CBSE Textbook: Psychology and Sports | Physical Education Class 12(XII) - Notes & Model Test Papers - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

 Page 1


307
Physical EDUCATION-XII
UNIT 
IX
PSYCHOLOGY AND SPORTS
Overview
 W Personality; its definition & types (Jung Classification & Big Five Theo -
ry);
 W Motivation, its type &techniques;
 W Exercise Adherence: Reasons, Benefits & Strategies for Enhancing it; 
 W Meaning, Concept & Types of Aggressions in Sports; 
 W Psychological Attributes in Sports – Self Esteem, Mental Imagery, Self 
Talk, Goal Setting 
 W
At the end of the unit, students will be able to:
 W Classify different types of personality and its relationship with 
sport performance.
 W Recognise concept of motivation and identify various types of 
motivation.
 W Identify various reasons to exercise, its associated benefits and 
strategies to promote exercise adherence. 
 W Differentiate between different types of aggression in sports.
 W Explain various psychological attribute in sports.
Discussion
Read an excerpt from a leading newspaper regarding news for requirement of 
sports psychology in Indian Sports.
BCCI for hiring psychologists to arrest stress
Page 2


307
Physical EDUCATION-XII
UNIT 
IX
PSYCHOLOGY AND SPORTS
Overview
 W Personality; its definition & types (Jung Classification & Big Five Theo -
ry);
 W Motivation, its type &techniques;
 W Exercise Adherence: Reasons, Benefits & Strategies for Enhancing it; 
 W Meaning, Concept & Types of Aggressions in Sports; 
 W Psychological Attributes in Sports – Self Esteem, Mental Imagery, Self 
Talk, Goal Setting 
 W
At the end of the unit, students will be able to:
 W Classify different types of personality and its relationship with 
sport performance.
 W Recognise concept of motivation and identify various types of 
motivation.
 W Identify various reasons to exercise, its associated benefits and 
strategies to promote exercise adherence. 
 W Differentiate between different types of aggression in sports.
 W Explain various psychological attribute in sports.
Discussion
Read an excerpt from a leading newspaper regarding news for requirement of 
sports psychology in Indian Sports.
BCCI for hiring psychologists to arrest stress
308
Physical EDUCATION-XII
TNN | Mar 11 NEW DELHI: The Indian Cricket Board has discussed plans to ask its 
state units to hire good sports psychologists who can help young players handle 
pressure better and ensure lesser drop-outs from the game. With India losing 
several talented Under-14 and Under-16 level players every year due to family 
and academics pressures, BCCI also wants to make the hiring of psychologists 
compulsory at state academies for age group players.
According to a board official, “India is losing a lot of talent at the age-group 
levels, The stake-holders of the game are all concerned and they want a system 
in place to tackle this problem. It is common these days to see talented players 
leaving the game after one or two bad seasons. As you go higher, the talent pool 
is reduced. “This shouldn’t happen,” thus the idea of hiring psychologist was 
discussed. adding that the cricket drop outs should stop at all levels.
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-for-hiring-
psychologists-to- arrest- stress/articleshowprint/57587522.cms 1/1
Discuss in your group
 W What causes a person to persist or to give up?
 W What is the person thinking and feeling while engaged in the activity?
 W What can be the reasons for drop-out of talented athletes from sports?
 W How can a Sports Psychologist help young players handle pressure bet-
ter?
 W Can different motivation techniques help athletes towards continued 
sports participation?
Present your ideas to the class
9.1 Personality: Concept and Definitions
Reading the news clipping, did you wonder why a psychologist would be required 
to prevent athletes from dropping out, even though they have achieved success? 
Are we able to identify athletes who have the talent or skill to continue with sports 
participation but still lack the determination to continue in sports? If we were asked 
to analyse reasons why some sportspeople succeed despite all odds, surely, we will 
come up with adjectives like determined, persistent, courageous, dynamic, robust, 
etc. Is there something more which can be added to describe these athletes – eg., 
consistent or possessing a stable pattern of behaviour? Sports psychologists have tried 
to answer these by relating them with various theories of personality. Understanding 
personality has been an area of interest which is as old as our civilization. Even 
Page 3


307
Physical EDUCATION-XII
UNIT 
IX
PSYCHOLOGY AND SPORTS
Overview
 W Personality; its definition & types (Jung Classification & Big Five Theo -
ry);
 W Motivation, its type &techniques;
 W Exercise Adherence: Reasons, Benefits & Strategies for Enhancing it; 
 W Meaning, Concept & Types of Aggressions in Sports; 
 W Psychological Attributes in Sports – Self Esteem, Mental Imagery, Self 
Talk, Goal Setting 
 W
At the end of the unit, students will be able to:
 W Classify different types of personality and its relationship with 
sport performance.
 W Recognise concept of motivation and identify various types of 
motivation.
 W Identify various reasons to exercise, its associated benefits and 
strategies to promote exercise adherence. 
 W Differentiate between different types of aggression in sports.
 W Explain various psychological attribute in sports.
Discussion
Read an excerpt from a leading newspaper regarding news for requirement of 
sports psychology in Indian Sports.
BCCI for hiring psychologists to arrest stress
308
Physical EDUCATION-XII
TNN | Mar 11 NEW DELHI: The Indian Cricket Board has discussed plans to ask its 
state units to hire good sports psychologists who can help young players handle 
pressure better and ensure lesser drop-outs from the game. With India losing 
several talented Under-14 and Under-16 level players every year due to family 
and academics pressures, BCCI also wants to make the hiring of psychologists 
compulsory at state academies for age group players.
According to a board official, “India is losing a lot of talent at the age-group 
levels, The stake-holders of the game are all concerned and they want a system 
in place to tackle this problem. It is common these days to see talented players 
leaving the game after one or two bad seasons. As you go higher, the talent pool 
is reduced. “This shouldn’t happen,” thus the idea of hiring psychologist was 
discussed. adding that the cricket drop outs should stop at all levels.
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-for-hiring-
psychologists-to- arrest- stress/articleshowprint/57587522.cms 1/1
Discuss in your group
 W What causes a person to persist or to give up?
 W What is the person thinking and feeling while engaged in the activity?
 W What can be the reasons for drop-out of talented athletes from sports?
 W How can a Sports Psychologist help young players handle pressure bet-
ter?
 W Can different motivation techniques help athletes towards continued 
sports participation?
Present your ideas to the class
9.1 Personality: Concept and Definitions
Reading the news clipping, did you wonder why a psychologist would be required 
to prevent athletes from dropping out, even though they have achieved success? 
Are we able to identify athletes who have the talent or skill to continue with sports 
participation but still lack the determination to continue in sports? If we were asked 
to analyse reasons why some sportspeople succeed despite all odds, surely, we will 
come up with adjectives like determined, persistent, courageous, dynamic, robust, 
etc. Is there something more which can be added to describe these athletes – eg., 
consistent or possessing a stable pattern of behaviour? Sports psychologists have tried 
to answer these by relating them with various theories of personality. Understanding 
personality has been an area of interest which is as old as our civilization. Even 
309
Physical EDUCATION-XII
before the present day scientific and systematic research to explain personality 
developed, philosophers across the globe tried to analyse characteristics which 
were unique to an individual and why people differed in various ways. However, the 
concept of personality is still evolving and covers such a large range of phenomenon, 
that it is very difficult to include all the aspects of personality in one definition.
The word personality is derived from the Latin word persona, the mask used 
by actors in the Roman theatre for changing their appearance for performing in-
front of their audience according to the given role. The actor performed as per 
the script or story wearing a particular mask. The audience also expected them to 
act in a particular manner on seeing the mask. However, it didn’t mean that the 
actors possessed the desired qualities of the character in themselves. Therefore, 
the concept of personality came to refer to an individual’s characteristic way of 
responding to other individuals and situations. When we observe people around us, 
we are able to describe their actions and responses to different situations based on 
the combination of their individual thoughts, characteristics, behaviour, attitude, 
ideas and habits. We may represent them as shy, happy, courageous, aggressive etc. 
These characteristics are a representation of different components of personalities. 
Therefore, we can view personality as the relatively stable and unique characteristics 
of an individual across different situations and varied period of time.
Personality, thus, can be defined as the characteristic set of behaviours, cognitions 
and emotional patterns that evolve from biological and environmental factors. It is the 
integration of those systems and habits that represent an individual’s characteristic 
adjustment to his environment. According to Robert A Baron, “Personality is an 
individual’s unique and relatively stable pattern of behaviour, thoughts and feelings.” 
Matt Jarvis (2006) in his book presented a general definition of personality offered 
by Pewin (1993) “Personality represents those structural and dynamic properties of 
an individual or individuals as they reflect themselves in characteristic responses 
to situations”. It is the integration of those systems and habits that represent an 
individual’s characteristic adjustment to his environment.”
Carl Jung (1933)
1
: Personality as an attitude refers to a predisposition to behave in 
a certain manner.
William Herbert Sheldon (1942)
2
: offered a topology of personality based on three 
major morphologies or body types (Endomorph, Ectomorph, Mesomorph), each 
associated with a different temperament of an individual.
Cattell (1950)
3
: Personality is “that which permits a prediction of what a person will 
do in a given situation.”
Page 4


307
Physical EDUCATION-XII
UNIT 
IX
PSYCHOLOGY AND SPORTS
Overview
 W Personality; its definition & types (Jung Classification & Big Five Theo -
ry);
 W Motivation, its type &techniques;
 W Exercise Adherence: Reasons, Benefits & Strategies for Enhancing it; 
 W Meaning, Concept & Types of Aggressions in Sports; 
 W Psychological Attributes in Sports – Self Esteem, Mental Imagery, Self 
Talk, Goal Setting 
 W
At the end of the unit, students will be able to:
 W Classify different types of personality and its relationship with 
sport performance.
 W Recognise concept of motivation and identify various types of 
motivation.
 W Identify various reasons to exercise, its associated benefits and 
strategies to promote exercise adherence. 
 W Differentiate between different types of aggression in sports.
 W Explain various psychological attribute in sports.
Discussion
Read an excerpt from a leading newspaper regarding news for requirement of 
sports psychology in Indian Sports.
BCCI for hiring psychologists to arrest stress
308
Physical EDUCATION-XII
TNN | Mar 11 NEW DELHI: The Indian Cricket Board has discussed plans to ask its 
state units to hire good sports psychologists who can help young players handle 
pressure better and ensure lesser drop-outs from the game. With India losing 
several talented Under-14 and Under-16 level players every year due to family 
and academics pressures, BCCI also wants to make the hiring of psychologists 
compulsory at state academies for age group players.
According to a board official, “India is losing a lot of talent at the age-group 
levels, The stake-holders of the game are all concerned and they want a system 
in place to tackle this problem. It is common these days to see talented players 
leaving the game after one or two bad seasons. As you go higher, the talent pool 
is reduced. “This shouldn’t happen,” thus the idea of hiring psychologist was 
discussed. adding that the cricket drop outs should stop at all levels.
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-for-hiring-
psychologists-to- arrest- stress/articleshowprint/57587522.cms 1/1
Discuss in your group
 W What causes a person to persist or to give up?
 W What is the person thinking and feeling while engaged in the activity?
 W What can be the reasons for drop-out of talented athletes from sports?
 W How can a Sports Psychologist help young players handle pressure bet-
ter?
 W Can different motivation techniques help athletes towards continued 
sports participation?
Present your ideas to the class
9.1 Personality: Concept and Definitions
Reading the news clipping, did you wonder why a psychologist would be required 
to prevent athletes from dropping out, even though they have achieved success? 
Are we able to identify athletes who have the talent or skill to continue with sports 
participation but still lack the determination to continue in sports? If we were asked 
to analyse reasons why some sportspeople succeed despite all odds, surely, we will 
come up with adjectives like determined, persistent, courageous, dynamic, robust, 
etc. Is there something more which can be added to describe these athletes – eg., 
consistent or possessing a stable pattern of behaviour? Sports psychologists have tried 
to answer these by relating them with various theories of personality. Understanding 
personality has been an area of interest which is as old as our civilization. Even 
309
Physical EDUCATION-XII
before the present day scientific and systematic research to explain personality 
developed, philosophers across the globe tried to analyse characteristics which 
were unique to an individual and why people differed in various ways. However, the 
concept of personality is still evolving and covers such a large range of phenomenon, 
that it is very difficult to include all the aspects of personality in one definition.
The word personality is derived from the Latin word persona, the mask used 
by actors in the Roman theatre for changing their appearance for performing in-
front of their audience according to the given role. The actor performed as per 
the script or story wearing a particular mask. The audience also expected them to 
act in a particular manner on seeing the mask. However, it didn’t mean that the 
actors possessed the desired qualities of the character in themselves. Therefore, 
the concept of personality came to refer to an individual’s characteristic way of 
responding to other individuals and situations. When we observe people around us, 
we are able to describe their actions and responses to different situations based on 
the combination of their individual thoughts, characteristics, behaviour, attitude, 
ideas and habits. We may represent them as shy, happy, courageous, aggressive etc. 
These characteristics are a representation of different components of personalities. 
Therefore, we can view personality as the relatively stable and unique characteristics 
of an individual across different situations and varied period of time.
Personality, thus, can be defined as the characteristic set of behaviours, cognitions 
and emotional patterns that evolve from biological and environmental factors. It is the 
integration of those systems and habits that represent an individual’s characteristic 
adjustment to his environment. According to Robert A Baron, “Personality is an 
individual’s unique and relatively stable pattern of behaviour, thoughts and feelings.” 
Matt Jarvis (2006) in his book presented a general definition of personality offered 
by Pewin (1993) “Personality represents those structural and dynamic properties of 
an individual or individuals as they reflect themselves in characteristic responses 
to situations”. It is the integration of those systems and habits that represent an 
individual’s characteristic adjustment to his environment.”
Carl Jung (1933)
1
: Personality as an attitude refers to a predisposition to behave in 
a certain manner.
William Herbert Sheldon (1942)
2
: offered a topology of personality based on three 
major morphologies or body types (Endomorph, Ectomorph, Mesomorph), each 
associated with a different temperament of an individual.
Cattell (1950)
3
: Personality is “that which permits a prediction of what a person will 
do in a given situation.”
310
Physical EDUCATION-XII
Guildford (1959)
4
: Personality is an ‘individual’s unique pattern of traits.’
Allport (1961)
5
: Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those 
psychological systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment.
Eysenck (1953)
6
: Personality is defined as more or less stable and enduring 
organization or a person’s character, temperament, intellect and physique which 
determine his unique adjustment to the environment.
Robert A Baron (2008)
7
: Personality is defined as individual’s unique and relatively 
stable pattern of behaviour, thoughts and feelings.
In sports also, it is important to understand athletes and their unique and relatively 
stable characteristics in different situations and conditions. It is essential to know 
how a particular athlete responds to the situational demands of the training as well 
as competitions. No two athletes behave in a similar manner; they may behave 
differently in a common situation. Some athletes may not like to take a command from 
a coach but may respond positively towards acceptable alternatives like cooperative 
learning from coaches. Sports psychologist may also be interested to learn which 
type of people opt for a particular type of sports or exercise program. To understand 
this, let us overview personality from various approaches and theories propounded 
by eminent psychologists from across the world. These theories represent various 
contrasting views and perspectives on the origin and nature of human uniqueness. 
Each theory may have vast differences but offers wide range of insight that can add 
towards effective understanding of personality of an individual.
9.1.1  PERSONALITY TYPES
Over the years, with the progress of research and development of literature in the 
field of personality by various psychologists, it is essential to understand the various 
approaches for getting a better perspective and understanding of personality.
Personality type refers to the psychological classification of different types of 
people. Personality types are distinguished from personality traits, which come in 
different degrees. There are many theories regarding personality types, and each 
theory contains several and sometimes many sub theories. For example, according 
to type theories, there are two types of people, introverts and extroverts. According 
to trait theories, introversion and extroversion are part of a continuous dimension 
with many people in the middle. The major theories include dispositional (trait) 
perspective, psychodynamic, humanistic, biological, behaviourist, evolutionary, 
and social learning perspective. However, many researchers and psychologists 
Page 5


307
Physical EDUCATION-XII
UNIT 
IX
PSYCHOLOGY AND SPORTS
Overview
 W Personality; its definition & types (Jung Classification & Big Five Theo -
ry);
 W Motivation, its type &techniques;
 W Exercise Adherence: Reasons, Benefits & Strategies for Enhancing it; 
 W Meaning, Concept & Types of Aggressions in Sports; 
 W Psychological Attributes in Sports – Self Esteem, Mental Imagery, Self 
Talk, Goal Setting 
 W
At the end of the unit, students will be able to:
 W Classify different types of personality and its relationship with 
sport performance.
 W Recognise concept of motivation and identify various types of 
motivation.
 W Identify various reasons to exercise, its associated benefits and 
strategies to promote exercise adherence. 
 W Differentiate between different types of aggression in sports.
 W Explain various psychological attribute in sports.
Discussion
Read an excerpt from a leading newspaper regarding news for requirement of 
sports psychology in Indian Sports.
BCCI for hiring psychologists to arrest stress
308
Physical EDUCATION-XII
TNN | Mar 11 NEW DELHI: The Indian Cricket Board has discussed plans to ask its 
state units to hire good sports psychologists who can help young players handle 
pressure better and ensure lesser drop-outs from the game. With India losing 
several talented Under-14 and Under-16 level players every year due to family 
and academics pressures, BCCI also wants to make the hiring of psychologists 
compulsory at state academies for age group players.
According to a board official, “India is losing a lot of talent at the age-group 
levels, The stake-holders of the game are all concerned and they want a system 
in place to tackle this problem. It is common these days to see talented players 
leaving the game after one or two bad seasons. As you go higher, the talent pool 
is reduced. “This shouldn’t happen,” thus the idea of hiring psychologist was 
discussed. adding that the cricket drop outs should stop at all levels.
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-for-hiring-
psychologists-to- arrest- stress/articleshowprint/57587522.cms 1/1
Discuss in your group
 W What causes a person to persist or to give up?
 W What is the person thinking and feeling while engaged in the activity?
 W What can be the reasons for drop-out of talented athletes from sports?
 W How can a Sports Psychologist help young players handle pressure bet-
ter?
 W Can different motivation techniques help athletes towards continued 
sports participation?
Present your ideas to the class
9.1 Personality: Concept and Definitions
Reading the news clipping, did you wonder why a psychologist would be required 
to prevent athletes from dropping out, even though they have achieved success? 
Are we able to identify athletes who have the talent or skill to continue with sports 
participation but still lack the determination to continue in sports? If we were asked 
to analyse reasons why some sportspeople succeed despite all odds, surely, we will 
come up with adjectives like determined, persistent, courageous, dynamic, robust, 
etc. Is there something more which can be added to describe these athletes – eg., 
consistent or possessing a stable pattern of behaviour? Sports psychologists have tried 
to answer these by relating them with various theories of personality. Understanding 
personality has been an area of interest which is as old as our civilization. Even 
309
Physical EDUCATION-XII
before the present day scientific and systematic research to explain personality 
developed, philosophers across the globe tried to analyse characteristics which 
were unique to an individual and why people differed in various ways. However, the 
concept of personality is still evolving and covers such a large range of phenomenon, 
that it is very difficult to include all the aspects of personality in one definition.
The word personality is derived from the Latin word persona, the mask used 
by actors in the Roman theatre for changing their appearance for performing in-
front of their audience according to the given role. The actor performed as per 
the script or story wearing a particular mask. The audience also expected them to 
act in a particular manner on seeing the mask. However, it didn’t mean that the 
actors possessed the desired qualities of the character in themselves. Therefore, 
the concept of personality came to refer to an individual’s characteristic way of 
responding to other individuals and situations. When we observe people around us, 
we are able to describe their actions and responses to different situations based on 
the combination of their individual thoughts, characteristics, behaviour, attitude, 
ideas and habits. We may represent them as shy, happy, courageous, aggressive etc. 
These characteristics are a representation of different components of personalities. 
Therefore, we can view personality as the relatively stable and unique characteristics 
of an individual across different situations and varied period of time.
Personality, thus, can be defined as the characteristic set of behaviours, cognitions 
and emotional patterns that evolve from biological and environmental factors. It is the 
integration of those systems and habits that represent an individual’s characteristic 
adjustment to his environment. According to Robert A Baron, “Personality is an 
individual’s unique and relatively stable pattern of behaviour, thoughts and feelings.” 
Matt Jarvis (2006) in his book presented a general definition of personality offered 
by Pewin (1993) “Personality represents those structural and dynamic properties of 
an individual or individuals as they reflect themselves in characteristic responses 
to situations”. It is the integration of those systems and habits that represent an 
individual’s characteristic adjustment to his environment.”
Carl Jung (1933)
1
: Personality as an attitude refers to a predisposition to behave in 
a certain manner.
William Herbert Sheldon (1942)
2
: offered a topology of personality based on three 
major morphologies or body types (Endomorph, Ectomorph, Mesomorph), each 
associated with a different temperament of an individual.
Cattell (1950)
3
: Personality is “that which permits a prediction of what a person will 
do in a given situation.”
310
Physical EDUCATION-XII
Guildford (1959)
4
: Personality is an ‘individual’s unique pattern of traits.’
Allport (1961)
5
: Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those 
psychological systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment.
Eysenck (1953)
6
: Personality is defined as more or less stable and enduring 
organization or a person’s character, temperament, intellect and physique which 
determine his unique adjustment to the environment.
Robert A Baron (2008)
7
: Personality is defined as individual’s unique and relatively 
stable pattern of behaviour, thoughts and feelings.
In sports also, it is important to understand athletes and their unique and relatively 
stable characteristics in different situations and conditions. It is essential to know 
how a particular athlete responds to the situational demands of the training as well 
as competitions. No two athletes behave in a similar manner; they may behave 
differently in a common situation. Some athletes may not like to take a command from 
a coach but may respond positively towards acceptable alternatives like cooperative 
learning from coaches. Sports psychologist may also be interested to learn which 
type of people opt for a particular type of sports or exercise program. To understand 
this, let us overview personality from various approaches and theories propounded 
by eminent psychologists from across the world. These theories represent various 
contrasting views and perspectives on the origin and nature of human uniqueness. 
Each theory may have vast differences but offers wide range of insight that can add 
towards effective understanding of personality of an individual.
9.1.1  PERSONALITY TYPES
Over the years, with the progress of research and development of literature in the 
field of personality by various psychologists, it is essential to understand the various 
approaches for getting a better perspective and understanding of personality.
Personality type refers to the psychological classification of different types of 
people. Personality types are distinguished from personality traits, which come in 
different degrees. There are many theories regarding personality types, and each 
theory contains several and sometimes many sub theories. For example, according 
to type theories, there are two types of people, introverts and extroverts. According 
to trait theories, introversion and extroversion are part of a continuous dimension 
with many people in the middle. The major theories include dispositional (trait) 
perspective, psychodynamic, humanistic, biological, behaviourist, evolutionary, 
and social learning perspective. However, many researchers and psychologists 
311
Physical EDUCATION-XII
do not clearly subscribe to any one particular perspective, but instead take an 
heterogeneous approach. There is also a substantial emphasis on the applied field 
of personality testing. In psychological education and training, the study of the 
nature of personality and its psychological development is usually reviewed as a 
prerequisite.
Since no one particular theory or approach covers the complete aspects of personality, 
the approach for explaining ‘personality’ includes mainly, the ‘Type’ approach which 
consists of classification or comprehending of personality type based on a set of 
behaviour characteristics with similarities as done by Myers and Briggs type indicator, 
Friedman and Rosenman Type A personality behaviour etc., as well as on the basis of 
body type classification by Kretschmar, or somatotype by William Sheldon, and the 
fluid type classification as explained by Hypocrites.
Trait approach, on the other hand, focusses on specific psychological attributes 
based on the concept of individuals differing in ‘unique’ and ‘stable’ characteristics. 
Trait refers to a characteristic that is unchanging and predictable. For example, 
shyness is a trait that is usually stable in an individual’s personality. Some traits are 
innate – the infant possesses a basis for developing the trait at birth, while others 
are acquired through learning, such as the tendencies toward tidiness or untidiness. 
Some researchers like Eysenck, Cattel as well as Allport and others support inherent 
traits as “cardinal” and proposed a theory of personality based on biological factors, 
arguing that individuals inherit a type of nervous system that affects their ability 
to learn and adapt to the environment. Sigmund Freud and Neo-Freudians like 
Jung, who described the structure of personality in three part-id, ego, super ego, 
put forward the psycho-dynamic theory of personality that assumes there is an 
interaction between nature (innate instincts) and nurture (parental influences). 
In modern sports, inter-action perspective regarding personality is an extremely 
popular and widely adopted approach towards understanding of behaviour. It 
defines behaviour as function of personality and situational factors acting together. 
According to the interaction theory behaviour in any situation is a function of both 
personality and external factors. For example, an player with high hostility trait may 
not indulge in aggressive behaviour if he or his team is winning with a large margin, 
or an athlete with composed traits may reflect neurotic tendencies of anxiety if 
faced with the challenge of scoring the winning run of the last ball of a knockout 
round match. 
9.1.2 JUNG’S CLASSIFICATION OF PERSONALITY TYPES
Carl Gustav Jung, a Swiss psychiatrist and a disciple of Sigmund Freud, was once