Human Development In Uttarakhand | Uttarakhand State PSC (UKPSC): Preparation - UKPSC (Uttarakhand) PDF Download

 Page 1


Human Development In Uttarakhand
The concept of human development, which lays prime importance on people,
along with expanding their opportunities and choices, was introduced in the
first Human Development Report (1990) published by the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP). An effort is made here to quantify human
capabilities by preparing a composite index which captures both economic
and social development at the district level for Uttarakhand.
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite measure of three
basic human capabilities that relate to health, education and the standard of
living. It is a composite statistic that encompasses life expectancy (health),
years of education (education) and per capita income (standard of living).
Over the years, the indicators that have been utilized to capture these three
basic capabilities have undergone changes, reflecting the ever changing and
evolving nature of the human development approach. The education
dimension for instance has seen a move from indicators such as the literacy
rate and combined gross enrolment ratios to mean years of schooling and
expected years of schooling in the year 2010.
A recent study by Mukherjee, Chakraborty and Sikdar (NIPFP, 2014)
estimates the HDI for the Indian states across three decades. The HDI for
Uttarakhand state, according to their estimates, has shown an improvement
from 0.247 in 2004-05, to 0.378 in 2009-10 and then to 0.426 in 2011-12.
The state ranking in HDI has also shown improvements and stands at 11 in
2011-12. Another study of HDIs of the Indian states by Suryanarayana and
Agrawal (2013) finds the HDI for Uttarakhand as 0.531 (rank 12). Here, the
HDI for Uttarakhand rank above the all India averages of 0.504.
Health
Life Expectancy at Birth- To capture the probability of leading a long and
healthy life for the populace, the life expectancy at birth is used as a measure
of the realized achievements in the health dimension. The life expectancy at
birth is taken as “the number of years a newborn infant could expect to live if
prevailing patterns of age-specific mortality rates at the time of birth were to
stay the same throughout the child’s life,” It is however, an indicator of very
Page 2


Human Development In Uttarakhand
The concept of human development, which lays prime importance on people,
along with expanding their opportunities and choices, was introduced in the
first Human Development Report (1990) published by the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP). An effort is made here to quantify human
capabilities by preparing a composite index which captures both economic
and social development at the district level for Uttarakhand.
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite measure of three
basic human capabilities that relate to health, education and the standard of
living. It is a composite statistic that encompasses life expectancy (health),
years of education (education) and per capita income (standard of living).
Over the years, the indicators that have been utilized to capture these three
basic capabilities have undergone changes, reflecting the ever changing and
evolving nature of the human development approach. The education
dimension for instance has seen a move from indicators such as the literacy
rate and combined gross enrolment ratios to mean years of schooling and
expected years of schooling in the year 2010.
A recent study by Mukherjee, Chakraborty and Sikdar (NIPFP, 2014)
estimates the HDI for the Indian states across three decades. The HDI for
Uttarakhand state, according to their estimates, has shown an improvement
from 0.247 in 2004-05, to 0.378 in 2009-10 and then to 0.426 in 2011-12.
The state ranking in HDI has also shown improvements and stands at 11 in
2011-12. Another study of HDIs of the Indian states by Suryanarayana and
Agrawal (2013) finds the HDI for Uttarakhand as 0.531 (rank 12). Here, the
HDI for Uttarakhand rank above the all India averages of 0.504.
Health
Life Expectancy at Birth- To capture the probability of leading a long and
healthy life for the populace, the life expectancy at birth is used as a measure
of the realized achievements in the health dimension. The life expectancy at
birth is taken as “the number of years a newborn infant could expect to live if
prevailing patterns of age-specific mortality rates at the time of birth were to
stay the same throughout the child’s life,” It is however, an indicator of very
long-term improvements in health status. The latest available SRS data
(2012-16) estimates the life expectancy at birth for Uttarakhand to be 71.5
years, which was higher that the All India figure of 68.5 years. Female in the
state show higher life expectancy at 74.8 years vis-à-vis male at 68.5 years.
The female and male life expectancy rate for Uttarakhand was also higher
than the all India figures of 70.2 and 67.4 years. In urban areas, life
expectancy was marginally higher (72.9 years) compared to rural areas (71
years), which was also higher than all India figures i.e. 67.4 years in rural
areas, and 72.2 in urban areas.The higher life expectancy rates in Uttarakhand
can be taken to reflect the functioning of health facilities in the state as life
expectancy at birth in turn depends on age-specific mortality patterns. In the
state, low rates of infant, child and adult mortality could be perpetuating high
rates of life expectancy. According to SRS data (2012-16), the infant, child
and adult mortality rates of the state were lower than all India including male
and female.
Table 32.1: Uttarakhand: District-wise Life Expectancy at Birth, 2017
Rank Name of the district Life expectancy (years)
1 Pithoragarh 72.1
2 Almora 71.9
3 Rudraprayag 71.7
4 Chamoli 71.5
5 Nainital 71.0
6 Bageshwar 71.0
7 Champawat 70.7
8 U S Nagar 70.6
9 Dehradun 70.5
10 Pauri Garhwal 70.2
11 Uttarkashi 70.2
12 Tehri Garhwal 68.7
13 Haridwar 67.7
Page 3


Human Development In Uttarakhand
The concept of human development, which lays prime importance on people,
along with expanding their opportunities and choices, was introduced in the
first Human Development Report (1990) published by the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP). An effort is made here to quantify human
capabilities by preparing a composite index which captures both economic
and social development at the district level for Uttarakhand.
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite measure of three
basic human capabilities that relate to health, education and the standard of
living. It is a composite statistic that encompasses life expectancy (health),
years of education (education) and per capita income (standard of living).
Over the years, the indicators that have been utilized to capture these three
basic capabilities have undergone changes, reflecting the ever changing and
evolving nature of the human development approach. The education
dimension for instance has seen a move from indicators such as the literacy
rate and combined gross enrolment ratios to mean years of schooling and
expected years of schooling in the year 2010.
A recent study by Mukherjee, Chakraborty and Sikdar (NIPFP, 2014)
estimates the HDI for the Indian states across three decades. The HDI for
Uttarakhand state, according to their estimates, has shown an improvement
from 0.247 in 2004-05, to 0.378 in 2009-10 and then to 0.426 in 2011-12.
The state ranking in HDI has also shown improvements and stands at 11 in
2011-12. Another study of HDIs of the Indian states by Suryanarayana and
Agrawal (2013) finds the HDI for Uttarakhand as 0.531 (rank 12). Here, the
HDI for Uttarakhand rank above the all India averages of 0.504.
Health
Life Expectancy at Birth- To capture the probability of leading a long and
healthy life for the populace, the life expectancy at birth is used as a measure
of the realized achievements in the health dimension. The life expectancy at
birth is taken as “the number of years a newborn infant could expect to live if
prevailing patterns of age-specific mortality rates at the time of birth were to
stay the same throughout the child’s life,” It is however, an indicator of very
long-term improvements in health status. The latest available SRS data
(2012-16) estimates the life expectancy at birth for Uttarakhand to be 71.5
years, which was higher that the All India figure of 68.5 years. Female in the
state show higher life expectancy at 74.8 years vis-à-vis male at 68.5 years.
The female and male life expectancy rate for Uttarakhand was also higher
than the all India figures of 70.2 and 67.4 years. In urban areas, life
expectancy was marginally higher (72.9 years) compared to rural areas (71
years), which was also higher than all India figures i.e. 67.4 years in rural
areas, and 72.2 in urban areas.The higher life expectancy rates in Uttarakhand
can be taken to reflect the functioning of health facilities in the state as life
expectancy at birth in turn depends on age-specific mortality patterns. In the
state, low rates of infant, child and adult mortality could be perpetuating high
rates of life expectancy. According to SRS data (2012-16), the infant, child
and adult mortality rates of the state were lower than all India including male
and female.
Table 32.1: Uttarakhand: District-wise Life Expectancy at Birth, 2017
Rank Name of the district Life expectancy (years)
1 Pithoragarh 72.1
2 Almora 71.9
3 Rudraprayag 71.7
4 Chamoli 71.5
5 Nainital 71.0
6 Bageshwar 71.0
7 Champawat 70.7
8 U S Nagar 70.6
9 Dehradun 70.5
10 Pauri Garhwal 70.2
11 Uttarkashi 70.2
12 Tehri Garhwal 68.7
13 Haridwar 67.7
Page 4


Human Development In Uttarakhand
The concept of human development, which lays prime importance on people,
along with expanding their opportunities and choices, was introduced in the
first Human Development Report (1990) published by the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP). An effort is made here to quantify human
capabilities by preparing a composite index which captures both economic
and social development at the district level for Uttarakhand.
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite measure of three
basic human capabilities that relate to health, education and the standard of
living. It is a composite statistic that encompasses life expectancy (health),
years of education (education) and per capita income (standard of living).
Over the years, the indicators that have been utilized to capture these three
basic capabilities have undergone changes, reflecting the ever changing and
evolving nature of the human development approach. The education
dimension for instance has seen a move from indicators such as the literacy
rate and combined gross enrolment ratios to mean years of schooling and
expected years of schooling in the year 2010.
A recent study by Mukherjee, Chakraborty and Sikdar (NIPFP, 2014)
estimates the HDI for the Indian states across three decades. The HDI for
Uttarakhand state, according to their estimates, has shown an improvement
from 0.247 in 2004-05, to 0.378 in 2009-10 and then to 0.426 in 2011-12.
The state ranking in HDI has also shown improvements and stands at 11 in
2011-12. Another study of HDIs of the Indian states by Suryanarayana and
Agrawal (2013) finds the HDI for Uttarakhand as 0.531 (rank 12). Here, the
HDI for Uttarakhand rank above the all India averages of 0.504.
Health
Life Expectancy at Birth- To capture the probability of leading a long and
healthy life for the populace, the life expectancy at birth is used as a measure
of the realized achievements in the health dimension. The life expectancy at
birth is taken as “the number of years a newborn infant could expect to live if
prevailing patterns of age-specific mortality rates at the time of birth were to
stay the same throughout the child’s life,” It is however, an indicator of very
long-term improvements in health status. The latest available SRS data
(2012-16) estimates the life expectancy at birth for Uttarakhand to be 71.5
years, which was higher that the All India figure of 68.5 years. Female in the
state show higher life expectancy at 74.8 years vis-à-vis male at 68.5 years.
The female and male life expectancy rate for Uttarakhand was also higher
than the all India figures of 70.2 and 67.4 years. In urban areas, life
expectancy was marginally higher (72.9 years) compared to rural areas (71
years), which was also higher than all India figures i.e. 67.4 years in rural
areas, and 72.2 in urban areas.The higher life expectancy rates in Uttarakhand
can be taken to reflect the functioning of health facilities in the state as life
expectancy at birth in turn depends on age-specific mortality patterns. In the
state, low rates of infant, child and adult mortality could be perpetuating high
rates of life expectancy. According to SRS data (2012-16), the infant, child
and adult mortality rates of the state were lower than all India including male
and female.
Table 32.1: Uttarakhand: District-wise Life Expectancy at Birth, 2017
Rank Name of the district Life expectancy (years)
1 Pithoragarh 72.1
2 Almora 71.9
3 Rudraprayag 71.7
4 Chamoli 71.5
5 Nainital 71.0
6 Bageshwar 71.0
7 Champawat 70.7
8 U S Nagar 70.6
9 Dehradun 70.5
10 Pauri Garhwal 70.2
11 Uttarkashi 70.2
12 Tehri Garhwal 68.7
13 Haridwar 67.7
The mean years of schooling estimated at 7.5 years for Uttarakhand. Inter-
district variations reveal that the mean years of schooling ranges from 6.3
years in Champawat to 8.6 years in Dehradun. Uttarkashi, Pithoragarh,
Bageshwar, Nainital, PauriGarhwal and Dehradun are districts with mean
years of schooling higher than the state average while Champawat, Hardwar,
US Nagar, Almora, Rudraprayag, Tehri Garhwal and Chamoli are districts
with mean years of schooling lesser than the state average.
Expected Years of Schooling- The second indicator of educational
achievements in the HDI is the expected years of schooling (EYS),the
estimates of which are based on enrolments by age at all the levels of
education and the number of school going age children in the population, for
each level of education. Thus, the EYS is a measure of the number of years of
schooling a child at the start of his or her education is expected to receive if
the current rate of enrolments is maintained throughout the child’s life. The
advantages of using this indicator are that it represents a measure which takes
into account both the stock and flow dimensions of the schooling system. It
captures knowledge accumulation under the formal school system such that a
higher value of the EYS is taken to reflect higher accumulated
knowledge.The estimates for the expected years of schooling reveal that in
Uttarakhand, given the existing enrolment patterns, on an average a child can
be expected to complete at least the secondary level of schooling once he or
she starts going to school (EYS = 11.2 years). Only the three districts of
Nainital, U S Nagar and Haridwar show expected years of schooling less than
the secondary level pointing towards the need to research reasons for the
same as well as the implementation of commensurate policy measures to
enhance the same. Pithoragarh district has the maximum expected years of
schooling of around 13 years. A marginal rural-urban and male-female bias
exists for this indicator, although in an unexpected direction. Surprisingly, the
EYS in rural areas (11.3 years) is marginally higher than that for urban areas
(11.1 years).
Table 32.3: Expected Years of Schooling
Rank District EYS
1 Pithoragarh 12.5
2 Chamoli 12.3
Page 5


Human Development In Uttarakhand
The concept of human development, which lays prime importance on people,
along with expanding their opportunities and choices, was introduced in the
first Human Development Report (1990) published by the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP). An effort is made here to quantify human
capabilities by preparing a composite index which captures both economic
and social development at the district level for Uttarakhand.
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite measure of three
basic human capabilities that relate to health, education and the standard of
living. It is a composite statistic that encompasses life expectancy (health),
years of education (education) and per capita income (standard of living).
Over the years, the indicators that have been utilized to capture these three
basic capabilities have undergone changes, reflecting the ever changing and
evolving nature of the human development approach. The education
dimension for instance has seen a move from indicators such as the literacy
rate and combined gross enrolment ratios to mean years of schooling and
expected years of schooling in the year 2010.
A recent study by Mukherjee, Chakraborty and Sikdar (NIPFP, 2014)
estimates the HDI for the Indian states across three decades. The HDI for
Uttarakhand state, according to their estimates, has shown an improvement
from 0.247 in 2004-05, to 0.378 in 2009-10 and then to 0.426 in 2011-12.
The state ranking in HDI has also shown improvements and stands at 11 in
2011-12. Another study of HDIs of the Indian states by Suryanarayana and
Agrawal (2013) finds the HDI for Uttarakhand as 0.531 (rank 12). Here, the
HDI for Uttarakhand rank above the all India averages of 0.504.
Health
Life Expectancy at Birth- To capture the probability of leading a long and
healthy life for the populace, the life expectancy at birth is used as a measure
of the realized achievements in the health dimension. The life expectancy at
birth is taken as “the number of years a newborn infant could expect to live if
prevailing patterns of age-specific mortality rates at the time of birth were to
stay the same throughout the child’s life,” It is however, an indicator of very
long-term improvements in health status. The latest available SRS data
(2012-16) estimates the life expectancy at birth for Uttarakhand to be 71.5
years, which was higher that the All India figure of 68.5 years. Female in the
state show higher life expectancy at 74.8 years vis-à-vis male at 68.5 years.
The female and male life expectancy rate for Uttarakhand was also higher
than the all India figures of 70.2 and 67.4 years. In urban areas, life
expectancy was marginally higher (72.9 years) compared to rural areas (71
years), which was also higher than all India figures i.e. 67.4 years in rural
areas, and 72.2 in urban areas.The higher life expectancy rates in Uttarakhand
can be taken to reflect the functioning of health facilities in the state as life
expectancy at birth in turn depends on age-specific mortality patterns. In the
state, low rates of infant, child and adult mortality could be perpetuating high
rates of life expectancy. According to SRS data (2012-16), the infant, child
and adult mortality rates of the state were lower than all India including male
and female.
Table 32.1: Uttarakhand: District-wise Life Expectancy at Birth, 2017
Rank Name of the district Life expectancy (years)
1 Pithoragarh 72.1
2 Almora 71.9
3 Rudraprayag 71.7
4 Chamoli 71.5
5 Nainital 71.0
6 Bageshwar 71.0
7 Champawat 70.7
8 U S Nagar 70.6
9 Dehradun 70.5
10 Pauri Garhwal 70.2
11 Uttarkashi 70.2
12 Tehri Garhwal 68.7
13 Haridwar 67.7
The mean years of schooling estimated at 7.5 years for Uttarakhand. Inter-
district variations reveal that the mean years of schooling ranges from 6.3
years in Champawat to 8.6 years in Dehradun. Uttarkashi, Pithoragarh,
Bageshwar, Nainital, PauriGarhwal and Dehradun are districts with mean
years of schooling higher than the state average while Champawat, Hardwar,
US Nagar, Almora, Rudraprayag, Tehri Garhwal and Chamoli are districts
with mean years of schooling lesser than the state average.
Expected Years of Schooling- The second indicator of educational
achievements in the HDI is the expected years of schooling (EYS),the
estimates of which are based on enrolments by age at all the levels of
education and the number of school going age children in the population, for
each level of education. Thus, the EYS is a measure of the number of years of
schooling a child at the start of his or her education is expected to receive if
the current rate of enrolments is maintained throughout the child’s life. The
advantages of using this indicator are that it represents a measure which takes
into account both the stock and flow dimensions of the schooling system. It
captures knowledge accumulation under the formal school system such that a
higher value of the EYS is taken to reflect higher accumulated
knowledge.The estimates for the expected years of schooling reveal that in
Uttarakhand, given the existing enrolment patterns, on an average a child can
be expected to complete at least the secondary level of schooling once he or
she starts going to school (EYS = 11.2 years). Only the three districts of
Nainital, U S Nagar and Haridwar show expected years of schooling less than
the secondary level pointing towards the need to research reasons for the
same as well as the implementation of commensurate policy measures to
enhance the same. Pithoragarh district has the maximum expected years of
schooling of around 13 years. A marginal rural-urban and male-female bias
exists for this indicator, although in an unexpected direction. Surprisingly, the
EYS in rural areas (11.3 years) is marginally higher than that for urban areas
(11.1 years).
Table 32.3: Expected Years of Schooling
Rank District EYS
1 Pithoragarh 12.5
2 Chamoli 12.3
3 Almora 12.2
4 Rudraprayag 12.1
5 Bageshwar 12.0
6 Pauri Garhwal 12.0
7 Dehradun 11.8
8 Tehri Garhwal 11.8
9 Champawat 11.6
10 Uttarkashi 11.6
11 Nainital 10.9
12 U S Nagar 10.4
13 Haridwar 10.2
Standard of Living
District Income Per Capita- The standard of living component of the
Human Development Index is usually measured using an income based
indicator. The ideology behind using an income based indicator has been that
the indicator needed to capture and reflect the command over resources
needed for a decent standard of living. This required data on access to land,
credit, income and other sources. Lack of reliable and easily available data
for such measures of income led to the use of GDP per capita as the income
dimension for HDI calculations. Subsequently, the Gross National Income
(GNI) per capita was adopted (UNDP 2010) as the income measure and it
was adjusted by the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), allowing for cross
country comparisons.
As per the advance estimates from the Department of Economics and
Statistics 2017-18, the estimated average per capita NDDP in Uttarakhand
was Rs.157.4 thousand in 2017-18. Across the state, the plains districts of
Haridwar, Dehradun and US Nagar reported a higher per capita NDDP
compared to the state average. Haridwar had the highest per capita NDDP at
Rs. 254 thousands and Rudraprayag reported the lowest per capita NDDP in
the state at Rs. 83.5 thousand. The difference essentially lies due to better
livelihood opportunities in the plain districts.