Education in Tamil Nadu after Independence | Tamil Nadu State PSC (TNPSC): Preparation - TNPSC (Tamil Nadu) PDF Download

 Page 1


The twentieth century witnessed a remarkable progress in the fields
of education , science, technology and media.  Education is a powerful
means to bring social progress.  The development of science and
technology led to vast changes in all our social, political and economic
systems.  The revolution brought by media is a land mark in the history
of Tamilnadu.  Thus, the state of Tamilnadu witnessed an all round
progress tremendously .
EDUCA TION
After independence there was a need to revamp the educational
system of our country.  T o suit the changing needs and aspirations of
our people, our government appointed various commissions on
education.  The important educational commissions are:
1) University Grants Commission.
2) Secondary Education Commission.
3) Kothari Commission.
4) New Education Policy.
5) National Policy on education.
University Grants Commission (1948): The Government of India
appointed the University Grants Commission in 1948 under the
chairmanship of Dr .S.Radhakrishnan.  It aimed to improve the quality
in higher education.
Dr .Radhakrishnan’s birthday is celebrated as “T eachers day” on 5
th
September every year .
50 51
The Article 45 of the Constitution of India guaranted free and
compulsory education for children below the age of 14.
Secondary Education Commission (1953):  Under the
chairmanship of Dr.A.Lakshmana swamy Mudaliar, the Secondary
Education Commission was constituted in 1953.  It insisted on the all
round development of the child at the secondary level.  It suggested
that the secondary education should be a preparatory stage for higher
education.
Kothari Commission ( 1964): The Kothari commission otherwise
known as National Education Commission was appointed under the
Chairmanship of  Dr.D.S.Kothari in 1964.  It submitted its report in
1966.  The report suggested the introduction of 10+2+3 pattern of
education in all parts of the country .  It also emphasised on vocational,
technical and science education.  Accordingly, in the year 1965, the
three language formula was adopted in the education system of
T amilnadu.
New Education Policy (1986): New Education
Policy of 1986 gave more emphasis on human development.  The
policy aimed for the removal of social disparities by giving importance
to education of women, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes,
handicapped and minorities.  Further, the policy insisted on
universalisation of primary education enrolling all the children of the
age 6-14 years.  The policy also aimed for the protection of nature by
infusing environmental consciousness in the minds of the students.
Page 2


The twentieth century witnessed a remarkable progress in the fields
of education , science, technology and media.  Education is a powerful
means to bring social progress.  The development of science and
technology led to vast changes in all our social, political and economic
systems.  The revolution brought by media is a land mark in the history
of Tamilnadu.  Thus, the state of Tamilnadu witnessed an all round
progress tremendously .
EDUCA TION
After independence there was a need to revamp the educational
system of our country.  T o suit the changing needs and aspirations of
our people, our government appointed various commissions on
education.  The important educational commissions are:
1) University Grants Commission.
2) Secondary Education Commission.
3) Kothari Commission.
4) New Education Policy.
5) National Policy on education.
University Grants Commission (1948): The Government of India
appointed the University Grants Commission in 1948 under the
chairmanship of Dr .S.Radhakrishnan.  It aimed to improve the quality
in higher education.
Dr .Radhakrishnan’s birthday is celebrated as “T eachers day” on 5
th
September every year .
50 51
The Article 45 of the Constitution of India guaranted free and
compulsory education for children below the age of 14.
Secondary Education Commission (1953):  Under the
chairmanship of Dr.A.Lakshmana swamy Mudaliar, the Secondary
Education Commission was constituted in 1953.  It insisted on the all
round development of the child at the secondary level.  It suggested
that the secondary education should be a preparatory stage for higher
education.
Kothari Commission ( 1964): The Kothari commission otherwise
known as National Education Commission was appointed under the
Chairmanship of  Dr.D.S.Kothari in 1964.  It submitted its report in
1966.  The report suggested the introduction of 10+2+3 pattern of
education in all parts of the country .  It also emphasised on vocational,
technical and science education.  Accordingly, in the year 1965, the
three language formula was adopted in the education system of
T amilnadu.
New Education Policy (1986): New Education
Policy of 1986 gave more emphasis on human development.  The
policy aimed for the removal of social disparities by giving importance
to education of women, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes,
handicapped and minorities.  Further, the policy insisted on
universalisation of primary education enrolling all the children of the
age 6-14 years.  The policy also aimed for the protection of nature by
infusing environmental consciousness in the minds of the students.
The twentieth century witnessed a remarkable progress in the fields
of education , science, technology and media.  Education is a powerful
means to bring social progress.  The development of science and
technology led to vast changes in all our social, political and economic
systems.  The revolution brought by media is a land mark in the history
of Tamilnadu.  Thus, the state of Tamilnadu witnessed an all round
progress tremendously .
EDUCA TION
After independence there was a need to revamp the educational
system of our country.  T o suit the changing needs and aspirations of
our people, our government appointed various commissions on
education.  The important educational commissions are:
1) University Grants Commission.
2) Secondary Education Commission.
3) Kothari Commission.
4) New Education Policy.
5) National Policy on education.
University Grants Commission (1948): The Government of India
appointed the University Grants Commission in 1948 under the
chairmanship of Dr .S.Radhakrishnan.  It aimed to improve the quality
in higher education.
Dr .Radhakrishnan’s birthday is celebrated as “T eachers day” on 5
th
September every year .
50 51
The Article 45 of the Constitution of India guaranted free and
compulsory education for children below the age of 14.
Secondary Education Commission (1953):  Under the
chairmanship of Dr.A.Lakshmana swamy Mudaliar, the Secondary
Education Commission was constituted in 1953.  It insisted on the all
round development of the child at the secondary level.  It suggested
that the secondary education should be a preparatory stage for higher
education.
Kothari Commission ( 1964): The Kothari commission otherwise
known as National Education Commission was appointed under the
Chairmanship of  Dr.D.S.Kothari in 1964.  It submitted its report in
1966.  The report suggested the introduction of 10+2+3 pattern of
education in all parts of the country .  It also emphasised on vocational,
technical and science education.  Accordingly, in the year 1965, the
three language formula was adopted in the education system of
T amilnadu.
New Education Policy (1986): New Education
Policy of 1986 gave more emphasis on human development.  The
policy aimed for the removal of social disparities by giving importance
to education of women, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes,
handicapped and minorities.  Further, the policy insisted on
universalisation of primary education enrolling all the children of the
age 6-14 years.  The policy also aimed for the protection of nature by
infusing environmental consciousness in the minds of the students.
Page 3


The twentieth century witnessed a remarkable progress in the fields
of education , science, technology and media.  Education is a powerful
means to bring social progress.  The development of science and
technology led to vast changes in all our social, political and economic
systems.  The revolution brought by media is a land mark in the history
of Tamilnadu.  Thus, the state of Tamilnadu witnessed an all round
progress tremendously .
EDUCA TION
After independence there was a need to revamp the educational
system of our country.  T o suit the changing needs and aspirations of
our people, our government appointed various commissions on
education.  The important educational commissions are:
1) University Grants Commission.
2) Secondary Education Commission.
3) Kothari Commission.
4) New Education Policy.
5) National Policy on education.
University Grants Commission (1948): The Government of India
appointed the University Grants Commission in 1948 under the
chairmanship of Dr .S.Radhakrishnan.  It aimed to improve the quality
in higher education.
Dr .Radhakrishnan’s birthday is celebrated as “T eachers day” on 5
th
September every year .
50 51
The Article 45 of the Constitution of India guaranted free and
compulsory education for children below the age of 14.
Secondary Education Commission (1953):  Under the
chairmanship of Dr.A.Lakshmana swamy Mudaliar, the Secondary
Education Commission was constituted in 1953.  It insisted on the all
round development of the child at the secondary level.  It suggested
that the secondary education should be a preparatory stage for higher
education.
Kothari Commission ( 1964): The Kothari commission otherwise
known as National Education Commission was appointed under the
Chairmanship of  Dr.D.S.Kothari in 1964.  It submitted its report in
1966.  The report suggested the introduction of 10+2+3 pattern of
education in all parts of the country .  It also emphasised on vocational,
technical and science education.  Accordingly, in the year 1965, the
three language formula was adopted in the education system of
T amilnadu.
New Education Policy (1986): New Education
Policy of 1986 gave more emphasis on human development.  The
policy aimed for the removal of social disparities by giving importance
to education of women, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes,
handicapped and minorities.  Further, the policy insisted on
universalisation of primary education enrolling all the children of the
age 6-14 years.  The policy also aimed for the protection of nature by
infusing environmental consciousness in the minds of the students.
The twentieth century witnessed a remarkable progress in the fields
of education , science, technology and media.  Education is a powerful
means to bring social progress.  The development of science and
technology led to vast changes in all our social, political and economic
systems.  The revolution brought by media is a land mark in the history
of Tamilnadu.  Thus, the state of Tamilnadu witnessed an all round
progress tremendously .
EDUCA TION
After independence there was a need to revamp the educational
system of our country.  T o suit the changing needs and aspirations of
our people, our government appointed various commissions on
education.  The important educational commissions are:
1) University Grants Commission.
2) Secondary Education Commission.
3) Kothari Commission.
4) New Education Policy.
5) National Policy on education.
University Grants Commission (1948): The Government of India
appointed the University Grants Commission in 1948 under the
chairmanship of Dr .S.Radhakrishnan.  It aimed to improve the quality
in higher education.
Dr .Radhakrishnan’s birthday is celebrated as “T eachers day” on 5
th
September every year .
50 51
The Article 45 of the Constitution of India guaranted free and
compulsory education for children below the age of 14.
Secondary Education Commission (1953):  Under the
chairmanship of Dr.A.Lakshmana swamy Mudaliar, the Secondary
Education Commission was constituted in 1953.  It insisted on the all
round development of the child at the secondary level.  It suggested
that the secondary education should be a preparatory stage for higher
education.
Kothari Commission ( 1964): The Kothari commission otherwise
known as National Education Commission was appointed under the
Chairmanship of  Dr.D.S.Kothari in 1964.  It submitted its report in
1966.  The report suggested the introduction of 10+2+3 pattern of
education in all parts of the country .  It also emphasised on vocational,
technical and science education.  Accordingly, in the year 1965, the
three language formula was adopted in the education system of
T amilnadu.
New Education Policy (1986): New Education
Policy of 1986 gave more emphasis on human development.  The
policy aimed for the removal of social disparities by giving importance
to education of women, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes,
handicapped and minorities.  Further, the policy insisted on
universalisation of primary education enrolling all the children of the
age 6-14 years.  The policy also aimed for the protection of nature by
infusing environmental consciousness in the minds of the students.
National Policy on Education (1992): This Educational policy
introduced a programme called ‘Operation Black Board’ for providing
basic infrastructure facilities in schools.  Another programme called
National Literacy Mission (NLM) under Non-Formal education was
enacted to remove illiteracy among  the adults.  It also aims for the
eradication of poverty and unemployment and there by enhancing the
economy of the country .
Growth of Primary Education: In the field of primary education
our state has achieved a remarkable progress.  During 1949-50 the
total number of elementary schools were 15,303.  The number of
primary schools in T amilnadu increased from 30,844 in 1999 to 32,242
in 2003-2004 budget.  In order to improve the quality of education
and to avoid dropouts at the primary level the Government of India
introduced a scheme called ‘Sarva Sikshya Abhyan’ (SSA).  This
scheme is being implemented in T amilnadu successfully .
Growth of Secondary Education: The secondary education is a
link between the primary education and the higher education.  In the
year 2003 , nearly 4859 secondary schools were functioning with
68,212 teachers in T amilnadu.  The National policy of education (1992)
emphasised the need for introducing vocational education.  On the
basis of this policy, the Government of Tamilnadu introduced  the
vocational education in June 1978.  At present many vocational subjects
are taught on different areas like Agriculture, Home Science,
Engineering etc.
Growth of Higher Education: Since Independence, the growth
of higher education received considerable encouragement.  Higher
Education can be classified as General and Professional education.
The General education consists of disciplines like Arts,
Science,Commerce etc.  The Professional education is comprised of
courses on Engineering, Medicine and Agriculture.
52
53
Page 4


The twentieth century witnessed a remarkable progress in the fields
of education , science, technology and media.  Education is a powerful
means to bring social progress.  The development of science and
technology led to vast changes in all our social, political and economic
systems.  The revolution brought by media is a land mark in the history
of Tamilnadu.  Thus, the state of Tamilnadu witnessed an all round
progress tremendously .
EDUCA TION
After independence there was a need to revamp the educational
system of our country.  T o suit the changing needs and aspirations of
our people, our government appointed various commissions on
education.  The important educational commissions are:
1) University Grants Commission.
2) Secondary Education Commission.
3) Kothari Commission.
4) New Education Policy.
5) National Policy on education.
University Grants Commission (1948): The Government of India
appointed the University Grants Commission in 1948 under the
chairmanship of Dr .S.Radhakrishnan.  It aimed to improve the quality
in higher education.
Dr .Radhakrishnan’s birthday is celebrated as “T eachers day” on 5
th
September every year .
50 51
The Article 45 of the Constitution of India guaranted free and
compulsory education for children below the age of 14.
Secondary Education Commission (1953):  Under the
chairmanship of Dr.A.Lakshmana swamy Mudaliar, the Secondary
Education Commission was constituted in 1953.  It insisted on the all
round development of the child at the secondary level.  It suggested
that the secondary education should be a preparatory stage for higher
education.
Kothari Commission ( 1964): The Kothari commission otherwise
known as National Education Commission was appointed under the
Chairmanship of  Dr.D.S.Kothari in 1964.  It submitted its report in
1966.  The report suggested the introduction of 10+2+3 pattern of
education in all parts of the country .  It also emphasised on vocational,
technical and science education.  Accordingly, in the year 1965, the
three language formula was adopted in the education system of
T amilnadu.
New Education Policy (1986): New Education
Policy of 1986 gave more emphasis on human development.  The
policy aimed for the removal of social disparities by giving importance
to education of women, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes,
handicapped and minorities.  Further, the policy insisted on
universalisation of primary education enrolling all the children of the
age 6-14 years.  The policy also aimed for the protection of nature by
infusing environmental consciousness in the minds of the students.
The twentieth century witnessed a remarkable progress in the fields
of education , science, technology and media.  Education is a powerful
means to bring social progress.  The development of science and
technology led to vast changes in all our social, political and economic
systems.  The revolution brought by media is a land mark in the history
of Tamilnadu.  Thus, the state of Tamilnadu witnessed an all round
progress tremendously .
EDUCA TION
After independence there was a need to revamp the educational
system of our country.  T o suit the changing needs and aspirations of
our people, our government appointed various commissions on
education.  The important educational commissions are:
1) University Grants Commission.
2) Secondary Education Commission.
3) Kothari Commission.
4) New Education Policy.
5) National Policy on education.
University Grants Commission (1948): The Government of India
appointed the University Grants Commission in 1948 under the
chairmanship of Dr .S.Radhakrishnan.  It aimed to improve the quality
in higher education.
Dr .Radhakrishnan’s birthday is celebrated as “T eachers day” on 5
th
September every year .
50 51
The Article 45 of the Constitution of India guaranted free and
compulsory education for children below the age of 14.
Secondary Education Commission (1953):  Under the
chairmanship of Dr.A.Lakshmana swamy Mudaliar, the Secondary
Education Commission was constituted in 1953.  It insisted on the all
round development of the child at the secondary level.  It suggested
that the secondary education should be a preparatory stage for higher
education.
Kothari Commission ( 1964): The Kothari commission otherwise
known as National Education Commission was appointed under the
Chairmanship of  Dr.D.S.Kothari in 1964.  It submitted its report in
1966.  The report suggested the introduction of 10+2+3 pattern of
education in all parts of the country .  It also emphasised on vocational,
technical and science education.  Accordingly, in the year 1965, the
three language formula was adopted in the education system of
T amilnadu.
New Education Policy (1986): New Education
Policy of 1986 gave more emphasis on human development.  The
policy aimed for the removal of social disparities by giving importance
to education of women, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes,
handicapped and minorities.  Further, the policy insisted on
universalisation of primary education enrolling all the children of the
age 6-14 years.  The policy also aimed for the protection of nature by
infusing environmental consciousness in the minds of the students.
National Policy on Education (1992): This Educational policy
introduced a programme called ‘Operation Black Board’ for providing
basic infrastructure facilities in schools.  Another programme called
National Literacy Mission (NLM) under Non-Formal education was
enacted to remove illiteracy among  the adults.  It also aims for the
eradication of poverty and unemployment and there by enhancing the
economy of the country .
Growth of Primary Education: In the field of primary education
our state has achieved a remarkable progress.  During 1949-50 the
total number of elementary schools were 15,303.  The number of
primary schools in T amilnadu increased from 30,844 in 1999 to 32,242
in 2003-2004 budget.  In order to improve the quality of education
and to avoid dropouts at the primary level the Government of India
introduced a scheme called ‘Sarva Sikshya Abhyan’ (SSA).  This
scheme is being implemented in T amilnadu successfully .
Growth of Secondary Education: The secondary education is a
link between the primary education and the higher education.  In the
year 2003 , nearly 4859 secondary schools were functioning with
68,212 teachers in T amilnadu.  The National policy of education (1992)
emphasised the need for introducing vocational education.  On the
basis of this policy, the Government of Tamilnadu introduced  the
vocational education in June 1978.  At present many vocational subjects
are taught on different areas like Agriculture, Home Science,
Engineering etc.
Growth of Higher Education: Since Independence, the growth
of higher education received considerable encouragement.  Higher
Education can be classified as General and Professional education.
The General education consists of disciplines like Arts,
Science,Commerce etc.  The Professional education is comprised of
courses on Engineering, Medicine and Agriculture.
52
53
National Policy on Education (1992): This Educational policy
introduced a programme called ‘Operation Black Board’ for providing
basic infrastructure facilities in schools.  Another programme called
National Literacy Mission (NLM) under Non-Formal education was
enacted to remove illiteracy among  the adults.  It also aims for the
eradication of poverty and unemployment and there by enhancing the
economy of the country .
Growth of Primary Education: In the field of primary education
our state has achieved a remarkable progress.  During 1949-50 the
total number of elementary schools were 15,303.  The number of
primary schools in T amilnadu increased from 30,844 in 1999 to 32,242
in 2003-2004 budget.  In order to improve the quality of education
and to avoid dropouts at the primary level the Government of India
introduced a scheme called ‘Sarva Sikshya Abhyan’ (SSA).  This
scheme is being implemented in T amilnadu successfully .
Growth of Secondary Education: The secondary education is a
link between the primary education and the higher education.  In the
year 2003 , nearly 4859 secondary schools were functioning with
68,212 teachers in T amilnadu.  The National policy of education (1992)
emphasised the need for introducing vocational education.  On the
basis of this policy, the Government of Tamilnadu introduced  the
vocational education in June 1978.  At present many vocational subjects
are taught on different areas like Agriculture, Home Science,
Engineering etc.
Growth of Higher Education: Since Independence, the growth
of higher education received considerable encouragement.  Higher
Education can be classified as General and Professional education.
The General education consists of disciplines like Arts,
Science,Commerce etc.  The Professional education is comprised of
courses on Engineering, Medicine and Agriculture.
52
53
Page 5


The twentieth century witnessed a remarkable progress in the fields
of education , science, technology and media.  Education is a powerful
means to bring social progress.  The development of science and
technology led to vast changes in all our social, political and economic
systems.  The revolution brought by media is a land mark in the history
of Tamilnadu.  Thus, the state of Tamilnadu witnessed an all round
progress tremendously .
EDUCA TION
After independence there was a need to revamp the educational
system of our country.  T o suit the changing needs and aspirations of
our people, our government appointed various commissions on
education.  The important educational commissions are:
1) University Grants Commission.
2) Secondary Education Commission.
3) Kothari Commission.
4) New Education Policy.
5) National Policy on education.
University Grants Commission (1948): The Government of India
appointed the University Grants Commission in 1948 under the
chairmanship of Dr .S.Radhakrishnan.  It aimed to improve the quality
in higher education.
Dr .Radhakrishnan’s birthday is celebrated as “T eachers day” on 5
th
September every year .
50 51
The Article 45 of the Constitution of India guaranted free and
compulsory education for children below the age of 14.
Secondary Education Commission (1953):  Under the
chairmanship of Dr.A.Lakshmana swamy Mudaliar, the Secondary
Education Commission was constituted in 1953.  It insisted on the all
round development of the child at the secondary level.  It suggested
that the secondary education should be a preparatory stage for higher
education.
Kothari Commission ( 1964): The Kothari commission otherwise
known as National Education Commission was appointed under the
Chairmanship of  Dr.D.S.Kothari in 1964.  It submitted its report in
1966.  The report suggested the introduction of 10+2+3 pattern of
education in all parts of the country .  It also emphasised on vocational,
technical and science education.  Accordingly, in the year 1965, the
three language formula was adopted in the education system of
T amilnadu.
New Education Policy (1986): New Education
Policy of 1986 gave more emphasis on human development.  The
policy aimed for the removal of social disparities by giving importance
to education of women, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes,
handicapped and minorities.  Further, the policy insisted on
universalisation of primary education enrolling all the children of the
age 6-14 years.  The policy also aimed for the protection of nature by
infusing environmental consciousness in the minds of the students.
The twentieth century witnessed a remarkable progress in the fields
of education , science, technology and media.  Education is a powerful
means to bring social progress.  The development of science and
technology led to vast changes in all our social, political and economic
systems.  The revolution brought by media is a land mark in the history
of Tamilnadu.  Thus, the state of Tamilnadu witnessed an all round
progress tremendously .
EDUCA TION
After independence there was a need to revamp the educational
system of our country.  T o suit the changing needs and aspirations of
our people, our government appointed various commissions on
education.  The important educational commissions are:
1) University Grants Commission.
2) Secondary Education Commission.
3) Kothari Commission.
4) New Education Policy.
5) National Policy on education.
University Grants Commission (1948): The Government of India
appointed the University Grants Commission in 1948 under the
chairmanship of Dr .S.Radhakrishnan.  It aimed to improve the quality
in higher education.
Dr .Radhakrishnan’s birthday is celebrated as “T eachers day” on 5
th
September every year .
50 51
The Article 45 of the Constitution of India guaranted free and
compulsory education for children below the age of 14.
Secondary Education Commission (1953):  Under the
chairmanship of Dr.A.Lakshmana swamy Mudaliar, the Secondary
Education Commission was constituted in 1953.  It insisted on the all
round development of the child at the secondary level.  It suggested
that the secondary education should be a preparatory stage for higher
education.
Kothari Commission ( 1964): The Kothari commission otherwise
known as National Education Commission was appointed under the
Chairmanship of  Dr.D.S.Kothari in 1964.  It submitted its report in
1966.  The report suggested the introduction of 10+2+3 pattern of
education in all parts of the country .  It also emphasised on vocational,
technical and science education.  Accordingly, in the year 1965, the
three language formula was adopted in the education system of
T amilnadu.
New Education Policy (1986): New Education
Policy of 1986 gave more emphasis on human development.  The
policy aimed for the removal of social disparities by giving importance
to education of women, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes,
handicapped and minorities.  Further, the policy insisted on
universalisation of primary education enrolling all the children of the
age 6-14 years.  The policy also aimed for the protection of nature by
infusing environmental consciousness in the minds of the students.
National Policy on Education (1992): This Educational policy
introduced a programme called ‘Operation Black Board’ for providing
basic infrastructure facilities in schools.  Another programme called
National Literacy Mission (NLM) under Non-Formal education was
enacted to remove illiteracy among  the adults.  It also aims for the
eradication of poverty and unemployment and there by enhancing the
economy of the country .
Growth of Primary Education: In the field of primary education
our state has achieved a remarkable progress.  During 1949-50 the
total number of elementary schools were 15,303.  The number of
primary schools in T amilnadu increased from 30,844 in 1999 to 32,242
in 2003-2004 budget.  In order to improve the quality of education
and to avoid dropouts at the primary level the Government of India
introduced a scheme called ‘Sarva Sikshya Abhyan’ (SSA).  This
scheme is being implemented in T amilnadu successfully .
Growth of Secondary Education: The secondary education is a
link between the primary education and the higher education.  In the
year 2003 , nearly 4859 secondary schools were functioning with
68,212 teachers in T amilnadu.  The National policy of education (1992)
emphasised the need for introducing vocational education.  On the
basis of this policy, the Government of Tamilnadu introduced  the
vocational education in June 1978.  At present many vocational subjects
are taught on different areas like Agriculture, Home Science,
Engineering etc.
Growth of Higher Education: Since Independence, the growth
of higher education received considerable encouragement.  Higher
Education can be classified as General and Professional education.
The General education consists of disciplines like Arts,
Science,Commerce etc.  The Professional education is comprised of
courses on Engineering, Medicine and Agriculture.
52
53
National Policy on Education (1992): This Educational policy
introduced a programme called ‘Operation Black Board’ for providing
basic infrastructure facilities in schools.  Another programme called
National Literacy Mission (NLM) under Non-Formal education was
enacted to remove illiteracy among  the adults.  It also aims for the
eradication of poverty and unemployment and there by enhancing the
economy of the country .
Growth of Primary Education: In the field of primary education
our state has achieved a remarkable progress.  During 1949-50 the
total number of elementary schools were 15,303.  The number of
primary schools in T amilnadu increased from 30,844 in 1999 to 32,242
in 2003-2004 budget.  In order to improve the quality of education
and to avoid dropouts at the primary level the Government of India
introduced a scheme called ‘Sarva Sikshya Abhyan’ (SSA).  This
scheme is being implemented in T amilnadu successfully .
Growth of Secondary Education: The secondary education is a
link between the primary education and the higher education.  In the
year 2003 , nearly 4859 secondary schools were functioning with
68,212 teachers in T amilnadu.  The National policy of education (1992)
emphasised the need for introducing vocational education.  On the
basis of this policy, the Government of Tamilnadu introduced  the
vocational education in June 1978.  At present many vocational subjects
are taught on different areas like Agriculture, Home Science,
Engineering etc.
Growth of Higher Education: Since Independence, the growth
of higher education received considerable encouragement.  Higher
Education can be classified as General and Professional education.
The General education consists of disciplines like Arts,
Science,Commerce etc.  The Professional education is comprised of
courses on Engineering, Medicine and Agriculture.
52
53
Space Research: The Indian Space Research Oraganisation was
founded in 1972 to utilise the space technology for National projects.
Dr.A.P .J.Abdul Kalam, his Excellency, the President of India
father of Agni missile authored a book called ‘wings of fire’.
Mahendra giri in Kanyakumari district, a unit of Indian Space
Research Organisation (ISRO) is doing well in this field.  ‘Kavalur’ in
V ellore district has a very big ‘Telescope” in South East Asia  This
space observatory is doing remarkable research.  In Chennai the Birla
Planetarium is spreading scientific knowledge among the students.
Newspapers: Mass Comunication plays an important role in creating
an awareness in the minds of the people.  The mass communication
includes the newspaper, radio, television, telephone, etc. The
newspapers are the powerful media in influencing the opinion of the
masses.  Besides there are number of weekly, fortnightly, monthly
quarterly and annual periodicals. The above mentioned newspapers
and periodicals reflect the socio-political life of the people.  They also
serve as a link between the government and the public.  Hence they
provide us literary and informative values.
Radio: Radio broadcast was started in India in 1927. The
Government of India took over the transmitters and started operating
the Indian Broadcasting service in 1936.  The name was changed as
‘All India Radio’ (AIR). Further, All India Radio established
broadcasting centres at Trichi, Madurai, Kovai and Tiruneveli etc.
The AIR is serving as an important media in providing information and
in educating the people.  The Prachar Bharathi, a unit of Government
of India is formulating the policies for information and broadcasting
and implementing it. Apart from this, there are private music channels
also broadcast their own programmes in T amilnadu.
T elevision: Television is one of the wonders of science. It was
introduced in India in 1959.  The television station at Madras was
inaugrated in 1975.  This visual medium makes an effective impact in
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T o cater the needs of the students of the above two categories large
number of colleges and universities were established in T amilnadu.  In
2002-2003, there are 478 arts and science colleges  and 16 universities
in Tamilnadu.  The T amil language was introduced as a medium of
instruction in the colleges of T amilnadu in 1970.
Science and T echnology: T amilnadu is famous for producing very
great scientists to the country .  The state contributes immensely for the
rapid growth of science and technology in India.  Famous scientists
like Ramanujam (Mathematics) Dr.Sir CV.Raman (Physics)
Dr.Chandrasekar (Physics) Dr.A.P .J.Abdul Kalam (Space) belong
to T amilnadu.
Dr .Sir C.V .Raman and Dr .Chandrasekar were the noble prize winners.
Agricultural Research : Dr .M.S.Swaminathan, famous agricultural
scientist of the world belonged to Tamilnadu.  He reorganised the
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).  He evolved new
technologies for the production of rice.  It is called High Y ielding V ariety
Programme (HYVP).  The Agricultural Universities in Coimbatore,
Agricultural Colleges at Madurai and other places have done lot of
research on agriculture.
Farmer’s day is celebrated on December 23
rd 
every year .
Industrial Research: The Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research (CSIR) has established a vast network of laboratories and
research institutions all over the country .  Dr .G.D.Naidu was the famous
Industrialist of T amilnadu.  Many industries sprang up in Coimbatore,
Chennai, Trichy , Salem, Mettur, Tirunelveli etc.
Atomic Research: The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was
established in 1948 for the development of Atomic energy .  Kalpakkam
near Chennai is the centre of Atomic Research in Tamilnadu.
Dr.Chidambaram who was well known as an Atomic Scientist hails
from T amilnadu. An Atomic plant at Koodangulam in T irunelveli district
is contributing a lot in the field of Atomic research.