis – 4 Marks
6. Conclusion – 2 Marks
15 Marks
D. Viva – based on the project work
05 Marks
Prescribed Books:
1. Introducing Sociology, Class XI, Published by NCERT
2. Understanding Society, Class XI, Published by NCERT
3. Indian Society, Class XII, Published by NCERT
4. Social Change and Development in India, Class XII, published by NCERT
SOCIOLOGY
QUESTION PAPER DESIGN
CLASS XII (2025-26)
S. No. Competencies Total
Marks
Weightage
(%)
1 Knowledge & Understanding
Exhibit memory of previously learned material by recalling
facts, terms, basic concepts, and answers. Demonstrate
understanding of facts and ideas by organizing, comparing,
translating, interpreting, giving descriptions, and stating main
ideas
30
37.5%
2 Application of Knowledge and Concepts
Solve problems to new situations by applying acquired
knowledge, facts, techniques and rules in a different way.
Examine and break information into parts by identifying
motives or causes. Make inferences and find evidence to
support generalizations
Present and defend opinions by making judgments about
information, validity of ideas, or quality of work based on a set
of criteria.
32
40%
3 Formulate, Analyse , Evaluate & Create
Compile information together in a different way by combining
elements in a new pattern or proposing alternative solutions.
18
22.5%
Total 80 100%
Note: Kindly refer to the guidelines on project work for class XI and XII given below: -
Class XII (2026-27)
Guidelines for Sociology Project Work: 20 Marks
One Project to be done throughout the session, as per the existing scheme.
1. Steps involved in the conduct of the project: Students may work upon the following lines as a
suggested flow chart:
Choose a Title/Topic
Need of the Study, Objective of the Study
Hypothesis
Content -Timeline, Mind maps, Pictures, etc.
Organization of Material/Data
Present Material/Data
Analyzing the Material/Data for Conclusion
Draw the Relevant Conclusion
Bibliography
Read MoreFAQs on Syllabus: Sociology for Class 12
| 1. What is sociology and why is it important in humanities/arts education? |  |
Sociology is the scientific study of society, social relationships, and human behavior. It helps us understand the structures, institutions, and processes that shape our social world. In humanities/arts education, sociology provides a critical lens to analyze and interpret social phenomena, such as art, culture, and social movements, allowing us to gain a deeper understanding of the social context in which these elements exist.
| 2. How does sociology contribute to the development of critical thinking skills? | |
Sociology promotes critical thinking skills by encouraging students to question and analyze social phenomena from multiple perspectives. It challenges students to examine societal norms, values, and beliefs, fostering the ability to think critically about the social world. Through sociological research methods, students learn to gather and evaluate evidence, identify biases, and develop logical arguments, all of which are essential components of critical thinking.
| 3. Can studying sociology help in understanding and addressing social inequalities? | |
Yes, studying sociology can greatly contribute to understanding and addressing social inequalities. Sociology examines the structures and mechanisms that perpetuate social inequalities, such as race, class, gender, and sexuality. By analyzing these systems, students can develop a deep understanding of the root causes of social inequalities and explore potential solutions. Sociology also provides tools to critically analyze social policies and advocate for social justice.
| 4. How does sociology contribute to the study of culture and society? | |
Sociology contributes to the study of culture and society by providing frameworks to analyze and interpret social phenomena. It helps us understand how culture shapes our beliefs, values, and behaviors, and how society influences our interactions and social structures. Sociology also explores the impact of social institutions, such as family, education, and religion, on individuals and communities, enabling a holistic understanding of culture and society.
| 5. What career opportunities are available for students who study sociology in humanities/arts? | |
Studying sociology in humanities/arts opens up various career opportunities. Graduates can pursue careers in fields such as social work, counseling, community development, human resources, market research, public policy, and advocacy. Sociology equips students with a wide range of transferable skills, including critical thinking, research methods, data analysis, and communication, which are highly valued in diverse professional settings.
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