Employment, Unemployment Patterns | Uttarakhand State PSC (UKPSC): Preparation - UKPSC (Uttarakhand) PDF Download

 Page 1


Employment, Unemployment Patterns
Labourforce, Workforce, and Unemployment- The labour force
participation rate is a useful indicator to assess the proportion of population
that is of working age and engaged in the labour market. It comprises of
working age people who are either engaging in work (working) or are
looking for work (unemployed). It therefore gives us a fair idea of the labour
supply that is available in any economy and when analysed by sex (male-
female) and area (rural-urban) it profiles the distribution of the labour force.
The HDR Survey 2017 reports that approximately 53 percent of adults (15+
years) in Uttarakhand were engaging in work/economic activities in 2017 and
were employed. Thus the labour force participation rate for the state was 53
percent. Those 53 percent of the population remained inside the labour force
(OLF) to participate in some economic activities (LFPR) in 2017, while rest
(47 percent) remained out of labourforce. Around 45 percent of the total adult
population engaged in some economic activities (WPR), while 4.2 percent,
out of total labour-force are seeking work or unemployment rate (UNPR).
These labour market characteristics of the state are slightly higher than
corresponding All-India averages in 2011-12. This explains that the state has
not been able to generate some amount of new jobs to absorb the additional
labour force.
Table 25.1: Changes in LFPR, WPR and UNPR (PS+SS) (HDR Survey
2017)
YEAR LFPR WPR UNPR
2004-05 67.3 65.9 2.1
2011-12 53.8 52.2 3
2017-18 52.6 45.4 4.2
Trends in labour force and work force participation rates for Uttarakhand
from the NSSO reveal a decline in both these rates over the period 2004-05 to
2011-12 The LFPR of the adult population has declined from 67.3 percent in
2004-5 to 53.8 percent in 2011–12. The HDR data reports it to be 45.3
Page 2


Employment, Unemployment Patterns
Labourforce, Workforce, and Unemployment- The labour force
participation rate is a useful indicator to assess the proportion of population
that is of working age and engaged in the labour market. It comprises of
working age people who are either engaging in work (working) or are
looking for work (unemployed). It therefore gives us a fair idea of the labour
supply that is available in any economy and when analysed by sex (male-
female) and area (rural-urban) it profiles the distribution of the labour force.
The HDR Survey 2017 reports that approximately 53 percent of adults (15+
years) in Uttarakhand were engaging in work/economic activities in 2017 and
were employed. Thus the labour force participation rate for the state was 53
percent. Those 53 percent of the population remained inside the labour force
(OLF) to participate in some economic activities (LFPR) in 2017, while rest
(47 percent) remained out of labourforce. Around 45 percent of the total adult
population engaged in some economic activities (WPR), while 4.2 percent,
out of total labour-force are seeking work or unemployment rate (UNPR).
These labour market characteristics of the state are slightly higher than
corresponding All-India averages in 2011-12. This explains that the state has
not been able to generate some amount of new jobs to absorb the additional
labour force.
Table 25.1: Changes in LFPR, WPR and UNPR (PS+SS) (HDR Survey
2017)
YEAR LFPR WPR UNPR
2004-05 67.3 65.9 2.1
2011-12 53.8 52.2 3
2017-18 52.6 45.4 4.2
Trends in labour force and work force participation rates for Uttarakhand
from the NSSO reveal a decline in both these rates over the period 2004-05 to
2011-12 The LFPR of the adult population has declined from 67.3 percent in
2004-5 to 53.8 percent in 2011–12. The HDR data reports it to be 45.3
percent in 2017. Such reductions in the LFPR and the WPR for Uttarakhand
can be attributed mainly to increasing participation in higher education,
withdrawals from the labour-force due to income effects and the absence of
suitable job opportunities, particularly for women, in recent years.
There is also an evident gender gap in female participation in economic
activities with the female work participation rate (25.5 percent) lagging well
behind the male work force participation rates (66.3 percent) for the state as a
whole. At the sectoral level, the gender gap in work participation rates was
wider in the urban areas (51.2 percentage points) as compared to the rural
areas (35.4 percentage points). Thus, women seems to be able to participate
in work in much smaller proportions as compared to men in the state of
Uttarakhand. At the aggregate level, while work force participation rates in
the hills (50 percent) are higher than that in the plains (41.5 percent), the
gender gap in work participation rates continues to exist in the hills as well as
in the plains with women in the hills engaging in work in higher proportions
(37.8 percent) as compared to the plains (14.2 percent). Also, the high
unemployment rates of women in the plains (5.7 percent) and in urban areas
(6.3 percent) could be a reflection of the unavailability of suitable jobs and
poor working conditions. Work force participation rates across income
quintile groups see a decline as we move from the poorest to the richest
quintile groups at the aggregate level as well as for males and females. The
unemployment rate in the state shows an opposite trend across income
quintiles, increasing as we move up the ladder from the poorest 3.4 (percent)
to the richest households (4.9 percent). Across the social groups, the
scheduled castes have the highest work participation rates (48.9 percent)
followed by the scheduled tribes (45.5 percent). Within these social groups
the gender gap in work participation rates is stark (40.3 percentage points for
the SCs and 46.1 percentage points for the STs). Work participation by
educational levels report a mixed trend as it rises with education levels up
until the middle school level and then falls again. This is a pattern that needs
to be properly researched as one would ideally expect work force
participation rates to increase as educational levels of the population rise. A
wide gender gap in work participation exists at all levels of education. The
unemployment rate is the highest for technical and professional education
wherein close to a fifth of the population in this category is unemployed.
At the district level, the hill district of Almora (43.2 percent) and the plains
Page 3


Employment, Unemployment Patterns
Labourforce, Workforce, and Unemployment- The labour force
participation rate is a useful indicator to assess the proportion of population
that is of working age and engaged in the labour market. It comprises of
working age people who are either engaging in work (working) or are
looking for work (unemployed). It therefore gives us a fair idea of the labour
supply that is available in any economy and when analysed by sex (male-
female) and area (rural-urban) it profiles the distribution of the labour force.
The HDR Survey 2017 reports that approximately 53 percent of adults (15+
years) in Uttarakhand were engaging in work/economic activities in 2017 and
were employed. Thus the labour force participation rate for the state was 53
percent. Those 53 percent of the population remained inside the labour force
(OLF) to participate in some economic activities (LFPR) in 2017, while rest
(47 percent) remained out of labourforce. Around 45 percent of the total adult
population engaged in some economic activities (WPR), while 4.2 percent,
out of total labour-force are seeking work or unemployment rate (UNPR).
These labour market characteristics of the state are slightly higher than
corresponding All-India averages in 2011-12. This explains that the state has
not been able to generate some amount of new jobs to absorb the additional
labour force.
Table 25.1: Changes in LFPR, WPR and UNPR (PS+SS) (HDR Survey
2017)
YEAR LFPR WPR UNPR
2004-05 67.3 65.9 2.1
2011-12 53.8 52.2 3
2017-18 52.6 45.4 4.2
Trends in labour force and work force participation rates for Uttarakhand
from the NSSO reveal a decline in both these rates over the period 2004-05 to
2011-12 The LFPR of the adult population has declined from 67.3 percent in
2004-5 to 53.8 percent in 2011–12. The HDR data reports it to be 45.3
percent in 2017. Such reductions in the LFPR and the WPR for Uttarakhand
can be attributed mainly to increasing participation in higher education,
withdrawals from the labour-force due to income effects and the absence of
suitable job opportunities, particularly for women, in recent years.
There is also an evident gender gap in female participation in economic
activities with the female work participation rate (25.5 percent) lagging well
behind the male work force participation rates (66.3 percent) for the state as a
whole. At the sectoral level, the gender gap in work participation rates was
wider in the urban areas (51.2 percentage points) as compared to the rural
areas (35.4 percentage points). Thus, women seems to be able to participate
in work in much smaller proportions as compared to men in the state of
Uttarakhand. At the aggregate level, while work force participation rates in
the hills (50 percent) are higher than that in the plains (41.5 percent), the
gender gap in work participation rates continues to exist in the hills as well as
in the plains with women in the hills engaging in work in higher proportions
(37.8 percent) as compared to the plains (14.2 percent). Also, the high
unemployment rates of women in the plains (5.7 percent) and in urban areas
(6.3 percent) could be a reflection of the unavailability of suitable jobs and
poor working conditions. Work force participation rates across income
quintile groups see a decline as we move from the poorest to the richest
quintile groups at the aggregate level as well as for males and females. The
unemployment rate in the state shows an opposite trend across income
quintiles, increasing as we move up the ladder from the poorest 3.4 (percent)
to the richest households (4.9 percent). Across the social groups, the
scheduled castes have the highest work participation rates (48.9 percent)
followed by the scheduled tribes (45.5 percent). Within these social groups
the gender gap in work participation rates is stark (40.3 percentage points for
the SCs and 46.1 percentage points for the STs). Work participation by
educational levels report a mixed trend as it rises with education levels up
until the middle school level and then falls again. This is a pattern that needs
to be properly researched as one would ideally expect work force
participation rates to increase as educational levels of the population rise. A
wide gender gap in work participation exists at all levels of education. The
unemployment rate is the highest for technical and professional education
wherein close to a fifth of the population in this category is unemployed.
At the district level, the hill district of Almora (43.2 percent) and the plains
districts of Dehradun (40.5 percent) and Haridwar (38.5 percent) have work
force participation rates less than the state average of 45.3 percent. All the
other districts have work participation rates higher than the state average. The
unemployment rate is also high in the plain districts of Dehradun (5.9
percent) and Haridwar (5.1 percent) pointing towards the need for policy
measures to address the low rates of employment and relatively high rates of
unemployment in these. High work force participation rates could be taken to
indicate well-being of the population but on the flip side, in less developed
regions like the hills of Uttarakhand, work force participation could be higher
as it is poverty driven. In the hill districts of Uttarakhand, people do not have
any perennial source of employment and engage mostly in less productive
agriculture and other non-farm activities. Thus high work participation rates
especially for men in these districts is not a reflection of affluence but rather
reflects the more important livelihood and sustenance issue.
DISTRICTS WPR UNPR
HARIDWAR 38.8 5.1
DEHRADUN 40.5 5.9
ALMORA 43.2 3.6
U S NAGAR 45.3 4.2
NAINITAL 46.7 3.9
TEHRI GARHWAL 47.2 4.6
PAURI GARHWAL 47.4 4.5
PITHORAGARH 48.6 1.7
CHAMOLI 49.3 4.2
CHAMPAWAT 51.8 3.4
BAGESHWAR 56.2 2.3
RUDRAPRAYAG 63.9 1.8
UTTARKASHI 67.3 1
UTTARAKHAND 45.3 4.2
Youth Unemployment
Page 4


Employment, Unemployment Patterns
Labourforce, Workforce, and Unemployment- The labour force
participation rate is a useful indicator to assess the proportion of population
that is of working age and engaged in the labour market. It comprises of
working age people who are either engaging in work (working) or are
looking for work (unemployed). It therefore gives us a fair idea of the labour
supply that is available in any economy and when analysed by sex (male-
female) and area (rural-urban) it profiles the distribution of the labour force.
The HDR Survey 2017 reports that approximately 53 percent of adults (15+
years) in Uttarakhand were engaging in work/economic activities in 2017 and
were employed. Thus the labour force participation rate for the state was 53
percent. Those 53 percent of the population remained inside the labour force
(OLF) to participate in some economic activities (LFPR) in 2017, while rest
(47 percent) remained out of labourforce. Around 45 percent of the total adult
population engaged in some economic activities (WPR), while 4.2 percent,
out of total labour-force are seeking work or unemployment rate (UNPR).
These labour market characteristics of the state are slightly higher than
corresponding All-India averages in 2011-12. This explains that the state has
not been able to generate some amount of new jobs to absorb the additional
labour force.
Table 25.1: Changes in LFPR, WPR and UNPR (PS+SS) (HDR Survey
2017)
YEAR LFPR WPR UNPR
2004-05 67.3 65.9 2.1
2011-12 53.8 52.2 3
2017-18 52.6 45.4 4.2
Trends in labour force and work force participation rates for Uttarakhand
from the NSSO reveal a decline in both these rates over the period 2004-05 to
2011-12 The LFPR of the adult population has declined from 67.3 percent in
2004-5 to 53.8 percent in 2011–12. The HDR data reports it to be 45.3
percent in 2017. Such reductions in the LFPR and the WPR for Uttarakhand
can be attributed mainly to increasing participation in higher education,
withdrawals from the labour-force due to income effects and the absence of
suitable job opportunities, particularly for women, in recent years.
There is also an evident gender gap in female participation in economic
activities with the female work participation rate (25.5 percent) lagging well
behind the male work force participation rates (66.3 percent) for the state as a
whole. At the sectoral level, the gender gap in work participation rates was
wider in the urban areas (51.2 percentage points) as compared to the rural
areas (35.4 percentage points). Thus, women seems to be able to participate
in work in much smaller proportions as compared to men in the state of
Uttarakhand. At the aggregate level, while work force participation rates in
the hills (50 percent) are higher than that in the plains (41.5 percent), the
gender gap in work participation rates continues to exist in the hills as well as
in the plains with women in the hills engaging in work in higher proportions
(37.8 percent) as compared to the plains (14.2 percent). Also, the high
unemployment rates of women in the plains (5.7 percent) and in urban areas
(6.3 percent) could be a reflection of the unavailability of suitable jobs and
poor working conditions. Work force participation rates across income
quintile groups see a decline as we move from the poorest to the richest
quintile groups at the aggregate level as well as for males and females. The
unemployment rate in the state shows an opposite trend across income
quintiles, increasing as we move up the ladder from the poorest 3.4 (percent)
to the richest households (4.9 percent). Across the social groups, the
scheduled castes have the highest work participation rates (48.9 percent)
followed by the scheduled tribes (45.5 percent). Within these social groups
the gender gap in work participation rates is stark (40.3 percentage points for
the SCs and 46.1 percentage points for the STs). Work participation by
educational levels report a mixed trend as it rises with education levels up
until the middle school level and then falls again. This is a pattern that needs
to be properly researched as one would ideally expect work force
participation rates to increase as educational levels of the population rise. A
wide gender gap in work participation exists at all levels of education. The
unemployment rate is the highest for technical and professional education
wherein close to a fifth of the population in this category is unemployed.
At the district level, the hill district of Almora (43.2 percent) and the plains
districts of Dehradun (40.5 percent) and Haridwar (38.5 percent) have work
force participation rates less than the state average of 45.3 percent. All the
other districts have work participation rates higher than the state average. The
unemployment rate is also high in the plain districts of Dehradun (5.9
percent) and Haridwar (5.1 percent) pointing towards the need for policy
measures to address the low rates of employment and relatively high rates of
unemployment in these. High work force participation rates could be taken to
indicate well-being of the population but on the flip side, in less developed
regions like the hills of Uttarakhand, work force participation could be higher
as it is poverty driven. In the hill districts of Uttarakhand, people do not have
any perennial source of employment and engage mostly in less productive
agriculture and other non-farm activities. Thus high work participation rates
especially for men in these districts is not a reflection of affluence but rather
reflects the more important livelihood and sustenance issue.
DISTRICTS WPR UNPR
HARIDWAR 38.8 5.1
DEHRADUN 40.5 5.9
ALMORA 43.2 3.6
U S NAGAR 45.3 4.2
NAINITAL 46.7 3.9
TEHRI GARHWAL 47.2 4.6
PAURI GARHWAL 47.4 4.5
PITHORAGARH 48.6 1.7
CHAMOLI 49.3 4.2
CHAMPAWAT 51.8 3.4
BAGESHWAR 56.2 2.3
RUDRAPRAYAG 63.9 1.8
UTTARKASHI 67.3 1
UTTARAKHAND 45.3 4.2
Youth Unemployment
The youth (15-29 years) unemployment rate in Uttarakhand increased from 6
percent in 2004-05 to 10.2 percent in 2011-12. This is more than twice the
adult unemployment rate of 4.2 percent, pointing towards the proportion of
unemployed youth in the state that needs to be addressed. The HDR 2017
Survey pegs the youth unemployment rate in Uttarakhand at 13.2 percent in
2017. The spatial distribution of this indicator shows that youth
unemployment is higher in the plains (14.9 percent) vis-à-vis the hills (11.1
percent) and more in urban (17.4 percent) as compared to rural areas (10.8
percent). But contrary to the overall scenario, youth unemployment is the
highest for females in the plains (16.9 percent) and males resident in the hills
(15.8 percent). The gender gap in youth unemployment is much wider in the
hills (11 percentage points) and in rural areas (7 percentage points), with
female youth showing much lower unemployment rates than males in these
areas. In the plains, female youth are at a disadvantage showing higher rates
of unemployment (16.9 percent) vis-à-vis male youth (14.5 percent).
What is important here is unemployment situation is worse amongst the
educated youth (educated above secondary level) at 17.4 percent for the state
as a whole, with the unemployment rate for the educated male youth being
higher (19.9 percent) compared to educated female youth (12.3 percent). In
the plains, youth unemployment is higher for males (18.7 percent) as
compared to females (6.8 percent). In the hills on the other hand, female
youth unemployment is higher (24.8 percent) and for males it is lower at 20.7
percent). These high youth employment rates are important pointers for
policy interventions.
Table 25.2: Uttarakhand: Youth (15-29 years) Unemployment Rate
YEAR
YOUTH
UNEMPLOYMENT
EDUCATED YOUTH
UNEMPLOYMENT
2004-
05
6.0 9.8
2011-
12
10.2 17.2
2017-
18
13.2 17.4
Page 5


Employment, Unemployment Patterns
Labourforce, Workforce, and Unemployment- The labour force
participation rate is a useful indicator to assess the proportion of population
that is of working age and engaged in the labour market. It comprises of
working age people who are either engaging in work (working) or are
looking for work (unemployed). It therefore gives us a fair idea of the labour
supply that is available in any economy and when analysed by sex (male-
female) and area (rural-urban) it profiles the distribution of the labour force.
The HDR Survey 2017 reports that approximately 53 percent of adults (15+
years) in Uttarakhand were engaging in work/economic activities in 2017 and
were employed. Thus the labour force participation rate for the state was 53
percent. Those 53 percent of the population remained inside the labour force
(OLF) to participate in some economic activities (LFPR) in 2017, while rest
(47 percent) remained out of labourforce. Around 45 percent of the total adult
population engaged in some economic activities (WPR), while 4.2 percent,
out of total labour-force are seeking work or unemployment rate (UNPR).
These labour market characteristics of the state are slightly higher than
corresponding All-India averages in 2011-12. This explains that the state has
not been able to generate some amount of new jobs to absorb the additional
labour force.
Table 25.1: Changes in LFPR, WPR and UNPR (PS+SS) (HDR Survey
2017)
YEAR LFPR WPR UNPR
2004-05 67.3 65.9 2.1
2011-12 53.8 52.2 3
2017-18 52.6 45.4 4.2
Trends in labour force and work force participation rates for Uttarakhand
from the NSSO reveal a decline in both these rates over the period 2004-05 to
2011-12 The LFPR of the adult population has declined from 67.3 percent in
2004-5 to 53.8 percent in 2011–12. The HDR data reports it to be 45.3
percent in 2017. Such reductions in the LFPR and the WPR for Uttarakhand
can be attributed mainly to increasing participation in higher education,
withdrawals from the labour-force due to income effects and the absence of
suitable job opportunities, particularly for women, in recent years.
There is also an evident gender gap in female participation in economic
activities with the female work participation rate (25.5 percent) lagging well
behind the male work force participation rates (66.3 percent) for the state as a
whole. At the sectoral level, the gender gap in work participation rates was
wider in the urban areas (51.2 percentage points) as compared to the rural
areas (35.4 percentage points). Thus, women seems to be able to participate
in work in much smaller proportions as compared to men in the state of
Uttarakhand. At the aggregate level, while work force participation rates in
the hills (50 percent) are higher than that in the plains (41.5 percent), the
gender gap in work participation rates continues to exist in the hills as well as
in the plains with women in the hills engaging in work in higher proportions
(37.8 percent) as compared to the plains (14.2 percent). Also, the high
unemployment rates of women in the plains (5.7 percent) and in urban areas
(6.3 percent) could be a reflection of the unavailability of suitable jobs and
poor working conditions. Work force participation rates across income
quintile groups see a decline as we move from the poorest to the richest
quintile groups at the aggregate level as well as for males and females. The
unemployment rate in the state shows an opposite trend across income
quintiles, increasing as we move up the ladder from the poorest 3.4 (percent)
to the richest households (4.9 percent). Across the social groups, the
scheduled castes have the highest work participation rates (48.9 percent)
followed by the scheduled tribes (45.5 percent). Within these social groups
the gender gap in work participation rates is stark (40.3 percentage points for
the SCs and 46.1 percentage points for the STs). Work participation by
educational levels report a mixed trend as it rises with education levels up
until the middle school level and then falls again. This is a pattern that needs
to be properly researched as one would ideally expect work force
participation rates to increase as educational levels of the population rise. A
wide gender gap in work participation exists at all levels of education. The
unemployment rate is the highest for technical and professional education
wherein close to a fifth of the population in this category is unemployed.
At the district level, the hill district of Almora (43.2 percent) and the plains
districts of Dehradun (40.5 percent) and Haridwar (38.5 percent) have work
force participation rates less than the state average of 45.3 percent. All the
other districts have work participation rates higher than the state average. The
unemployment rate is also high in the plain districts of Dehradun (5.9
percent) and Haridwar (5.1 percent) pointing towards the need for policy
measures to address the low rates of employment and relatively high rates of
unemployment in these. High work force participation rates could be taken to
indicate well-being of the population but on the flip side, in less developed
regions like the hills of Uttarakhand, work force participation could be higher
as it is poverty driven. In the hill districts of Uttarakhand, people do not have
any perennial source of employment and engage mostly in less productive
agriculture and other non-farm activities. Thus high work participation rates
especially for men in these districts is not a reflection of affluence but rather
reflects the more important livelihood and sustenance issue.
DISTRICTS WPR UNPR
HARIDWAR 38.8 5.1
DEHRADUN 40.5 5.9
ALMORA 43.2 3.6
U S NAGAR 45.3 4.2
NAINITAL 46.7 3.9
TEHRI GARHWAL 47.2 4.6
PAURI GARHWAL 47.4 4.5
PITHORAGARH 48.6 1.7
CHAMOLI 49.3 4.2
CHAMPAWAT 51.8 3.4
BAGESHWAR 56.2 2.3
RUDRAPRAYAG 63.9 1.8
UTTARKASHI 67.3 1
UTTARAKHAND 45.3 4.2
Youth Unemployment
The youth (15-29 years) unemployment rate in Uttarakhand increased from 6
percent in 2004-05 to 10.2 percent in 2011-12. This is more than twice the
adult unemployment rate of 4.2 percent, pointing towards the proportion of
unemployed youth in the state that needs to be addressed. The HDR 2017
Survey pegs the youth unemployment rate in Uttarakhand at 13.2 percent in
2017. The spatial distribution of this indicator shows that youth
unemployment is higher in the plains (14.9 percent) vis-à-vis the hills (11.1
percent) and more in urban (17.4 percent) as compared to rural areas (10.8
percent). But contrary to the overall scenario, youth unemployment is the
highest for females in the plains (16.9 percent) and males resident in the hills
(15.8 percent). The gender gap in youth unemployment is much wider in the
hills (11 percentage points) and in rural areas (7 percentage points), with
female youth showing much lower unemployment rates than males in these
areas. In the plains, female youth are at a disadvantage showing higher rates
of unemployment (16.9 percent) vis-à-vis male youth (14.5 percent).
What is important here is unemployment situation is worse amongst the
educated youth (educated above secondary level) at 17.4 percent for the state
as a whole, with the unemployment rate for the educated male youth being
higher (19.9 percent) compared to educated female youth (12.3 percent). In
the plains, youth unemployment is higher for males (18.7 percent) as
compared to females (6.8 percent). In the hills on the other hand, female
youth unemployment is higher (24.8 percent) and for males it is lower at 20.7
percent). These high youth employment rates are important pointers for
policy interventions.
Table 25.2: Uttarakhand: Youth (15-29 years) Unemployment Rate
YEAR
YOUTH
UNEMPLOYMENT
EDUCATED YOUTH
UNEMPLOYMENT
2004-
05
6.0 9.8
2011-
12
10.2 17.2
2017-
18
13.2 17.4
Source: NSSO, 2004-5/2011-12 and HDR Survey, 2017
Youth unemployment is high among men in plain districts and urban areas of
the state. The area wise difference is significantly higher among girls
compared to boys, 4 times in hill districts and more than 2 times in urban
areas than plain districts and rural areas respectively. Clearly, this reflects
alarmingly high unemployment amongst the youth population which
possesses a major challenge to policy interventions.
The district-wise distribution of the unemployment rate for educated youth
(secondary and above) shows that the plains districts of Dehradun (5.9
percent) and Haridwar (5.1 percent) had the highest proportion of such
unemployed youth. Close on the heels of these districts are TehriGarhwal
(4.6 percent), PauriGarhwal (4.5 percent), Udham Singh Nagar and Chamoli
(4.2 percent each)
Table 25.3: Youth Unemployment Rate: Spatial Distribution