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ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES
       Archaeological   sources   constitute   the   main   source   materials   for   the
reconstruction   of   the   ancient   period   in   Kerala   History.The   relics   of   tools,
weapons, burial sites, monuments, buildings, arts and crafts, coins etc. are
studied by the archaeologists for the reconstruction of the ancient history.  The
archaeological   excavations   are  widely   carried   on   in  different  parts   of   India,
especially in the post­independence period; but they are very limited in the case
of Kerala. The historical relics excavated from Kerala show a change in their
nature with that of the common pattern seen in other parts of the country, to a
certain extent.Though it took more time for the common cultural trend of the
other parts of India to reach Kerala because of its geographical peculiarities,
Kerala accepted them in due course and made it as a part of its life­style.The
influence of the Sanskrit language on Malayalam when compared with that of
other south Indian languages can be considered as an example for this.
      Archaeological excavations have brought out the relics of both Pre­historic
and Historic periods.The remains are mainly related with the Megalithic Age.So
the history of Kerala starts with the Megalithic culture.Megalithic remains have
been received from different parts of Kerala.The peculiarity of the Megalithic
culture is the big stones related with the burial sites.Therefore some historians
call this period of culture as Burial Culture.In the ancient times dead bodies
were   buried   at   specific   places   along   with   food   items,   tools,   ornaments
etc.Megalithic remains are found all over south India and Kerala is an extension
of this. The common megalithic remains found in south India like, Dolmens,
Cists;   Urn   burials,   Menhirs   etc.   are   found   in   Kerala   also.But   Hat   stones,
Umbrella stones, and Rock­cut caves connected with the megalithic culture are
found in Kerala only. Vertically fixed big stones are mainly seen in Kerala.Big
stones kept like that of an embrella and hats called as stone tables are also seen
in different parts of Kerala.Archaeological survey and excavations were started in
Kerala by Ward and Conor during 1819 and 1820 followed by Babington in
1823.The excavations conducted at Wayanad by Faucett in 1896 advanced the
132
Search	For	Primary	Sources
Page 2


ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES
       Archaeological   sources   constitute   the   main   source   materials   for   the
reconstruction   of   the   ancient   period   in   Kerala   History.The   relics   of   tools,
weapons, burial sites, monuments, buildings, arts and crafts, coins etc. are
studied by the archaeologists for the reconstruction of the ancient history.  The
archaeological   excavations   are  widely   carried   on   in  different  parts   of   India,
especially in the post­independence period; but they are very limited in the case
of Kerala. The historical relics excavated from Kerala show a change in their
nature with that of the common pattern seen in other parts of the country, to a
certain extent.Though it took more time for the common cultural trend of the
other parts of India to reach Kerala because of its geographical peculiarities,
Kerala accepted them in due course and made it as a part of its life­style.The
influence of the Sanskrit language on Malayalam when compared with that of
other south Indian languages can be considered as an example for this.
      Archaeological excavations have brought out the relics of both Pre­historic
and Historic periods.The remains are mainly related with the Megalithic Age.So
the history of Kerala starts with the Megalithic culture.Megalithic remains have
been received from different parts of Kerala.The peculiarity of the Megalithic
culture is the big stones related with the burial sites.Therefore some historians
call this period of culture as Burial Culture.In the ancient times dead bodies
were   buried   at   specific   places   along   with   food   items,   tools,   ornaments
etc.Megalithic remains are found all over south India and Kerala is an extension
of this. The common megalithic remains found in south India like, Dolmens,
Cists;   Urn   burials,   Menhirs   etc.   are   found   in   Kerala   also.But   Hat   stones,
Umbrella stones, and Rock­cut caves connected with the megalithic culture are
found in Kerala only. Vertically fixed big stones are mainly seen in Kerala.Big
stones kept like that of an embrella and hats called as stone tables are also seen
in different parts of Kerala.Archaeological survey and excavations were started in
Kerala by Ward and Conor during 1819 and 1820 followed by Babington in
1823.The excavations conducted at Wayanad by Faucett in 1896 advanced the
132
Search	For	Primary	Sources
archaeological studies in Kerala to a great extent.  A. Ayyappan had published a
report on the rock­cut caves found at Feroke in Calicut.This was followed by L.A.
Krishna Iyer who surveyed the Megalithic monuments of Kerala.The rock­cut
caves   belonging   to   the   Megalithic   period   was   excavated   in   detail   by   V.D.
Krishnaswamy at Pulimath near Trivandrum in 1946.This site extended to two
furiongs with many dolmens built by bricks.The cists discovered at Marayur in
Devikulam Taluk have more than one room. Many number of Urn burials have
been excavated from different parts of south Kerala which resembles with that of
the   Urns   discovered   at   the   southern   districts   of   Tamil   Nadu.     Eraniyil   in
Trivandrum   district  is   such   a   site   where   many   number  of  urn  burials   are
discovered.Black and Red ware pottery (BRW) and implements made of iron have
been found there.Panchappalli in Irinjalakuda is another site of the same type.
     Systematic   and   scientific   survey   was  conducted   by   the   Archaeological
Survey of India (ASI) in Kerala for the first time at Porkalam near Trichur.The
urns discovered from this site have more than three feet height.Black and Red
ware pottery and iron implements are also found at Porkalam.The relics of caves
built   by   bricks   are   found   mostly   in   Cochin   and   Malabar.These   are   seen
constructed generally at six feet height from the ground level.These caves have
one or more rooms with many implements and pottery:The site at Eyyal near
Trichur has multi­roomed caves with a Pillar at the centre and stone made
benches on the sides. Following the excavations conducted by Mortimer Wheeler
at Areecamedu, Anujan Achan conducted  detailed excavations at Cheraman
Parambu   at   Kodungallur   in   1946.Though   the   findings   of   Achan   have   been
proved false in the later period, no doubt the method of it is excavations was
scientific.The period calculated by him for the relics discovered at Cheraman
Parambu was of a much later date.He considered tloe relics received from there
belonged to the period after the Periyar flood of 1341.
      The   Archaeological   Survey   of   India   and   the   Kerala   Archaeological
Department   jointly   conducteda   detailed   excavation   process   at   Cheraman
Parambu,   Trikkulasekhara   Puram,   Tiruvanjikulam,   Matilakam   and
Kaurppadanna during 1969­70. As a result of this the date of the material
133
Page 3


ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES
       Archaeological   sources   constitute   the   main   source   materials   for   the
reconstruction   of   the   ancient   period   in   Kerala   History.The   relics   of   tools,
weapons, burial sites, monuments, buildings, arts and crafts, coins etc. are
studied by the archaeologists for the reconstruction of the ancient history.  The
archaeological   excavations   are  widely   carried   on   in  different  parts   of   India,
especially in the post­independence period; but they are very limited in the case
of Kerala. The historical relics excavated from Kerala show a change in their
nature with that of the common pattern seen in other parts of the country, to a
certain extent.Though it took more time for the common cultural trend of the
other parts of India to reach Kerala because of its geographical peculiarities,
Kerala accepted them in due course and made it as a part of its life­style.The
influence of the Sanskrit language on Malayalam when compared with that of
other south Indian languages can be considered as an example for this.
      Archaeological excavations have brought out the relics of both Pre­historic
and Historic periods.The remains are mainly related with the Megalithic Age.So
the history of Kerala starts with the Megalithic culture.Megalithic remains have
been received from different parts of Kerala.The peculiarity of the Megalithic
culture is the big stones related with the burial sites.Therefore some historians
call this period of culture as Burial Culture.In the ancient times dead bodies
were   buried   at   specific   places   along   with   food   items,   tools,   ornaments
etc.Megalithic remains are found all over south India and Kerala is an extension
of this. The common megalithic remains found in south India like, Dolmens,
Cists;   Urn   burials,   Menhirs   etc.   are   found   in   Kerala   also.But   Hat   stones,
Umbrella stones, and Rock­cut caves connected with the megalithic culture are
found in Kerala only. Vertically fixed big stones are mainly seen in Kerala.Big
stones kept like that of an embrella and hats called as stone tables are also seen
in different parts of Kerala.Archaeological survey and excavations were started in
Kerala by Ward and Conor during 1819 and 1820 followed by Babington in
1823.The excavations conducted at Wayanad by Faucett in 1896 advanced the
132
Search	For	Primary	Sources
archaeological studies in Kerala to a great extent.  A. Ayyappan had published a
report on the rock­cut caves found at Feroke in Calicut.This was followed by L.A.
Krishna Iyer who surveyed the Megalithic monuments of Kerala.The rock­cut
caves   belonging   to   the   Megalithic   period   was   excavated   in   detail   by   V.D.
Krishnaswamy at Pulimath near Trivandrum in 1946.This site extended to two
furiongs with many dolmens built by bricks.The cists discovered at Marayur in
Devikulam Taluk have more than one room. Many number of Urn burials have
been excavated from different parts of south Kerala which resembles with that of
the   Urns   discovered   at   the   southern   districts   of   Tamil   Nadu.     Eraniyil   in
Trivandrum   district  is   such   a   site   where   many   number  of  urn  burials   are
discovered.Black and Red ware pottery (BRW) and implements made of iron have
been found there.Panchappalli in Irinjalakuda is another site of the same type.
     Systematic   and   scientific   survey   was  conducted   by   the   Archaeological
Survey of India (ASI) in Kerala for the first time at Porkalam near Trichur.The
urns discovered from this site have more than three feet height.Black and Red
ware pottery and iron implements are also found at Porkalam.The relics of caves
built   by   bricks   are   found   mostly   in   Cochin   and   Malabar.These   are   seen
constructed generally at six feet height from the ground level.These caves have
one or more rooms with many implements and pottery:The site at Eyyal near
Trichur has multi­roomed caves with a Pillar at the centre and stone made
benches on the sides. Following the excavations conducted by Mortimer Wheeler
at Areecamedu, Anujan Achan conducted  detailed excavations at Cheraman
Parambu   at   Kodungallur   in   1946.Though   the   findings   of   Achan   have   been
proved false in the later period, no doubt the method of it is excavations was
scientific.The period calculated by him for the relics discovered at Cheraman
Parambu was of a much later date.He considered tloe relics received from there
belonged to the period after the Periyar flood of 1341.
      The   Archaeological   Survey   of   India   and   the   Kerala   Archaeological
Department   jointly   conducteda   detailed   excavation   process   at   Cheraman
Parambu,   Trikkulasekhara   Puram,   Tiruvanjikulam,   Matilakam   and
Kaurppadanna during 1969­70. As a result of this the date of the material
133
remains found at Cheraman Parambu was calculated to a much earlier period.
It was calculated that the period of the local made Red pottery as Seventh and
Eighth   centuries   and   the   imported   Chinese   pottery   belonged   to   the   Tenth
century.Al­biruni and Marco Polo had recorded that the Chinese had exported
their pottery to India and Ceylon in the tenth century.The same type Chinese
wares have been found at Areekamedu and Kaveripattanam.The date of the
material remains found at Trikkulasekhara Puram and Tiruvanchikulam has
been   roughly   ascribed   to   8
th
  and   9
th
  centuries.The   inscriptions   found   at
Trikkulasekhara Puram temple also establish the above datings and relates it
with the kingdom of Mahodayapuram.The relics received from the Matilakam
site near Kodungallur dates to 10
th
 and 11
th
 centuries.  The copper coins found
at this, site belongs to the period of Rajendra Chola who ruled during the 11
th
century.Other sources have proved that the extension of Chola domination in
Kerala occurred during the same period.   The remains of a temple also have
been excavated at the Matilakam site.  An inscription of this place refers to a
Jaina temple belonging to the same period.
     Extensive excavations have been conducted at various places in Malabar
like   Feroke,   Chevayur   and   Chathan   Paramba.However,   the   most   important
excavation site related with the ancient period of Kerala History in Malabar is
the Edakkal caves in Wayanad.An article published by Faucett relating to the
hicl importance of the Edakkal caves in 1901 became the fore­runner of all
future   excavations   and   explorations.In   the   later   period   many   scholars   like,
Panchanan   Mitra.Beck,   Plenderlith,   Camide   etc.   have   conducted   extensive
surveys in Wayanad and produced informations of great value for the study of
the pre­historic and historic periods of Kerala history.The material remains and
the cave paintings of Edakkal belong to different periods of pre­historic and
historic times. Menhirs and Cists of the Megalithic period, Stone axe of the
Neolithic period, microliths and iron plough share together with iron objects
have been found at various sites in Wayanad iron objects have been discovered
at Kuppakolli in Wayanad in the recent times.Archaeological excavations have
also been conducted at Punnol near Mahe, Sendurini near Quilon, Tenmala,
134
Page 4


ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES
       Archaeological   sources   constitute   the   main   source   materials   for   the
reconstruction   of   the   ancient   period   in   Kerala   History.The   relics   of   tools,
weapons, burial sites, monuments, buildings, arts and crafts, coins etc. are
studied by the archaeologists for the reconstruction of the ancient history.  The
archaeological   excavations   are  widely   carried   on   in  different  parts   of   India,
especially in the post­independence period; but they are very limited in the case
of Kerala. The historical relics excavated from Kerala show a change in their
nature with that of the common pattern seen in other parts of the country, to a
certain extent.Though it took more time for the common cultural trend of the
other parts of India to reach Kerala because of its geographical peculiarities,
Kerala accepted them in due course and made it as a part of its life­style.The
influence of the Sanskrit language on Malayalam when compared with that of
other south Indian languages can be considered as an example for this.
      Archaeological excavations have brought out the relics of both Pre­historic
and Historic periods.The remains are mainly related with the Megalithic Age.So
the history of Kerala starts with the Megalithic culture.Megalithic remains have
been received from different parts of Kerala.The peculiarity of the Megalithic
culture is the big stones related with the burial sites.Therefore some historians
call this period of culture as Burial Culture.In the ancient times dead bodies
were   buried   at   specific   places   along   with   food   items,   tools,   ornaments
etc.Megalithic remains are found all over south India and Kerala is an extension
of this. The common megalithic remains found in south India like, Dolmens,
Cists;   Urn   burials,   Menhirs   etc.   are   found   in   Kerala   also.But   Hat   stones,
Umbrella stones, and Rock­cut caves connected with the megalithic culture are
found in Kerala only. Vertically fixed big stones are mainly seen in Kerala.Big
stones kept like that of an embrella and hats called as stone tables are also seen
in different parts of Kerala.Archaeological survey and excavations were started in
Kerala by Ward and Conor during 1819 and 1820 followed by Babington in
1823.The excavations conducted at Wayanad by Faucett in 1896 advanced the
132
Search	For	Primary	Sources
archaeological studies in Kerala to a great extent.  A. Ayyappan had published a
report on the rock­cut caves found at Feroke in Calicut.This was followed by L.A.
Krishna Iyer who surveyed the Megalithic monuments of Kerala.The rock­cut
caves   belonging   to   the   Megalithic   period   was   excavated   in   detail   by   V.D.
Krishnaswamy at Pulimath near Trivandrum in 1946.This site extended to two
furiongs with many dolmens built by bricks.The cists discovered at Marayur in
Devikulam Taluk have more than one room. Many number of Urn burials have
been excavated from different parts of south Kerala which resembles with that of
the   Urns   discovered   at   the   southern   districts   of   Tamil   Nadu.     Eraniyil   in
Trivandrum   district  is   such   a   site   where   many   number  of  urn  burials   are
discovered.Black and Red ware pottery (BRW) and implements made of iron have
been found there.Panchappalli in Irinjalakuda is another site of the same type.
     Systematic   and   scientific   survey   was  conducted   by   the   Archaeological
Survey of India (ASI) in Kerala for the first time at Porkalam near Trichur.The
urns discovered from this site have more than three feet height.Black and Red
ware pottery and iron implements are also found at Porkalam.The relics of caves
built   by   bricks   are   found   mostly   in   Cochin   and   Malabar.These   are   seen
constructed generally at six feet height from the ground level.These caves have
one or more rooms with many implements and pottery:The site at Eyyal near
Trichur has multi­roomed caves with a Pillar at the centre and stone made
benches on the sides. Following the excavations conducted by Mortimer Wheeler
at Areecamedu, Anujan Achan conducted  detailed excavations at Cheraman
Parambu   at   Kodungallur   in   1946.Though   the   findings   of   Achan   have   been
proved false in the later period, no doubt the method of it is excavations was
scientific.The period calculated by him for the relics discovered at Cheraman
Parambu was of a much later date.He considered tloe relics received from there
belonged to the period after the Periyar flood of 1341.
      The   Archaeological   Survey   of   India   and   the   Kerala   Archaeological
Department   jointly   conducteda   detailed   excavation   process   at   Cheraman
Parambu,   Trikkulasekhara   Puram,   Tiruvanjikulam,   Matilakam   and
Kaurppadanna during 1969­70. As a result of this the date of the material
133
remains found at Cheraman Parambu was calculated to a much earlier period.
It was calculated that the period of the local made Red pottery as Seventh and
Eighth   centuries   and   the   imported   Chinese   pottery   belonged   to   the   Tenth
century.Al­biruni and Marco Polo had recorded that the Chinese had exported
their pottery to India and Ceylon in the tenth century.The same type Chinese
wares have been found at Areekamedu and Kaveripattanam.The date of the
material remains found at Trikkulasekhara Puram and Tiruvanchikulam has
been   roughly   ascribed   to   8
th
  and   9
th
  centuries.The   inscriptions   found   at
Trikkulasekhara Puram temple also establish the above datings and relates it
with the kingdom of Mahodayapuram.The relics received from the Matilakam
site near Kodungallur dates to 10
th
 and 11
th
 centuries.  The copper coins found
at this, site belongs to the period of Rajendra Chola who ruled during the 11
th
century.Other sources have proved that the extension of Chola domination in
Kerala occurred during the same period.   The remains of a temple also have
been excavated at the Matilakam site.  An inscription of this place refers to a
Jaina temple belonging to the same period.
     Extensive excavations have been conducted at various places in Malabar
like   Feroke,   Chevayur   and   Chathan   Paramba.However,   the   most   important
excavation site related with the ancient period of Kerala History in Malabar is
the Edakkal caves in Wayanad.An article published by Faucett relating to the
hicl importance of the Edakkal caves in 1901 became the fore­runner of all
future   excavations   and   explorations.In   the   later   period   many   scholars   like,
Panchanan   Mitra.Beck,   Plenderlith,   Camide   etc.   have   conducted   extensive
surveys in Wayanad and produced informations of great value for the study of
the pre­historic and historic periods of Kerala history.The material remains and
the cave paintings of Edakkal belong to different periods of pre­historic and
historic times. Menhirs and Cists of the Megalithic period, Stone axe of the
Neolithic period, microliths and iron plough share together with iron objects
have been found at various sites in Wayanad iron objects have been discovered
at Kuppakolli in Wayanad in the recent times.Archaeological excavations have
also been conducted at Punnol near Mahe, Sendurini near Quilon, Tenmala,
134
Anchanad valley in Idukki, Naduvil near Taliparamba, and the river beds of
Palakkad   etc.   resulting   in   the   production   of   new   informations.   Remains   of
different objects made of stone, copper, bronze, silver, old, and iron have been
found   at   various   places   in   Kerala.The   archaeologists   and   historians   are   of
different opinion regarding the dating of these material remains.
      Archaeology which is called “the handmaid of history” is often a reliable
guide   to   the   historian.The   archaeological   sources   of   Kerala   history   may   be
broadly classified into three sections, viz., (1) Monuments, (2) Coins and (3)
Inscriptions.
MONUMENTS.
     In the first category may be included the megaliths stone images, temples,
churches,   mosques,   synagogues,   palaces,   forts   and   historical   sites.The
megalithic monuments such as dolmens, menhirs, porthole cists, kudakallus or
umbrella stones, topikallus or hat stones and rock­cut caves discovered from
places   like   the   Anjanad   Valley,   Trichur,   Porkalam,   Eyyal,   Cheramanangad,
Kattakampal, Taliparamba, Edakkal, etc., help to throw light on the pre­historic
culture of Kerala.  The earliest of the temples of Kerala are the rock­cut temples
seen   at   Kallil,   Kottukal,   Vizhinjam,   Madavurpara,   Trikkakudi,   Trikkur,
Irunilamcode and Tiruvegapura.Some writers ascribe a Buddhist or Jaina origin
to these temples.They have been assigned to the period from the 8
th
 to the 10
th
century A.D.The stone sculptures in the Trikkakudi temples near Kaviyur are
reckoned among the “earliest Chera carvings” and they represent a local branch
of the Pallava school.   The figure of a bearded Rishi carved out in stone at
Trikkakudi   resembles   the   Rishi   in   the   “Descent   of   the   Ganges”   at
Mamallapuram. The rock­cut reliefs at Vizhinjam show traces of the influence of
the later Pallava style.The rock­cut temple at Kottukal contains a sculptural
representation the like of which is not seen anywhere else in India.The Nandi­
Monkey episode of the Puranas is represented here.  A monkey with a trident or
Trishul is carved on the niche on the outer wall of the left cell of the Garbagriha
and just in front  of it is a monolithic Nandi suggesting the recollection  by
Ravana at the time of the Lanka Dahana of the curse that was imposed upon
135
Page 5


ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES
       Archaeological   sources   constitute   the   main   source   materials   for   the
reconstruction   of   the   ancient   period   in   Kerala   History.The   relics   of   tools,
weapons, burial sites, monuments, buildings, arts and crafts, coins etc. are
studied by the archaeologists for the reconstruction of the ancient history.  The
archaeological   excavations   are  widely   carried   on   in  different  parts   of   India,
especially in the post­independence period; but they are very limited in the case
of Kerala. The historical relics excavated from Kerala show a change in their
nature with that of the common pattern seen in other parts of the country, to a
certain extent.Though it took more time for the common cultural trend of the
other parts of India to reach Kerala because of its geographical peculiarities,
Kerala accepted them in due course and made it as a part of its life­style.The
influence of the Sanskrit language on Malayalam when compared with that of
other south Indian languages can be considered as an example for this.
      Archaeological excavations have brought out the relics of both Pre­historic
and Historic periods.The remains are mainly related with the Megalithic Age.So
the history of Kerala starts with the Megalithic culture.Megalithic remains have
been received from different parts of Kerala.The peculiarity of the Megalithic
culture is the big stones related with the burial sites.Therefore some historians
call this period of culture as Burial Culture.In the ancient times dead bodies
were   buried   at   specific   places   along   with   food   items,   tools,   ornaments
etc.Megalithic remains are found all over south India and Kerala is an extension
of this. The common megalithic remains found in south India like, Dolmens,
Cists;   Urn   burials,   Menhirs   etc.   are   found   in   Kerala   also.But   Hat   stones,
Umbrella stones, and Rock­cut caves connected with the megalithic culture are
found in Kerala only. Vertically fixed big stones are mainly seen in Kerala.Big
stones kept like that of an embrella and hats called as stone tables are also seen
in different parts of Kerala.Archaeological survey and excavations were started in
Kerala by Ward and Conor during 1819 and 1820 followed by Babington in
1823.The excavations conducted at Wayanad by Faucett in 1896 advanced the
132
Search	For	Primary	Sources
archaeological studies in Kerala to a great extent.  A. Ayyappan had published a
report on the rock­cut caves found at Feroke in Calicut.This was followed by L.A.
Krishna Iyer who surveyed the Megalithic monuments of Kerala.The rock­cut
caves   belonging   to   the   Megalithic   period   was   excavated   in   detail   by   V.D.
Krishnaswamy at Pulimath near Trivandrum in 1946.This site extended to two
furiongs with many dolmens built by bricks.The cists discovered at Marayur in
Devikulam Taluk have more than one room. Many number of Urn burials have
been excavated from different parts of south Kerala which resembles with that of
the   Urns   discovered   at   the   southern   districts   of   Tamil   Nadu.     Eraniyil   in
Trivandrum   district  is   such   a   site   where   many   number  of  urn  burials   are
discovered.Black and Red ware pottery (BRW) and implements made of iron have
been found there.Panchappalli in Irinjalakuda is another site of the same type.
     Systematic   and   scientific   survey   was  conducted   by   the   Archaeological
Survey of India (ASI) in Kerala for the first time at Porkalam near Trichur.The
urns discovered from this site have more than three feet height.Black and Red
ware pottery and iron implements are also found at Porkalam.The relics of caves
built   by   bricks   are   found   mostly   in   Cochin   and   Malabar.These   are   seen
constructed generally at six feet height from the ground level.These caves have
one or more rooms with many implements and pottery:The site at Eyyal near
Trichur has multi­roomed caves with a Pillar at the centre and stone made
benches on the sides. Following the excavations conducted by Mortimer Wheeler
at Areecamedu, Anujan Achan conducted  detailed excavations at Cheraman
Parambu   at   Kodungallur   in   1946.Though   the   findings   of   Achan   have   been
proved false in the later period, no doubt the method of it is excavations was
scientific.The period calculated by him for the relics discovered at Cheraman
Parambu was of a much later date.He considered tloe relics received from there
belonged to the period after the Periyar flood of 1341.
      The   Archaeological   Survey   of   India   and   the   Kerala   Archaeological
Department   jointly   conducteda   detailed   excavation   process   at   Cheraman
Parambu,   Trikkulasekhara   Puram,   Tiruvanjikulam,   Matilakam   and
Kaurppadanna during 1969­70. As a result of this the date of the material
133
remains found at Cheraman Parambu was calculated to a much earlier period.
It was calculated that the period of the local made Red pottery as Seventh and
Eighth   centuries   and   the   imported   Chinese   pottery   belonged   to   the   Tenth
century.Al­biruni and Marco Polo had recorded that the Chinese had exported
their pottery to India and Ceylon in the tenth century.The same type Chinese
wares have been found at Areekamedu and Kaveripattanam.The date of the
material remains found at Trikkulasekhara Puram and Tiruvanchikulam has
been   roughly   ascribed   to   8
th
  and   9
th
  centuries.The   inscriptions   found   at
Trikkulasekhara Puram temple also establish the above datings and relates it
with the kingdom of Mahodayapuram.The relics received from the Matilakam
site near Kodungallur dates to 10
th
 and 11
th
 centuries.  The copper coins found
at this, site belongs to the period of Rajendra Chola who ruled during the 11
th
century.Other sources have proved that the extension of Chola domination in
Kerala occurred during the same period.   The remains of a temple also have
been excavated at the Matilakam site.  An inscription of this place refers to a
Jaina temple belonging to the same period.
     Extensive excavations have been conducted at various places in Malabar
like   Feroke,   Chevayur   and   Chathan   Paramba.However,   the   most   important
excavation site related with the ancient period of Kerala History in Malabar is
the Edakkal caves in Wayanad.An article published by Faucett relating to the
hicl importance of the Edakkal caves in 1901 became the fore­runner of all
future   excavations   and   explorations.In   the   later   period   many   scholars   like,
Panchanan   Mitra.Beck,   Plenderlith,   Camide   etc.   have   conducted   extensive
surveys in Wayanad and produced informations of great value for the study of
the pre­historic and historic periods of Kerala history.The material remains and
the cave paintings of Edakkal belong to different periods of pre­historic and
historic times. Menhirs and Cists of the Megalithic period, Stone axe of the
Neolithic period, microliths and iron plough share together with iron objects
have been found at various sites in Wayanad iron objects have been discovered
at Kuppakolli in Wayanad in the recent times.Archaeological excavations have
also been conducted at Punnol near Mahe, Sendurini near Quilon, Tenmala,
134
Anchanad valley in Idukki, Naduvil near Taliparamba, and the river beds of
Palakkad   etc.   resulting   in   the   production   of   new   informations.   Remains   of
different objects made of stone, copper, bronze, silver, old, and iron have been
found   at   various   places   in   Kerala.The   archaeologists   and   historians   are   of
different opinion regarding the dating of these material remains.
      Archaeology which is called “the handmaid of history” is often a reliable
guide   to   the   historian.The   archaeological   sources   of   Kerala   history   may   be
broadly classified into three sections, viz., (1) Monuments, (2) Coins and (3)
Inscriptions.
MONUMENTS.
     In the first category may be included the megaliths stone images, temples,
churches,   mosques,   synagogues,   palaces,   forts   and   historical   sites.The
megalithic monuments such as dolmens, menhirs, porthole cists, kudakallus or
umbrella stones, topikallus or hat stones and rock­cut caves discovered from
places   like   the   Anjanad   Valley,   Trichur,   Porkalam,   Eyyal,   Cheramanangad,
Kattakampal, Taliparamba, Edakkal, etc., help to throw light on the pre­historic
culture of Kerala.  The earliest of the temples of Kerala are the rock­cut temples
seen   at   Kallil,   Kottukal,   Vizhinjam,   Madavurpara,   Trikkakudi,   Trikkur,
Irunilamcode and Tiruvegapura.Some writers ascribe a Buddhist or Jaina origin
to these temples.They have been assigned to the period from the 8
th
 to the 10
th
century A.D.The stone sculptures in the Trikkakudi temples near Kaviyur are
reckoned among the “earliest Chera carvings” and they represent a local branch
of the Pallava school.   The figure of a bearded Rishi carved out in stone at
Trikkakudi   resembles   the   Rishi   in   the   “Descent   of   the   Ganges”   at
Mamallapuram. The rock­cut reliefs at Vizhinjam show traces of the influence of
the later Pallava style.The rock­cut temple at Kottukal contains a sculptural
representation the like of which is not seen anywhere else in India.The Nandi­
Monkey episode of the Puranas is represented here.  A monkey with a trident or
Trishul is carved on the niche on the outer wall of the left cell of the Garbagriha
and just in front  of it is a monolithic Nandi suggesting the recollection  by
Ravana at the time of the Lanka Dahana of the curse that was imposed upon
135
him earlier at Kailas by Nandikeswara that his kingdom would be destroyed by a
monkey. The rock­cut cave at Kallil near Perumbavoor which contains images of
Parswanath, Mahavira and Padmavathi Devi is one of the few Jain monuments
met with in Kerala and it throws light on the early period of Kerala history when
Jainism prospered in the land. There are also two old Jain bastis at Bangra
Manjeswar   in   the   northernmost   part   of   the   State.The   stone   images   of   the
Buddha discovered from such places as Bharanikavu, Karumadi, Mavelikkara,
Maruturkulangara   and   pallikkal   are   considered   to   be   fine   examples   of   the
sculpture of the 7
th
, 8
th
 and 9
th
 centuries and they remind us of the “Buddhist
Period” in Kerala history. They also bear resemblance to the Buddhist images
discovered from Ceylon during the period.
     The   origin   of   the   structural   temples   in   Kerala   may   be   traced   to   the
beginning of the 9
th
 century A.D.  A study of the stylistic evidences revealed by
them   helps   to   throw   considerable   light   on   the   evolution   of   Kerala   art,
architecture and sculpture. The vast majority of the Kerala temples have been
built in the Kerala style with its characteristic Sri Kovil and predominance of
wood   architecture,   but   there   are  also  a   few   which  represent   the  Dravidian
style.The   Bhagavathi   temple   at   Vizhinjam   is   the   earliest   specimen   of   the
Dravidian style of temple architecture.It is built in the style of early Chola
temples   and   has   been   assigned   to   the   9
th
  century   A.D.The   Sri
Padmanabhaswami   temple,   Trivandrum,   is   also   a   major   specimen   of   the
Dravidian   style,   but   it   shows   traces   of   the   indigenous   style   as   well.The
Parasurama shrine at Tiruvallam near Trivandrum is another notable example of
the Dravidian style.   Among the most important temples built in Kerala style
those   of   Irinjalakuda,   Tiruvanvandur,   Trikkodithanam,   Trikkakara,   Trichur
(Vadakkunnathan),   Tiruvanchikulam,   Triprayar,   Tripunithura,   etc.,   deserve
mention.The temples of Kerala are also famous for their wood carving and mural
paintings.Wood carvings of exquisite charm representing Puranic themes and
personages   may   be   seen   at
Chathankulangara,Vettikulangara,Tirukoratti,Turavur,Pazhur,Onakkur,Guruva
yur,Tiruvangad,and   adiyankulam.   Mural   paintings   have   been   found   in   the
136
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FAQs on Search For Primary Sources - Kerala State PSC (KPSC) Preparation - Kerala PSC KAS

1. What are the primary sources of information for preparing for the Kerala PSC KAS exam?
Ans. The primary sources for preparing for the Kerala PSC KAS exam include the official Kerala PSC website, previous years' question papers, Kerala state syllabus textbooks, reference books recommended for civil services preparation, and current affairs magazines or newspapers.
2. How can I access previous years' question papers for the Kerala PSC KAS exam?
Ans. Previous years' question papers for the Kerala PSC KAS exam can be accessed through the official Kerala PSC website, where they may be available for download. Additionally, many coaching institutes and online educational platforms also provide these question papers for practice.
3. What is the syllabus for the Kerala PSC KAS exam?
Ans. The syllabus for the Kerala PSC KAS exam generally includes subjects such as General Science, Current Affairs, History of India, Geography, Indian Polity, Economy, and Development, along with specific topics related to Kerala. It's important to refer to the official notification for the most accurate and updated syllabus.
4. Are there any recommended books for the Kerala PSC KAS exam preparation?
Ans. Yes, several books are recommended for the Kerala PSC KAS exam preparation. Some popular titles include "Indian Polity" by M. Laxmikanth, "History of Modern India" by Bipin Chandra, and various publications for current affairs like "Manorama Yearbook." It's advisable to choose books that align with the exam syllabus.
5. How important are current affairs for the Kerala PSC KAS exam?
Ans. Current affairs are extremely important for the Kerala PSC KAS exam as they form a significant part of the General Studies paper. Candidates should regularly read newspapers, watch news channels, and follow monthly current affairs magazines to stay updated on national and international events.
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