Development of Literature-Art and Architecture under Pandyas | Tamil Nadu State PSC (TNPSC): Preparation - TNPSC (Tamil Nadu) PDF Download

 Page 1


40 41
III. Fill in the blanks:
1. Jatavarman Kulasekara – I had _____ title.
2. Tribhuvana chakravarthy was the title of ________.
3. Tirunelveli inscriptions mention Maravarman Sundara
Pandyan’s title called  _____
4. Second Pandyas came to power in ________.
5. ______ was the foreign historian who wrote about the
history of the Pandyas.
IV . Match the following:
1. Malavaraya - Ceylon
2. Madurai - Maravarman V ickrama
Pandya
3. Subagiri fortress - Thirumalaipuram
4. V iceroy of Chengleput - Capital
5. Cave temple - Maravarman Sundara Pandya
V . Answer briefly:
1. Write about the numismatic sources of the Pandyas?
2. Why did Jatavarman Sundara Pandya – I was known as
“Emmandalamum Kondarulia”?
3. Who was called Adisaya Pandya deva?
4. Write about Maravarman Kula sekara-I.
5. Write about Malikkafur.
VI. Write answers in detail:
1. Write about the sources for the study of the Pandyas.
2. Write about the achievements of Jatavarman sundra
Pandya-I
6.   DEVELOPMENT OF LITERATURE-ART
AND  ARCHITECTURE UNDER  PANDYAS
Pandya kings made significant contributions for the progress of
literature, art and architecture. They made important milestones and
remarkable turning points in the cultural history of T amil country .
Sources :  There are many
sources for the study of Pandyas.
Sangam literature is very useful to
know about sangam Pandyas.
Several inscriptions and copper
plates, like V elvikkudiplates,
Seevaramangalamplates,
Thalavaipuramplates,
Srivilliputhurplates,
Sivakasiplates and Chinna manur
plates are very much valuable to
study about the development of
literature, art and architecture
Page 2


40 41
III. Fill in the blanks:
1. Jatavarman Kulasekara – I had _____ title.
2. Tribhuvana chakravarthy was the title of ________.
3. Tirunelveli inscriptions mention Maravarman Sundara
Pandyan’s title called  _____
4. Second Pandyas came to power in ________.
5. ______ was the foreign historian who wrote about the
history of the Pandyas.
IV . Match the following:
1. Malavaraya - Ceylon
2. Madurai - Maravarman V ickrama
Pandya
3. Subagiri fortress - Thirumalaipuram
4. V iceroy of Chengleput - Capital
5. Cave temple - Maravarman Sundara Pandya
V . Answer briefly:
1. Write about the numismatic sources of the Pandyas?
2. Why did Jatavarman Sundara Pandya – I was known as
“Emmandalamum Kondarulia”?
3. Who was called Adisaya Pandya deva?
4. Write about Maravarman Kula sekara-I.
5. Write about Malikkafur.
VI. Write answers in detail:
1. Write about the sources for the study of the Pandyas.
2. Write about the achievements of Jatavarman sundra
Pandya-I
6.   DEVELOPMENT OF LITERATURE-ART
AND  ARCHITECTURE UNDER  PANDYAS
Pandya kings made significant contributions for the progress of
literature, art and architecture. They made important milestones and
remarkable turning points in the cultural history of T amil country .
Sources :  There are many
sources for the study of Pandyas.
Sangam literature is very useful to
know about sangam Pandyas.
Several inscriptions and copper
plates, like V elvikkudiplates,
Seevaramangalamplates,
Thalavaipuramplates,
Srivilliputhurplates,
Sivakasiplates and Chinna manur
plates are very much valuable to
study about the development of
literature, art and architecture
42 43
during the Pandya rule. Several Pandya coins are also available. Some
literary works give information about the Pandyas. The writings of
foreigners like Marcopolo, Hiuen Tsang are useful sources. Stone
inscriptions of Pandya kings are useful to fix the geneology .
T amil literature:   Sangam Pandya kings patronised and developed
T amil language. They organised three T amil sangams at Madurai namely
Mudhal sangam, Idai sangam and Kadai sangam. Sangam was an
assembly of Tamil poets and scholars. Agathiyam, Tholkappiyam,
Silappathikaram, Ettuthogai, Pathupattu and many valuable T amil literary
works were released in these T amil sangam meetings. Nakkeerar was
the chief Tamil poet of the Pandya court. The city of Madurai was
known as T amil koodal.
Request your teacher to explain more about
three Tamil sangams and sangam literature
Saivite literature:   According to the informations given by a foreign
writer Hiuen T sang and V elvikudi plates, the Pandya kings worked for
the development of literature, art and architecture. Particularly they
contributed more for the development of Saivite literature.
Thirugnanasambandar influenced his contemporary Pandya king
Maravarman Arikesari. Saint Manikavasagar composed the divine hymn
Thiruvasagam. He also wrote Thiruchirrambalakovai. The saiva
nayanmars were more respected. Saivism flourished with their patronage.
Vaishnavite literature:  The Pandya kings patronised Alwars and
vaishnavite literature. Periyazhvar and his daughter Andal contributed
greatly for the progress of V aishnavism. Andal composed the famous
Thiruppavai. Nammalvar composed Thiruppallandu. These two
vaishavite literary works of the Pandya period are given very high position
in the Indian religion and literature. The Pandya literatures like
Thiruppavai and Thiruppallandu have enriched the Indian religion and
literature.
The Pandya king Adhiveerarama Pandya of Thenkasi wrote
Naidadham. Sri Kaviraya wrote four books namely
Thirukkalathinatharula, Thiruvannamalaiyar vannam, Seyur Murugan ula,
Rathinagiriula. King V arathungarama Pandya wrote three books namely
pathitrupathu, Kalithurai andhathi and V enba andhathi. Mayilai nathar
wrote commentary on Nannool. Adiyarkkunallur wrote commentary
on Silappathiharam. Senavrayar wrote commentary on Tholkappiyam,
Parimelazhagar wrote commentaries on Thiurkkural.
Art and architecture:  The Pandyas contributed more for the
development of architecture. Gopuras, Prakaras, V imanas, Garbagrahas
are the special features of the Pandya temple architecture. T emples at
Madurai, Chidambaram, Kumbakonam, Thiruvannamalai, Srirangam
are good examples for the development of Pandya architecture. The
images of horses and other animals are carved on pillars. According to
historian A.L.Basham, The zenith of Pandya architecture are Meenakshi
temple at Madurai and Aranganathar temple at Srirangam.
Rock cut temple: The Pandya period is marked as renaissance period
in the field of rock cut temple. The rock cut temples are known for their
merit. More than 50 rock cut temples were excavated from the Pandya
kingdom. More rock cut temples are found in Thirupparankundram,
Anaimalai, Karaikudi, Kalugumalai, Malaiyadikurichi and Trichy . These
Page 3


40 41
III. Fill in the blanks:
1. Jatavarman Kulasekara – I had _____ title.
2. Tribhuvana chakravarthy was the title of ________.
3. Tirunelveli inscriptions mention Maravarman Sundara
Pandyan’s title called  _____
4. Second Pandyas came to power in ________.
5. ______ was the foreign historian who wrote about the
history of the Pandyas.
IV . Match the following:
1. Malavaraya - Ceylon
2. Madurai - Maravarman V ickrama
Pandya
3. Subagiri fortress - Thirumalaipuram
4. V iceroy of Chengleput - Capital
5. Cave temple - Maravarman Sundara Pandya
V . Answer briefly:
1. Write about the numismatic sources of the Pandyas?
2. Why did Jatavarman Sundara Pandya – I was known as
“Emmandalamum Kondarulia”?
3. Who was called Adisaya Pandya deva?
4. Write about Maravarman Kula sekara-I.
5. Write about Malikkafur.
VI. Write answers in detail:
1. Write about the sources for the study of the Pandyas.
2. Write about the achievements of Jatavarman sundra
Pandya-I
6.   DEVELOPMENT OF LITERATURE-ART
AND  ARCHITECTURE UNDER  PANDYAS
Pandya kings made significant contributions for the progress of
literature, art and architecture. They made important milestones and
remarkable turning points in the cultural history of T amil country .
Sources :  There are many
sources for the study of Pandyas.
Sangam literature is very useful to
know about sangam Pandyas.
Several inscriptions and copper
plates, like V elvikkudiplates,
Seevaramangalamplates,
Thalavaipuramplates,
Srivilliputhurplates,
Sivakasiplates and Chinna manur
plates are very much valuable to
study about the development of
literature, art and architecture
42 43
during the Pandya rule. Several Pandya coins are also available. Some
literary works give information about the Pandyas. The writings of
foreigners like Marcopolo, Hiuen Tsang are useful sources. Stone
inscriptions of Pandya kings are useful to fix the geneology .
T amil literature:   Sangam Pandya kings patronised and developed
T amil language. They organised three T amil sangams at Madurai namely
Mudhal sangam, Idai sangam and Kadai sangam. Sangam was an
assembly of Tamil poets and scholars. Agathiyam, Tholkappiyam,
Silappathikaram, Ettuthogai, Pathupattu and many valuable T amil literary
works were released in these T amil sangam meetings. Nakkeerar was
the chief Tamil poet of the Pandya court. The city of Madurai was
known as T amil koodal.
Request your teacher to explain more about
three Tamil sangams and sangam literature
Saivite literature:   According to the informations given by a foreign
writer Hiuen T sang and V elvikudi plates, the Pandya kings worked for
the development of literature, art and architecture. Particularly they
contributed more for the development of Saivite literature.
Thirugnanasambandar influenced his contemporary Pandya king
Maravarman Arikesari. Saint Manikavasagar composed the divine hymn
Thiruvasagam. He also wrote Thiruchirrambalakovai. The saiva
nayanmars were more respected. Saivism flourished with their patronage.
Vaishnavite literature:  The Pandya kings patronised Alwars and
vaishnavite literature. Periyazhvar and his daughter Andal contributed
greatly for the progress of V aishnavism. Andal composed the famous
Thiruppavai. Nammalvar composed Thiruppallandu. These two
vaishavite literary works of the Pandya period are given very high position
in the Indian religion and literature. The Pandya literatures like
Thiruppavai and Thiruppallandu have enriched the Indian religion and
literature.
The Pandya king Adhiveerarama Pandya of Thenkasi wrote
Naidadham. Sri Kaviraya wrote four books namely
Thirukkalathinatharula, Thiruvannamalaiyar vannam, Seyur Murugan ula,
Rathinagiriula. King V arathungarama Pandya wrote three books namely
pathitrupathu, Kalithurai andhathi and V enba andhathi. Mayilai nathar
wrote commentary on Nannool. Adiyarkkunallur wrote commentary
on Silappathiharam. Senavrayar wrote commentary on Tholkappiyam,
Parimelazhagar wrote commentaries on Thiurkkural.
Art and architecture:  The Pandyas contributed more for the
development of architecture. Gopuras, Prakaras, V imanas, Garbagrahas
are the special features of the Pandya temple architecture. T emples at
Madurai, Chidambaram, Kumbakonam, Thiruvannamalai, Srirangam
are good examples for the development of Pandya architecture. The
images of horses and other animals are carved on pillars. According to
historian A.L.Basham, The zenith of Pandya architecture are Meenakshi
temple at Madurai and Aranganathar temple at Srirangam.
Rock cut temple: The Pandya period is marked as renaissance period
in the field of rock cut temple. The rock cut temples are known for their
merit. More than 50 rock cut temples were excavated from the Pandya
kingdom. More rock cut temples are found in Thirupparankundram,
Anaimalai, Karaikudi, Kalugumalai, Malaiyadikurichi and Trichy . These
42 43
during the Pandya rule. Several Pandya coins are also available. Some
literary works give information about the Pandyas. The writings of
foreigners like Marcopolo, Hiuen Tsang are useful sources. Stone
inscriptions of Pandya kings are useful to fix the geneology .
T amil literature:   Sangam Pandya kings patronised and developed
T amil language. They organised three T amil sangams at Madurai namely
Mudhal sangam, Idai sangam and Kadai sangam. Sangam was an
assembly of Tamil poets and scholars. Agathiyam, Tholkappiyam,
Silappathikaram, Ettuthogai, Pathupattu and many valuable T amil literary
works were released in these T amil sangam meetings. Nakkeerar was
the chief Tamil poet of the Pandya court. The city of Madurai was
known as T amil koodal.
Request your teacher to explain more about
three Tamil sangams and sangam literature
Saivite literature:   According to the informations given by a foreign
writer Hiuen T sang and V elvikudi plates, the Pandya kings worked for
the development of literature, art and architecture. Particularly they
contributed more for the development of Saivite literature.
Thirugnanasambandar influenced his contemporary Pandya king
Maravarman Arikesari. Saint Manikavasagar composed the divine hymn
Thiruvasagam. He also wrote Thiruchirrambalakovai. The saiva
nayanmars were more respected. Saivism flourished with their patronage.
Vaishnavite literature:  The Pandya kings patronised Alwars and
vaishnavite literature. Periyazhvar and his daughter Andal contributed
greatly for the progress of V aishnavism. Andal composed the famous
Thiruppavai. Nammalvar composed Thiruppallandu. These two
vaishavite literary works of the Pandya period are given very high position
in the Indian religion and literature. The Pandya literatures like
Thiruppavai and Thiruppallandu have enriched the Indian religion and
literature.
The Pandya king Adhiveerarama Pandya of Thenkasi wrote
Naidadham. Sri Kaviraya wrote four books namely
Thirukkalathinatharula, Thiruvannamalaiyar vannam, Seyur Murugan ula,
Rathinagiriula. King V arathungarama Pandya wrote three books namely
pathitrupathu, Kalithurai andhathi and V enba andhathi. Mayilai nathar
wrote commentary on Nannool. Adiyarkkunallur wrote commentary
on Silappathiharam. Senavrayar wrote commentary on Tholkappiyam,
Parimelazhagar wrote commentaries on Thiurkkural.
Art and architecture:  The Pandyas contributed more for the
development of architecture. Gopuras, Prakaras, V imanas, Garbagrahas
are the special features of the Pandya temple architecture. T emples at
Madurai, Chidambaram, Kumbakonam, Thiruvannamalai, Srirangam
are good examples for the development of Pandya architecture. The
images of horses and other animals are carved on pillars. According to
historian A.L.Basham, The zenith of Pandya architecture are Meenakshi
temple at Madurai and Aranganathar temple at Srirangam.
Rock cut temple: The Pandya period is marked as renaissance period
in the field of rock cut temple. The rock cut temples are known for their
merit. More than 50 rock cut temples were excavated from the Pandya
kingdom. More rock cut temples are found in Thirupparankundram,
Anaimalai, Karaikudi, Kalugumalai, Malaiyadikurichi and Trichy . These
Page 4


40 41
III. Fill in the blanks:
1. Jatavarman Kulasekara – I had _____ title.
2. Tribhuvana chakravarthy was the title of ________.
3. Tirunelveli inscriptions mention Maravarman Sundara
Pandyan’s title called  _____
4. Second Pandyas came to power in ________.
5. ______ was the foreign historian who wrote about the
history of the Pandyas.
IV . Match the following:
1. Malavaraya - Ceylon
2. Madurai - Maravarman V ickrama
Pandya
3. Subagiri fortress - Thirumalaipuram
4. V iceroy of Chengleput - Capital
5. Cave temple - Maravarman Sundara Pandya
V . Answer briefly:
1. Write about the numismatic sources of the Pandyas?
2. Why did Jatavarman Sundara Pandya – I was known as
“Emmandalamum Kondarulia”?
3. Who was called Adisaya Pandya deva?
4. Write about Maravarman Kula sekara-I.
5. Write about Malikkafur.
VI. Write answers in detail:
1. Write about the sources for the study of the Pandyas.
2. Write about the achievements of Jatavarman sundra
Pandya-I
6.   DEVELOPMENT OF LITERATURE-ART
AND  ARCHITECTURE UNDER  PANDYAS
Pandya kings made significant contributions for the progress of
literature, art and architecture. They made important milestones and
remarkable turning points in the cultural history of T amil country .
Sources :  There are many
sources for the study of Pandyas.
Sangam literature is very useful to
know about sangam Pandyas.
Several inscriptions and copper
plates, like V elvikkudiplates,
Seevaramangalamplates,
Thalavaipuramplates,
Srivilliputhurplates,
Sivakasiplates and Chinna manur
plates are very much valuable to
study about the development of
literature, art and architecture
42 43
during the Pandya rule. Several Pandya coins are also available. Some
literary works give information about the Pandyas. The writings of
foreigners like Marcopolo, Hiuen Tsang are useful sources. Stone
inscriptions of Pandya kings are useful to fix the geneology .
T amil literature:   Sangam Pandya kings patronised and developed
T amil language. They organised three T amil sangams at Madurai namely
Mudhal sangam, Idai sangam and Kadai sangam. Sangam was an
assembly of Tamil poets and scholars. Agathiyam, Tholkappiyam,
Silappathikaram, Ettuthogai, Pathupattu and many valuable T amil literary
works were released in these T amil sangam meetings. Nakkeerar was
the chief Tamil poet of the Pandya court. The city of Madurai was
known as T amil koodal.
Request your teacher to explain more about
three Tamil sangams and sangam literature
Saivite literature:   According to the informations given by a foreign
writer Hiuen T sang and V elvikudi plates, the Pandya kings worked for
the development of literature, art and architecture. Particularly they
contributed more for the development of Saivite literature.
Thirugnanasambandar influenced his contemporary Pandya king
Maravarman Arikesari. Saint Manikavasagar composed the divine hymn
Thiruvasagam. He also wrote Thiruchirrambalakovai. The saiva
nayanmars were more respected. Saivism flourished with their patronage.
Vaishnavite literature:  The Pandya kings patronised Alwars and
vaishnavite literature. Periyazhvar and his daughter Andal contributed
greatly for the progress of V aishnavism. Andal composed the famous
Thiruppavai. Nammalvar composed Thiruppallandu. These two
vaishavite literary works of the Pandya period are given very high position
in the Indian religion and literature. The Pandya literatures like
Thiruppavai and Thiruppallandu have enriched the Indian religion and
literature.
The Pandya king Adhiveerarama Pandya of Thenkasi wrote
Naidadham. Sri Kaviraya wrote four books namely
Thirukkalathinatharula, Thiruvannamalaiyar vannam, Seyur Murugan ula,
Rathinagiriula. King V arathungarama Pandya wrote three books namely
pathitrupathu, Kalithurai andhathi and V enba andhathi. Mayilai nathar
wrote commentary on Nannool. Adiyarkkunallur wrote commentary
on Silappathiharam. Senavrayar wrote commentary on Tholkappiyam,
Parimelazhagar wrote commentaries on Thiurkkural.
Art and architecture:  The Pandyas contributed more for the
development of architecture. Gopuras, Prakaras, V imanas, Garbagrahas
are the special features of the Pandya temple architecture. T emples at
Madurai, Chidambaram, Kumbakonam, Thiruvannamalai, Srirangam
are good examples for the development of Pandya architecture. The
images of horses and other animals are carved on pillars. According to
historian A.L.Basham, The zenith of Pandya architecture are Meenakshi
temple at Madurai and Aranganathar temple at Srirangam.
Rock cut temple: The Pandya period is marked as renaissance period
in the field of rock cut temple. The rock cut temples are known for their
merit. More than 50 rock cut temples were excavated from the Pandya
kingdom. More rock cut temples are found in Thirupparankundram,
Anaimalai, Karaikudi, Kalugumalai, Malaiyadikurichi and Trichy . These
42 43
during the Pandya rule. Several Pandya coins are also available. Some
literary works give information about the Pandyas. The writings of
foreigners like Marcopolo, Hiuen Tsang are useful sources. Stone
inscriptions of Pandya kings are useful to fix the geneology .
T amil literature:   Sangam Pandya kings patronised and developed
T amil language. They organised three T amil sangams at Madurai namely
Mudhal sangam, Idai sangam and Kadai sangam. Sangam was an
assembly of Tamil poets and scholars. Agathiyam, Tholkappiyam,
Silappathikaram, Ettuthogai, Pathupattu and many valuable T amil literary
works were released in these T amil sangam meetings. Nakkeerar was
the chief Tamil poet of the Pandya court. The city of Madurai was
known as T amil koodal.
Request your teacher to explain more about
three Tamil sangams and sangam literature
Saivite literature:   According to the informations given by a foreign
writer Hiuen T sang and V elvikudi plates, the Pandya kings worked for
the development of literature, art and architecture. Particularly they
contributed more for the development of Saivite literature.
Thirugnanasambandar influenced his contemporary Pandya king
Maravarman Arikesari. Saint Manikavasagar composed the divine hymn
Thiruvasagam. He also wrote Thiruchirrambalakovai. The saiva
nayanmars were more respected. Saivism flourished with their patronage.
Vaishnavite literature:  The Pandya kings patronised Alwars and
vaishnavite literature. Periyazhvar and his daughter Andal contributed
greatly for the progress of V aishnavism. Andal composed the famous
Thiruppavai. Nammalvar composed Thiruppallandu. These two
vaishavite literary works of the Pandya period are given very high position
in the Indian religion and literature. The Pandya literatures like
Thiruppavai and Thiruppallandu have enriched the Indian religion and
literature.
The Pandya king Adhiveerarama Pandya of Thenkasi wrote
Naidadham. Sri Kaviraya wrote four books namely
Thirukkalathinatharula, Thiruvannamalaiyar vannam, Seyur Murugan ula,
Rathinagiriula. King V arathungarama Pandya wrote three books namely
pathitrupathu, Kalithurai andhathi and V enba andhathi. Mayilai nathar
wrote commentary on Nannool. Adiyarkkunallur wrote commentary
on Silappathiharam. Senavrayar wrote commentary on Tholkappiyam,
Parimelazhagar wrote commentaries on Thiurkkural.
Art and architecture:  The Pandyas contributed more for the
development of architecture. Gopuras, Prakaras, V imanas, Garbagrahas
are the special features of the Pandya temple architecture. T emples at
Madurai, Chidambaram, Kumbakonam, Thiruvannamalai, Srirangam
are good examples for the development of Pandya architecture. The
images of horses and other animals are carved on pillars. According to
historian A.L.Basham, The zenith of Pandya architecture are Meenakshi
temple at Madurai and Aranganathar temple at Srirangam.
Rock cut temple: The Pandya period is marked as renaissance period
in the field of rock cut temple. The rock cut temples are known for their
merit. More than 50 rock cut temples were excavated from the Pandya
kingdom. More rock cut temples are found in Thirupparankundram,
Anaimalai, Karaikudi, Kalugumalai, Malaiyadikurichi and Trichy . These
44 45
temples were constructed for Lord Siva and Vishnu. Cave temples are
also found in temples at Kalugumalai and Trichy .  Rock cut caves were
also there.
Structural temples: Structural temples were built on stones. They
were simple in style. Each temple consists of Garbagraha, arthamandapa
and mahamandapa. Such structural stone temples are found in
Kovilpatty , Thiruppathur and Madurai. The Pandya kings constructed
structural temples at Ambasamuthram, Thiruppathur, Mannarkudi,
Madurai, Alagarkoil, Srivilliputhur and in Chinnamanur. Internal
structures of these temples were constructed in a planned manner.
The second Pandya kings also promoted structural temples.
The Vadapadrasayi temple at Srivilliputhur, Siva temple at
Ambasamudhram, Vijayanarayana temple at Nanguneri, Lakshmi
narayana temple at Athur are some of the famous structural temples.
Pandya rulers built big gopurams at the entrance of the temples. Pandyas
built temples mandapas, gopurams at Chidambaram and Srirangam.
Kulasekara Pandya built arthamandapa, manimandapa and sannathi in
every temple. Sundara Pandya and Sadaiyavarman built gopurams
during their period. Pandya rulers renovated Alagarkoil and
Jambukeswara temples.
Sculpture: Pandya sculptures are beautiful and ornamental. Some
sculptures are engraved on single stone. They have got more messages
and values. Pandya period witnessed renaissance in the art of sculpture.
Sculptures of Somaskandar, Durgai, Ganapathy, Narasimha, Natarja
are very good specimens. Sculptures at Kalugumalai,
Thirupparankundram, Thiurmalaipuram and Narthamalai are very
famous. Vishnu sculpture at Kunnakudi and Nataraja sculpture at
Thiurkolakkudi are on par excellence with the sculptures of pallava,
chola period.
Paintings :  The beauty of the Pandya mural painting can be seen in the
Chittannavasal cave temples constructed during the time of Srimaran
and Srivallaba Pandyan. The ceilings and pillars at Chittannavasal bear
the paintings of dancing girls, the kings, the queens, plants and animals.
The picture of lotus, bathing elephants and playing fishes were good at
Chittannavasal. Oil painting was also there. They are outstanding
examples of pandiya paintings.
Page 5


40 41
III. Fill in the blanks:
1. Jatavarman Kulasekara – I had _____ title.
2. Tribhuvana chakravarthy was the title of ________.
3. Tirunelveli inscriptions mention Maravarman Sundara
Pandyan’s title called  _____
4. Second Pandyas came to power in ________.
5. ______ was the foreign historian who wrote about the
history of the Pandyas.
IV . Match the following:
1. Malavaraya - Ceylon
2. Madurai - Maravarman V ickrama
Pandya
3. Subagiri fortress - Thirumalaipuram
4. V iceroy of Chengleput - Capital
5. Cave temple - Maravarman Sundara Pandya
V . Answer briefly:
1. Write about the numismatic sources of the Pandyas?
2. Why did Jatavarman Sundara Pandya – I was known as
“Emmandalamum Kondarulia”?
3. Who was called Adisaya Pandya deva?
4. Write about Maravarman Kula sekara-I.
5. Write about Malikkafur.
VI. Write answers in detail:
1. Write about the sources for the study of the Pandyas.
2. Write about the achievements of Jatavarman sundra
Pandya-I
6.   DEVELOPMENT OF LITERATURE-ART
AND  ARCHITECTURE UNDER  PANDYAS
Pandya kings made significant contributions for the progress of
literature, art and architecture. They made important milestones and
remarkable turning points in the cultural history of T amil country .
Sources :  There are many
sources for the study of Pandyas.
Sangam literature is very useful to
know about sangam Pandyas.
Several inscriptions and copper
plates, like V elvikkudiplates,
Seevaramangalamplates,
Thalavaipuramplates,
Srivilliputhurplates,
Sivakasiplates and Chinna manur
plates are very much valuable to
study about the development of
literature, art and architecture
42 43
during the Pandya rule. Several Pandya coins are also available. Some
literary works give information about the Pandyas. The writings of
foreigners like Marcopolo, Hiuen Tsang are useful sources. Stone
inscriptions of Pandya kings are useful to fix the geneology .
T amil literature:   Sangam Pandya kings patronised and developed
T amil language. They organised three T amil sangams at Madurai namely
Mudhal sangam, Idai sangam and Kadai sangam. Sangam was an
assembly of Tamil poets and scholars. Agathiyam, Tholkappiyam,
Silappathikaram, Ettuthogai, Pathupattu and many valuable T amil literary
works were released in these T amil sangam meetings. Nakkeerar was
the chief Tamil poet of the Pandya court. The city of Madurai was
known as T amil koodal.
Request your teacher to explain more about
three Tamil sangams and sangam literature
Saivite literature:   According to the informations given by a foreign
writer Hiuen T sang and V elvikudi plates, the Pandya kings worked for
the development of literature, art and architecture. Particularly they
contributed more for the development of Saivite literature.
Thirugnanasambandar influenced his contemporary Pandya king
Maravarman Arikesari. Saint Manikavasagar composed the divine hymn
Thiruvasagam. He also wrote Thiruchirrambalakovai. The saiva
nayanmars were more respected. Saivism flourished with their patronage.
Vaishnavite literature:  The Pandya kings patronised Alwars and
vaishnavite literature. Periyazhvar and his daughter Andal contributed
greatly for the progress of V aishnavism. Andal composed the famous
Thiruppavai. Nammalvar composed Thiruppallandu. These two
vaishavite literary works of the Pandya period are given very high position
in the Indian religion and literature. The Pandya literatures like
Thiruppavai and Thiruppallandu have enriched the Indian religion and
literature.
The Pandya king Adhiveerarama Pandya of Thenkasi wrote
Naidadham. Sri Kaviraya wrote four books namely
Thirukkalathinatharula, Thiruvannamalaiyar vannam, Seyur Murugan ula,
Rathinagiriula. King V arathungarama Pandya wrote three books namely
pathitrupathu, Kalithurai andhathi and V enba andhathi. Mayilai nathar
wrote commentary on Nannool. Adiyarkkunallur wrote commentary
on Silappathiharam. Senavrayar wrote commentary on Tholkappiyam,
Parimelazhagar wrote commentaries on Thiurkkural.
Art and architecture:  The Pandyas contributed more for the
development of architecture. Gopuras, Prakaras, V imanas, Garbagrahas
are the special features of the Pandya temple architecture. T emples at
Madurai, Chidambaram, Kumbakonam, Thiruvannamalai, Srirangam
are good examples for the development of Pandya architecture. The
images of horses and other animals are carved on pillars. According to
historian A.L.Basham, The zenith of Pandya architecture are Meenakshi
temple at Madurai and Aranganathar temple at Srirangam.
Rock cut temple: The Pandya period is marked as renaissance period
in the field of rock cut temple. The rock cut temples are known for their
merit. More than 50 rock cut temples were excavated from the Pandya
kingdom. More rock cut temples are found in Thirupparankundram,
Anaimalai, Karaikudi, Kalugumalai, Malaiyadikurichi and Trichy . These
42 43
during the Pandya rule. Several Pandya coins are also available. Some
literary works give information about the Pandyas. The writings of
foreigners like Marcopolo, Hiuen Tsang are useful sources. Stone
inscriptions of Pandya kings are useful to fix the geneology .
T amil literature:   Sangam Pandya kings patronised and developed
T amil language. They organised three T amil sangams at Madurai namely
Mudhal sangam, Idai sangam and Kadai sangam. Sangam was an
assembly of Tamil poets and scholars. Agathiyam, Tholkappiyam,
Silappathikaram, Ettuthogai, Pathupattu and many valuable T amil literary
works were released in these T amil sangam meetings. Nakkeerar was
the chief Tamil poet of the Pandya court. The city of Madurai was
known as T amil koodal.
Request your teacher to explain more about
three Tamil sangams and sangam literature
Saivite literature:   According to the informations given by a foreign
writer Hiuen T sang and V elvikudi plates, the Pandya kings worked for
the development of literature, art and architecture. Particularly they
contributed more for the development of Saivite literature.
Thirugnanasambandar influenced his contemporary Pandya king
Maravarman Arikesari. Saint Manikavasagar composed the divine hymn
Thiruvasagam. He also wrote Thiruchirrambalakovai. The saiva
nayanmars were more respected. Saivism flourished with their patronage.
Vaishnavite literature:  The Pandya kings patronised Alwars and
vaishnavite literature. Periyazhvar and his daughter Andal contributed
greatly for the progress of V aishnavism. Andal composed the famous
Thiruppavai. Nammalvar composed Thiruppallandu. These two
vaishavite literary works of the Pandya period are given very high position
in the Indian religion and literature. The Pandya literatures like
Thiruppavai and Thiruppallandu have enriched the Indian religion and
literature.
The Pandya king Adhiveerarama Pandya of Thenkasi wrote
Naidadham. Sri Kaviraya wrote four books namely
Thirukkalathinatharula, Thiruvannamalaiyar vannam, Seyur Murugan ula,
Rathinagiriula. King V arathungarama Pandya wrote three books namely
pathitrupathu, Kalithurai andhathi and V enba andhathi. Mayilai nathar
wrote commentary on Nannool. Adiyarkkunallur wrote commentary
on Silappathiharam. Senavrayar wrote commentary on Tholkappiyam,
Parimelazhagar wrote commentaries on Thiurkkural.
Art and architecture:  The Pandyas contributed more for the
development of architecture. Gopuras, Prakaras, V imanas, Garbagrahas
are the special features of the Pandya temple architecture. T emples at
Madurai, Chidambaram, Kumbakonam, Thiruvannamalai, Srirangam
are good examples for the development of Pandya architecture. The
images of horses and other animals are carved on pillars. According to
historian A.L.Basham, The zenith of Pandya architecture are Meenakshi
temple at Madurai and Aranganathar temple at Srirangam.
Rock cut temple: The Pandya period is marked as renaissance period
in the field of rock cut temple. The rock cut temples are known for their
merit. More than 50 rock cut temples were excavated from the Pandya
kingdom. More rock cut temples are found in Thirupparankundram,
Anaimalai, Karaikudi, Kalugumalai, Malaiyadikurichi and Trichy . These
44 45
temples were constructed for Lord Siva and Vishnu. Cave temples are
also found in temples at Kalugumalai and Trichy .  Rock cut caves were
also there.
Structural temples: Structural temples were built on stones. They
were simple in style. Each temple consists of Garbagraha, arthamandapa
and mahamandapa. Such structural stone temples are found in
Kovilpatty , Thiruppathur and Madurai. The Pandya kings constructed
structural temples at Ambasamuthram, Thiruppathur, Mannarkudi,
Madurai, Alagarkoil, Srivilliputhur and in Chinnamanur. Internal
structures of these temples were constructed in a planned manner.
The second Pandya kings also promoted structural temples.
The Vadapadrasayi temple at Srivilliputhur, Siva temple at
Ambasamudhram, Vijayanarayana temple at Nanguneri, Lakshmi
narayana temple at Athur are some of the famous structural temples.
Pandya rulers built big gopurams at the entrance of the temples. Pandyas
built temples mandapas, gopurams at Chidambaram and Srirangam.
Kulasekara Pandya built arthamandapa, manimandapa and sannathi in
every temple. Sundara Pandya and Sadaiyavarman built gopurams
during their period. Pandya rulers renovated Alagarkoil and
Jambukeswara temples.
Sculpture: Pandya sculptures are beautiful and ornamental. Some
sculptures are engraved on single stone. They have got more messages
and values. Pandya period witnessed renaissance in the art of sculpture.
Sculptures of Somaskandar, Durgai, Ganapathy, Narasimha, Natarja
are very good specimens. Sculptures at Kalugumalai,
Thirupparankundram, Thiurmalaipuram and Narthamalai are very
famous. Vishnu sculpture at Kunnakudi and Nataraja sculpture at
Thiurkolakkudi are on par excellence with the sculptures of pallava,
chola period.
Paintings :  The beauty of the Pandya mural painting can be seen in the
Chittannavasal cave temples constructed during the time of Srimaran
and Srivallaba Pandyan. The ceilings and pillars at Chittannavasal bear
the paintings of dancing girls, the kings, the queens, plants and animals.
The picture of lotus, bathing elephants and playing fishes were good at
Chittannavasal. Oil painting was also there. They are outstanding
examples of pandiya paintings.
44 45
temples were constructed for Lord Siva and Vishnu. Cave temples are
also found in temples at Kalugumalai and Trichy .  Rock cut caves were
also there.
Structural temples: Structural temples were built on stones. They
were simple in style. Each temple consists of Garbagraha, arthamandapa
and mahamandapa. Such structural stone temples are found in
Kovilpatty , Thiruppathur and Madurai. The Pandya kings constructed
structural temples at Ambasamuthram, Thiruppathur, Mannarkudi,
Madurai, Alagarkoil, Srivilliputhur and in Chinnamanur. Internal
structures of these temples were constructed in a planned manner.
The second Pandya kings also promoted structural temples.
The Vadapadrasayi temple at Srivilliputhur, Siva temple at
Ambasamudhram, Vijayanarayana temple at Nanguneri, Lakshmi
narayana temple at Athur are some of the famous structural temples.
Pandya rulers built big gopurams at the entrance of the temples. Pandyas
built temples mandapas, gopurams at Chidambaram and Srirangam.
Kulasekara Pandya built arthamandapa, manimandapa and sannathi in
every temple. Sundara Pandya and Sadaiyavarman built gopurams
during their period. Pandya rulers renovated Alagarkoil and
Jambukeswara temples.
Sculpture: Pandya sculptures are beautiful and ornamental. Some
sculptures are engraved on single stone. They have got more messages
and values. Pandya period witnessed renaissance in the art of sculpture.
Sculptures of Somaskandar, Durgai, Ganapathy, Narasimha, Natarja
are very good specimens. Sculptures at Kalugumalai,
Thirupparankundram, Thiurmalaipuram and Narthamalai are very
famous. Vishnu sculpture at Kunnakudi and Nataraja sculpture at
Thiurkolakkudi are on par excellence with the sculptures of pallava,
chola period.
Paintings :  The beauty of the Pandya mural painting can be seen in the
Chittannavasal cave temples constructed during the time of Srimaran
and Srivallaba Pandyan. The ceilings and pillars at Chittannavasal bear
the paintings of dancing girls, the kings, the queens, plants and animals.
The picture of lotus, bathing elephants and playing fishes were good at
Chittannavasal. Oil painting was also there. They are outstanding
examples of pandiya paintings.