Page 1
LEGENDS AND PERCEPTIONS
Parasurama Legend.
A critical examination of the Parasurama legend relating to the origin of
Kerala would also help us to understand some of the basic facts relating to the
geography of ancient Kerala.According to this legend the land of Kerala was a gift
of the Arabian Sea to Parasurama, one of the ten Avatars or incarnations of Lord
Vishnu.Legend has it that Parasurama threw his parasu or axe across the sea
from Gokarnam to Kanyakumari (or from Kanyakumari to Gokarnam according
to another version) and water receded up to the spot where it fell. The tract of
territory so thrown up is said to have constituted the land of Kerala, otherwise
called Bhargavakshetram or Parasuramakshetram.It should be stated that there
is very little historical or factual basis for the Parasurama tradition, Parasurama
himself being considered a mythological hero.The legend seems to have been
concocted at a certain stage by interested parties with a view to popularizing the
theory of Brahmin predominance.There are references to the legend of
Parasuram’s creation of Kerala from the sea in Kalidasa’s Raghuvamsa and in
the Tiruvalangadu plates of the reign of Rajendra Chola (10121044).It was
handed down from generation to generation and finally enshrined in the
Keralolpathi, the Malayalam work of doubtful historical value compiled some
time in the 18
th
or 19
th
century.
Whatever be its historical authenticity, the Parasurama legend embodies
some geographical and geological facts pertaining to ancient Kerala.Though
geography is, as K.M. Panikkar has observed, “the most permanent and
invariable factor of history”, it is an accepted fact that the geographical features
of a country do not themselves remain stationary in all ages.The consensus of
opinion among scholars is that a substantial portion of Kerala must have been
79
Page 2
LEGENDS AND PERCEPTIONS
Parasurama Legend.
A critical examination of the Parasurama legend relating to the origin of
Kerala would also help us to understand some of the basic facts relating to the
geography of ancient Kerala.According to this legend the land of Kerala was a gift
of the Arabian Sea to Parasurama, one of the ten Avatars or incarnations of Lord
Vishnu.Legend has it that Parasurama threw his parasu or axe across the sea
from Gokarnam to Kanyakumari (or from Kanyakumari to Gokarnam according
to another version) and water receded up to the spot where it fell. The tract of
territory so thrown up is said to have constituted the land of Kerala, otherwise
called Bhargavakshetram or Parasuramakshetram.It should be stated that there
is very little historical or factual basis for the Parasurama tradition, Parasurama
himself being considered a mythological hero.The legend seems to have been
concocted at a certain stage by interested parties with a view to popularizing the
theory of Brahmin predominance.There are references to the legend of
Parasuram’s creation of Kerala from the sea in Kalidasa’s Raghuvamsa and in
the Tiruvalangadu plates of the reign of Rajendra Chola (10121044).It was
handed down from generation to generation and finally enshrined in the
Keralolpathi, the Malayalam work of doubtful historical value compiled some
time in the 18
th
or 19
th
century.
Whatever be its historical authenticity, the Parasurama legend embodies
some geographical and geological facts pertaining to ancient Kerala.Though
geography is, as K.M. Panikkar has observed, “the most permanent and
invariable factor of history”, it is an accepted fact that the geographical features
of a country do not themselves remain stationary in all ages.The consensus of
opinion among scholars is that a substantial portion of Kerala must have been
79
under water in ancient days, the Arabian Sea itself having extended right up to
the foot of the Western Ghats.The coastal belt of the Alleppey district is believed
to have been submerged under water in the ancient past or at least it might have
constituted an extensive swamp interspersed with sand banks and mud banks
here and there.The existence of marine fossils including coral reefs at Vazhapalli
near Changanacherry is cited as positive evidence in support of the contention
that the tract in question might have been at one time under the sea.The land
might have been thrown up from the sea as a result of the operation of volcanic
or seismological factors.Geologists point out that the numerous rivers which
take their source from the Western Ghats might have also brought down in their
course large quantities of silt and mud while ocean currents might have
deposited immense quantities of sand on the shore.A vast stretch of land area
might have thus come into existence by the steady accumulation of silt and
sand. Perhaps, the Parasurama legend regarding the creation of Kerala from out
of the sea highlights this geographical truth.
Origin of the name of the State
There are many theories regarding the origin of thenames Kerala and
Malabar and most of them to a very great extent, shrouded in the mists of
tradition.Revenue. Fr. Heras reads in a Mohenjodaro pictograph Karmukil
Malayalam adu (Malabar of the rain clouds).If the inference is taken as correct, it
si obvious that Kerala as a geographical unit must have existed as early as B.C.
2500.On the basis of the microliths discovered at Calicut and Cochin, it is
claimed that Kerala had become the abode of man in about B.C. 400. Kerala
was known to the Greeks and Romans and is mentioned in the inscription of
Asoka: in Kautilya’s Arthasastra, in the great epics of Ramayana and
Mahabharatha and in the works of Kalidasa.The earliest epigraphic record that
mentions Kerala is Asoka’s Rock Edict II of B.C. 257. In it the name of the
country is called Keralaputa.This name corresponds to Pliny’s Celobotras and
Ptolemy’s Kerobotros.P.T. Srinivasa Iyengar tried to correlate Kerala with the
cherapadh of the Taittiriya Arayanka and the Seri of the Buddhist
Jatakas.Likewise V.R, Ramachandra Dikshitar attempted to connect it with
80
Page 3
LEGENDS AND PERCEPTIONS
Parasurama Legend.
A critical examination of the Parasurama legend relating to the origin of
Kerala would also help us to understand some of the basic facts relating to the
geography of ancient Kerala.According to this legend the land of Kerala was a gift
of the Arabian Sea to Parasurama, one of the ten Avatars or incarnations of Lord
Vishnu.Legend has it that Parasurama threw his parasu or axe across the sea
from Gokarnam to Kanyakumari (or from Kanyakumari to Gokarnam according
to another version) and water receded up to the spot where it fell. The tract of
territory so thrown up is said to have constituted the land of Kerala, otherwise
called Bhargavakshetram or Parasuramakshetram.It should be stated that there
is very little historical or factual basis for the Parasurama tradition, Parasurama
himself being considered a mythological hero.The legend seems to have been
concocted at a certain stage by interested parties with a view to popularizing the
theory of Brahmin predominance.There are references to the legend of
Parasuram’s creation of Kerala from the sea in Kalidasa’s Raghuvamsa and in
the Tiruvalangadu plates of the reign of Rajendra Chola (10121044).It was
handed down from generation to generation and finally enshrined in the
Keralolpathi, the Malayalam work of doubtful historical value compiled some
time in the 18
th
or 19
th
century.
Whatever be its historical authenticity, the Parasurama legend embodies
some geographical and geological facts pertaining to ancient Kerala.Though
geography is, as K.M. Panikkar has observed, “the most permanent and
invariable factor of history”, it is an accepted fact that the geographical features
of a country do not themselves remain stationary in all ages.The consensus of
opinion among scholars is that a substantial portion of Kerala must have been
79
under water in ancient days, the Arabian Sea itself having extended right up to
the foot of the Western Ghats.The coastal belt of the Alleppey district is believed
to have been submerged under water in the ancient past or at least it might have
constituted an extensive swamp interspersed with sand banks and mud banks
here and there.The existence of marine fossils including coral reefs at Vazhapalli
near Changanacherry is cited as positive evidence in support of the contention
that the tract in question might have been at one time under the sea.The land
might have been thrown up from the sea as a result of the operation of volcanic
or seismological factors.Geologists point out that the numerous rivers which
take their source from the Western Ghats might have also brought down in their
course large quantities of silt and mud while ocean currents might have
deposited immense quantities of sand on the shore.A vast stretch of land area
might have thus come into existence by the steady accumulation of silt and
sand. Perhaps, the Parasurama legend regarding the creation of Kerala from out
of the sea highlights this geographical truth.
Origin of the name of the State
There are many theories regarding the origin of thenames Kerala and
Malabar and most of them to a very great extent, shrouded in the mists of
tradition.Revenue. Fr. Heras reads in a Mohenjodaro pictograph Karmukil
Malayalam adu (Malabar of the rain clouds).If the inference is taken as correct, it
si obvious that Kerala as a geographical unit must have existed as early as B.C.
2500.On the basis of the microliths discovered at Calicut and Cochin, it is
claimed that Kerala had become the abode of man in about B.C. 400. Kerala
was known to the Greeks and Romans and is mentioned in the inscription of
Asoka: in Kautilya’s Arthasastra, in the great epics of Ramayana and
Mahabharatha and in the works of Kalidasa.The earliest epigraphic record that
mentions Kerala is Asoka’s Rock Edict II of B.C. 257. In it the name of the
country is called Keralaputa.This name corresponds to Pliny’s Celobotras and
Ptolemy’s Kerobotros.P.T. Srinivasa Iyengar tried to correlate Kerala with the
cherapadh of the Taittiriya Arayanka and the Seri of the Buddhist
Jatakas.Likewise V.R, Ramachandra Dikshitar attempted to connect it with
80
Charia in Asia Minor.According to the Sanskrit work Harivamsa it is claimed to
be named after one of the four sons of Akrida, the other being Pandya, Kola and
Chola.The description of Kerala by Kalidasa as Dooran Muktanudanuan (long
extending liberation from the sea or in other words a gift of the sea) of course
refers to the wellknown Parasurama tradition.This tradition like other legends of
Indian mythology is centred round the story of a celebrated conqueror by name
Parasurama but it is scarcely possible through the mist a fable even to
conjecture anything respecting the real existence of the pergonage or events
connected with him.The Grecian Iliad and Odyssey are in comparison with our
legends and authentic chronicles. Antiquarian research is only now beginning to
find means of supplementing the deficiency caused by the absence of materials
constructed or collected by usual historic methods. The most ancient facts about
Kerala, like the rest of South India, are remarkable.Geology and natural history
make it certain that at a time within the bounds of human knowledge this part
of our motherland did not form part of Asia.The Sanskrit Puranic writers, the Sri
Lanka Buddhist literature and the local traditions of the West Coast, all indicate
in different manners a great disturbance of the point of the Peninsula and Sri
Lanka within recent times. The geological and geographical features of both
South India and Sri Lanka are similar in several respects on the basis of which
Wilhelm Geiger rightly concludes that, in times gone by Sri Lanka was an out
stretched region of the Dekkan plateau.He says: “Ceylong is essentially a part of
the Dekkan, the vast plateau of South India and consists geologically of a solid
mass of precambrian crystalline rock, chiefly Biotilegneiss with hands of white
crystalline limestone”.The similarity of flora and fauna with those of South India
also points to the fact that the two were originally parts of the same land mass.
The English theologians assign this Noachian deluge to 2348 B.C. and the Sri
Lanka Buddhists to the latest submergence in the region of Sri Lanka to B.C.
2387.This evidently lends support to the parasurama tradition, which is
couched under the garb of diving grandeur.According to the popular parasurama
legend, the land crust that forms Kerala was raised from the depths of the ocean
as a result of the severe penance by Parasurama, the Brahmin Avatar of Vishnu
for his revengeful wars and destructive campaign against the Kshatriyas.The
81
Page 4
LEGENDS AND PERCEPTIONS
Parasurama Legend.
A critical examination of the Parasurama legend relating to the origin of
Kerala would also help us to understand some of the basic facts relating to the
geography of ancient Kerala.According to this legend the land of Kerala was a gift
of the Arabian Sea to Parasurama, one of the ten Avatars or incarnations of Lord
Vishnu.Legend has it that Parasurama threw his parasu or axe across the sea
from Gokarnam to Kanyakumari (or from Kanyakumari to Gokarnam according
to another version) and water receded up to the spot where it fell. The tract of
territory so thrown up is said to have constituted the land of Kerala, otherwise
called Bhargavakshetram or Parasuramakshetram.It should be stated that there
is very little historical or factual basis for the Parasurama tradition, Parasurama
himself being considered a mythological hero.The legend seems to have been
concocted at a certain stage by interested parties with a view to popularizing the
theory of Brahmin predominance.There are references to the legend of
Parasuram’s creation of Kerala from the sea in Kalidasa’s Raghuvamsa and in
the Tiruvalangadu plates of the reign of Rajendra Chola (10121044).It was
handed down from generation to generation and finally enshrined in the
Keralolpathi, the Malayalam work of doubtful historical value compiled some
time in the 18
th
or 19
th
century.
Whatever be its historical authenticity, the Parasurama legend embodies
some geographical and geological facts pertaining to ancient Kerala.Though
geography is, as K.M. Panikkar has observed, “the most permanent and
invariable factor of history”, it is an accepted fact that the geographical features
of a country do not themselves remain stationary in all ages.The consensus of
opinion among scholars is that a substantial portion of Kerala must have been
79
under water in ancient days, the Arabian Sea itself having extended right up to
the foot of the Western Ghats.The coastal belt of the Alleppey district is believed
to have been submerged under water in the ancient past or at least it might have
constituted an extensive swamp interspersed with sand banks and mud banks
here and there.The existence of marine fossils including coral reefs at Vazhapalli
near Changanacherry is cited as positive evidence in support of the contention
that the tract in question might have been at one time under the sea.The land
might have been thrown up from the sea as a result of the operation of volcanic
or seismological factors.Geologists point out that the numerous rivers which
take their source from the Western Ghats might have also brought down in their
course large quantities of silt and mud while ocean currents might have
deposited immense quantities of sand on the shore.A vast stretch of land area
might have thus come into existence by the steady accumulation of silt and
sand. Perhaps, the Parasurama legend regarding the creation of Kerala from out
of the sea highlights this geographical truth.
Origin of the name of the State
There are many theories regarding the origin of thenames Kerala and
Malabar and most of them to a very great extent, shrouded in the mists of
tradition.Revenue. Fr. Heras reads in a Mohenjodaro pictograph Karmukil
Malayalam adu (Malabar of the rain clouds).If the inference is taken as correct, it
si obvious that Kerala as a geographical unit must have existed as early as B.C.
2500.On the basis of the microliths discovered at Calicut and Cochin, it is
claimed that Kerala had become the abode of man in about B.C. 400. Kerala
was known to the Greeks and Romans and is mentioned in the inscription of
Asoka: in Kautilya’s Arthasastra, in the great epics of Ramayana and
Mahabharatha and in the works of Kalidasa.The earliest epigraphic record that
mentions Kerala is Asoka’s Rock Edict II of B.C. 257. In it the name of the
country is called Keralaputa.This name corresponds to Pliny’s Celobotras and
Ptolemy’s Kerobotros.P.T. Srinivasa Iyengar tried to correlate Kerala with the
cherapadh of the Taittiriya Arayanka and the Seri of the Buddhist
Jatakas.Likewise V.R, Ramachandra Dikshitar attempted to connect it with
80
Charia in Asia Minor.According to the Sanskrit work Harivamsa it is claimed to
be named after one of the four sons of Akrida, the other being Pandya, Kola and
Chola.The description of Kerala by Kalidasa as Dooran Muktanudanuan (long
extending liberation from the sea or in other words a gift of the sea) of course
refers to the wellknown Parasurama tradition.This tradition like other legends of
Indian mythology is centred round the story of a celebrated conqueror by name
Parasurama but it is scarcely possible through the mist a fable even to
conjecture anything respecting the real existence of the pergonage or events
connected with him.The Grecian Iliad and Odyssey are in comparison with our
legends and authentic chronicles. Antiquarian research is only now beginning to
find means of supplementing the deficiency caused by the absence of materials
constructed or collected by usual historic methods. The most ancient facts about
Kerala, like the rest of South India, are remarkable.Geology and natural history
make it certain that at a time within the bounds of human knowledge this part
of our motherland did not form part of Asia.The Sanskrit Puranic writers, the Sri
Lanka Buddhist literature and the local traditions of the West Coast, all indicate
in different manners a great disturbance of the point of the Peninsula and Sri
Lanka within recent times. The geological and geographical features of both
South India and Sri Lanka are similar in several respects on the basis of which
Wilhelm Geiger rightly concludes that, in times gone by Sri Lanka was an out
stretched region of the Dekkan plateau.He says: “Ceylong is essentially a part of
the Dekkan, the vast plateau of South India and consists geologically of a solid
mass of precambrian crystalline rock, chiefly Biotilegneiss with hands of white
crystalline limestone”.The similarity of flora and fauna with those of South India
also points to the fact that the two were originally parts of the same land mass.
The English theologians assign this Noachian deluge to 2348 B.C. and the Sri
Lanka Buddhists to the latest submergence in the region of Sri Lanka to B.C.
2387.This evidently lends support to the parasurama tradition, which is
couched under the garb of diving grandeur.According to the popular parasurama
legend, the land crust that forms Kerala was raised from the depths of the ocean
as a result of the severe penance by Parasurama, the Brahmin Avatar of Vishnu
for his revengeful wars and destructive campaign against the Kshatriyas.The
81
turbulent God Parasurama flung his battleaxe far out into the heaving sea and
waters extending from Gokarnam to Kanyakumari receded and the land of
Kerala emerged into sun and air. Whatever might be the historical basis of this
tradition it is generally believed that these points to the seismological factors
that led to the emergence of the land? There is certainly some scientific evidence
regarding the aqueous origin of our land. Some geologists contend that in a
former geological period there was a vast fresh water lake of which the eastern
shore roughly represented the present coastline of Kerala. But this contention is
refuted on the ground that if it was a freshwater lake it could not have had any
connection with the sea. According to the majority opinion the fact is that the
parasurama legend referred to the period when Kerala had attained stability
after some seismic catastrophy.It is also contended that the silting up process
was slow and lasted for centuries. According to I.C. Chacko the state of things
indicated by the Parasurama legend came into being at least 2000 years before
Christ. The Western Ghats, which form the eastern border of the State, showed
definite evidence of a geological cataclysm in the gaping discontinuity of the
Palghat gap which is about 30 kms. broad. Here the mountains appear thrown
boack and heaped up as it some overwhelming deluge had burst through
sweeping them to left and right. On either side there are the towering Nilgiris
and the Anamalais over topping the chain of Ghats by several thousand
metres.The coastal belt of Alleppey district is like a sandy seashore which has
been extended inland.Marine fossils including coral reefs have been uneqrthed
near Vazhappally in Changanacherry.Geologists therefore feel that the Arabian
sea must have once extended right upto the foot of the Western Ghats.A
cataclysm could have resulted in the sea receding and the submerged bed
emerging to the surface.The numerous rivers which take their source in the
Western Ghats could have subsequently brought down much quantities of silt
and mud and deposited them on the newly formed coastal region. A section of
the geologists are of the view that subterranean passages link the sea with the
rivers and backwaters inland, the accumulating silt in them finds its way into
the littoral currents and thereby leads to form mud banks. Mud banks occur
along with the sea board from the Kotta River to Cape Comorin the most
82
Page 5
LEGENDS AND PERCEPTIONS
Parasurama Legend.
A critical examination of the Parasurama legend relating to the origin of
Kerala would also help us to understand some of the basic facts relating to the
geography of ancient Kerala.According to this legend the land of Kerala was a gift
of the Arabian Sea to Parasurama, one of the ten Avatars or incarnations of Lord
Vishnu.Legend has it that Parasurama threw his parasu or axe across the sea
from Gokarnam to Kanyakumari (or from Kanyakumari to Gokarnam according
to another version) and water receded up to the spot where it fell. The tract of
territory so thrown up is said to have constituted the land of Kerala, otherwise
called Bhargavakshetram or Parasuramakshetram.It should be stated that there
is very little historical or factual basis for the Parasurama tradition, Parasurama
himself being considered a mythological hero.The legend seems to have been
concocted at a certain stage by interested parties with a view to popularizing the
theory of Brahmin predominance.There are references to the legend of
Parasuram’s creation of Kerala from the sea in Kalidasa’s Raghuvamsa and in
the Tiruvalangadu plates of the reign of Rajendra Chola (10121044).It was
handed down from generation to generation and finally enshrined in the
Keralolpathi, the Malayalam work of doubtful historical value compiled some
time in the 18
th
or 19
th
century.
Whatever be its historical authenticity, the Parasurama legend embodies
some geographical and geological facts pertaining to ancient Kerala.Though
geography is, as K.M. Panikkar has observed, “the most permanent and
invariable factor of history”, it is an accepted fact that the geographical features
of a country do not themselves remain stationary in all ages.The consensus of
opinion among scholars is that a substantial portion of Kerala must have been
79
under water in ancient days, the Arabian Sea itself having extended right up to
the foot of the Western Ghats.The coastal belt of the Alleppey district is believed
to have been submerged under water in the ancient past or at least it might have
constituted an extensive swamp interspersed with sand banks and mud banks
here and there.The existence of marine fossils including coral reefs at Vazhapalli
near Changanacherry is cited as positive evidence in support of the contention
that the tract in question might have been at one time under the sea.The land
might have been thrown up from the sea as a result of the operation of volcanic
or seismological factors.Geologists point out that the numerous rivers which
take their source from the Western Ghats might have also brought down in their
course large quantities of silt and mud while ocean currents might have
deposited immense quantities of sand on the shore.A vast stretch of land area
might have thus come into existence by the steady accumulation of silt and
sand. Perhaps, the Parasurama legend regarding the creation of Kerala from out
of the sea highlights this geographical truth.
Origin of the name of the State
There are many theories regarding the origin of thenames Kerala and
Malabar and most of them to a very great extent, shrouded in the mists of
tradition.Revenue. Fr. Heras reads in a Mohenjodaro pictograph Karmukil
Malayalam adu (Malabar of the rain clouds).If the inference is taken as correct, it
si obvious that Kerala as a geographical unit must have existed as early as B.C.
2500.On the basis of the microliths discovered at Calicut and Cochin, it is
claimed that Kerala had become the abode of man in about B.C. 400. Kerala
was known to the Greeks and Romans and is mentioned in the inscription of
Asoka: in Kautilya’s Arthasastra, in the great epics of Ramayana and
Mahabharatha and in the works of Kalidasa.The earliest epigraphic record that
mentions Kerala is Asoka’s Rock Edict II of B.C. 257. In it the name of the
country is called Keralaputa.This name corresponds to Pliny’s Celobotras and
Ptolemy’s Kerobotros.P.T. Srinivasa Iyengar tried to correlate Kerala with the
cherapadh of the Taittiriya Arayanka and the Seri of the Buddhist
Jatakas.Likewise V.R, Ramachandra Dikshitar attempted to connect it with
80
Charia in Asia Minor.According to the Sanskrit work Harivamsa it is claimed to
be named after one of the four sons of Akrida, the other being Pandya, Kola and
Chola.The description of Kerala by Kalidasa as Dooran Muktanudanuan (long
extending liberation from the sea or in other words a gift of the sea) of course
refers to the wellknown Parasurama tradition.This tradition like other legends of
Indian mythology is centred round the story of a celebrated conqueror by name
Parasurama but it is scarcely possible through the mist a fable even to
conjecture anything respecting the real existence of the pergonage or events
connected with him.The Grecian Iliad and Odyssey are in comparison with our
legends and authentic chronicles. Antiquarian research is only now beginning to
find means of supplementing the deficiency caused by the absence of materials
constructed or collected by usual historic methods. The most ancient facts about
Kerala, like the rest of South India, are remarkable.Geology and natural history
make it certain that at a time within the bounds of human knowledge this part
of our motherland did not form part of Asia.The Sanskrit Puranic writers, the Sri
Lanka Buddhist literature and the local traditions of the West Coast, all indicate
in different manners a great disturbance of the point of the Peninsula and Sri
Lanka within recent times. The geological and geographical features of both
South India and Sri Lanka are similar in several respects on the basis of which
Wilhelm Geiger rightly concludes that, in times gone by Sri Lanka was an out
stretched region of the Dekkan plateau.He says: “Ceylong is essentially a part of
the Dekkan, the vast plateau of South India and consists geologically of a solid
mass of precambrian crystalline rock, chiefly Biotilegneiss with hands of white
crystalline limestone”.The similarity of flora and fauna with those of South India
also points to the fact that the two were originally parts of the same land mass.
The English theologians assign this Noachian deluge to 2348 B.C. and the Sri
Lanka Buddhists to the latest submergence in the region of Sri Lanka to B.C.
2387.This evidently lends support to the parasurama tradition, which is
couched under the garb of diving grandeur.According to the popular parasurama
legend, the land crust that forms Kerala was raised from the depths of the ocean
as a result of the severe penance by Parasurama, the Brahmin Avatar of Vishnu
for his revengeful wars and destructive campaign against the Kshatriyas.The
81
turbulent God Parasurama flung his battleaxe far out into the heaving sea and
waters extending from Gokarnam to Kanyakumari receded and the land of
Kerala emerged into sun and air. Whatever might be the historical basis of this
tradition it is generally believed that these points to the seismological factors
that led to the emergence of the land? There is certainly some scientific evidence
regarding the aqueous origin of our land. Some geologists contend that in a
former geological period there was a vast fresh water lake of which the eastern
shore roughly represented the present coastline of Kerala. But this contention is
refuted on the ground that if it was a freshwater lake it could not have had any
connection with the sea. According to the majority opinion the fact is that the
parasurama legend referred to the period when Kerala had attained stability
after some seismic catastrophy.It is also contended that the silting up process
was slow and lasted for centuries. According to I.C. Chacko the state of things
indicated by the Parasurama legend came into being at least 2000 years before
Christ. The Western Ghats, which form the eastern border of the State, showed
definite evidence of a geological cataclysm in the gaping discontinuity of the
Palghat gap which is about 30 kms. broad. Here the mountains appear thrown
boack and heaped up as it some overwhelming deluge had burst through
sweeping them to left and right. On either side there are the towering Nilgiris
and the Anamalais over topping the chain of Ghats by several thousand
metres.The coastal belt of Alleppey district is like a sandy seashore which has
been extended inland.Marine fossils including coral reefs have been uneqrthed
near Vazhappally in Changanacherry.Geologists therefore feel that the Arabian
sea must have once extended right upto the foot of the Western Ghats.A
cataclysm could have resulted in the sea receding and the submerged bed
emerging to the surface.The numerous rivers which take their source in the
Western Ghats could have subsequently brought down much quantities of silt
and mud and deposited them on the newly formed coastal region. A section of
the geologists are of the view that subterranean passages link the sea with the
rivers and backwaters inland, the accumulating silt in them finds its way into
the littoral currents and thereby leads to form mud banks. Mud banks occur
along with the sea board from the Kotta River to Cape Comorin the most
82
remarkable being those of Panthalayani Kollam, Calicut and Alleppey.These
banks have been known to mariners from very ancient times as smooth and safe
anchorages, even when the sea is rough. However Kerala is a littoral State with
its 44 rivers seeking their source from the Sahyadri and flowing westward to find
their fusion with the Arabian Sea.Kerala represents a riparian civilization unique
and unparalleled anywhere else in India.
Among the many explanations offered for the name of the land, the most
probable is the one, which refers to the above origin.The simple fact that the
name Kerala is found in the Ramayana or Mahabharatha or in several of the
Puranas such as the Vayu, Malsya, Markandeya, Skanda, Padma and so on and
in the works of Kalidasa, Rajsekhara and other Sanskrit poets cannot make it
certain that the word is of Sanskrit origin.Cheralam and Cheram are other
names used with references to Kerala. Dr. Caldwell thinks that “probably Kerala
was the earliest form of the word, Kerala a Sanskrit derivative. One meaning of
the word Kera is coconut palm. But Caldwell says “It must be only a secondary
meaning, the name of the country itself being probably the origin of this name of
its most characteristics tree”.Some scholars derive the name of Kerala from the
word Kera (Coconut).It is one of the characteristic products of the West
Coast.But Dr.Gundert observes that the word Keram is the Canarese form of
Cheram and he describes Keralam as Cheram – the country between Gokarnam
and Kumari.The interpretation that Kerala means the land of Kera or coconut
palm is not tenable from the philological and historical points of view.The origin
of the term may probably be from the root Cher which means to join.It seems to
be the most appropriate interpretation because it points to the geological fact
that the region was under submersion at a remote period of history and
afterwards when the ocean drew back it was joined to the Southern peninsula
which is embodied in the Parasurama tradition.This meaning is clear in the
compound word Cheralam in which Alam means region or land.Cher also means
added and to give the meaning the land which was added by the recession of the
sea.
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