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a number of studies on Kerala women have appeared in the past decade.The
broad trends are the following:
a).Attempts to locate women in the political processes of the national Movement
and the working class and peasant movement; (Meera Velayudhan)
b).Attempt to relocate the various features of Kerala’s social change as a process
forming a new gender order, with en­gendering individuals; (J. Devika)
c).Attempts to locate women’s writing and social presence as constituting a
redefinition of sexuality (K.M. Sheeba)
d).Attempts to look at changes from matriliny to patriliny and the institutions of
patriarchy from a gender perspective (K. Saradamani, G. Arunima)
e).Attempts to study changes in gender relations using existing social science
paradigms (Praveena Kodoth, Anandi)
f).Attempts to study questions of movement and women’s participation in the
labour process.
More categories can be identified.
History of the Dalits and the marginalized
     Dalit histories have been attempted by a number of dalit activists and
intellectuals.This includes various biographical histories of Ayyankali, histories
of the various dalit organizations and more general Kerala histories from a dalit
perspective. An important work that has broken new ground is the study of
Pratyaksaraksa daiva sabha, an organization built by Poykayil Yohannan, by
Sanal Mohan.There have been several studies of the Adivasis, such as those by
K. Panoor, O.K. Johny and Mundakkayam Gopi, but they can be considered only
attempts   by   enthusiasts.Recently,   researches   have   been   undertaken   on   the
study of the artisans, weavers, fishermen and other groups, and also on issues
of popular culture, concentrating on the cultural practices of the marginalized.
Family Histories 
     Family History is a new area, which emerged in the beginning with the
efforts  by a number of families, who were landlords  and trading groups to
195
Page 3


a number of studies on Kerala women have appeared in the past decade.The
broad trends are the following:
a).Attempts to locate women in the political processes of the national Movement
and the working class and peasant movement; (Meera Velayudhan)
b).Attempt to relocate the various features of Kerala’s social change as a process
forming a new gender order, with en­gendering individuals; (J. Devika)
c).Attempts to locate women’s writing and social presence as constituting a
redefinition of sexuality (K.M. Sheeba)
d).Attempts to look at changes from matriliny to patriliny and the institutions of
patriarchy from a gender perspective (K. Saradamani, G. Arunima)
e).Attempts to study changes in gender relations using existing social science
paradigms (Praveena Kodoth, Anandi)
f).Attempts to study questions of movement and women’s participation in the
labour process.
More categories can be identified.
History of the Dalits and the marginalized
     Dalit histories have been attempted by a number of dalit activists and
intellectuals.This includes various biographical histories of Ayyankali, histories
of the various dalit organizations and more general Kerala histories from a dalit
perspective. An important work that has broken new ground is the study of
Pratyaksaraksa daiva sabha, an organization built by Poykayil Yohannan, by
Sanal Mohan.There have been several studies of the Adivasis, such as those by
K. Panoor, O.K. Johny and Mundakkayam Gopi, but they can be considered only
attempts   by   enthusiasts.Recently,   researches   have   been   undertaken   on   the
study of the artisans, weavers, fishermen and other groups, and also on issues
of popular culture, concentrating on the cultural practices of the marginalized.
Family Histories 
     Family History is a new area, which emerged in the beginning with the
efforts  by a number of families, who were landlords  and trading groups to
195
chronicle their pedigree, and now the effort has spread to a number of groups
and is supported by organizations like the Kerala Council of Historical Research.
Local Histories 
     Local histories are one of the interesting trends probably not replicated
elsewhere in India.The practice of collecting local history began with the Period’s
Planning campaign in 1997, when the panchayats started implementing projects
to compile histories of their panchayats, and some of the first histories to be
compiled   and   brought   out   in  a   book   form   were   the   histories   of   Avanisseri
(trissur),Valayanchirangara   (Ernakulam)   and   Vaniyamkulam
(Palghat).Afterwards, numerous other histories have appeared such as madikkai
(Kasargod),   Ajanur   (Kasargod),   Payyannur   (Kannur)   apart   from   individual
attempts such as the history of Chenganasseri (Kottayam).  Efforts to compile
the local histories of several other places are going on.
A general assessment of the recent trends:
a).The new trends have attempted to use a vast variety of sources other than the
conventional historical sources, which included the oral sources and also used
social   science   methods   such   as   participant   objectivation   and   qualitative
analysis, including geographical, environmental and cultural analysis
b).They have steered away the elitist connections and have tried to incorporate
the testimony of the common people.
c).They have adopted interdisciplinary format of analysis, which have enabled
them to acquire more flexibility in their methodology.
d).They have not  often been  free from subjective  and emotional biases  and
tended to glorify or sentimentalise their subjects, whether they be communities,
localities or families.
e).They have also not often been careful to disengage myth from history and as a
result, have only succeeded in building fragmentary narratives or ‘stories’.
WOMEN’S HISTORIOGRAPHY
196
Page 4


a number of studies on Kerala women have appeared in the past decade.The
broad trends are the following:
a).Attempts to locate women in the political processes of the national Movement
and the working class and peasant movement; (Meera Velayudhan)
b).Attempt to relocate the various features of Kerala’s social change as a process
forming a new gender order, with en­gendering individuals; (J. Devika)
c).Attempts to locate women’s writing and social presence as constituting a
redefinition of sexuality (K.M. Sheeba)
d).Attempts to look at changes from matriliny to patriliny and the institutions of
patriarchy from a gender perspective (K. Saradamani, G. Arunima)
e).Attempts to study changes in gender relations using existing social science
paradigms (Praveena Kodoth, Anandi)
f).Attempts to study questions of movement and women’s participation in the
labour process.
More categories can be identified.
History of the Dalits and the marginalized
     Dalit histories have been attempted by a number of dalit activists and
intellectuals.This includes various biographical histories of Ayyankali, histories
of the various dalit organizations and more general Kerala histories from a dalit
perspective. An important work that has broken new ground is the study of
Pratyaksaraksa daiva sabha, an organization built by Poykayil Yohannan, by
Sanal Mohan.There have been several studies of the Adivasis, such as those by
K. Panoor, O.K. Johny and Mundakkayam Gopi, but they can be considered only
attempts   by   enthusiasts.Recently,   researches   have   been   undertaken   on   the
study of the artisans, weavers, fishermen and other groups, and also on issues
of popular culture, concentrating on the cultural practices of the marginalized.
Family Histories 
     Family History is a new area, which emerged in the beginning with the
efforts  by a number of families, who were landlords  and trading groups to
195
chronicle their pedigree, and now the effort has spread to a number of groups
and is supported by organizations like the Kerala Council of Historical Research.
Local Histories 
     Local histories are one of the interesting trends probably not replicated
elsewhere in India.The practice of collecting local history began with the Period’s
Planning campaign in 1997, when the panchayats started implementing projects
to compile histories of their panchayats, and some of the first histories to be
compiled   and   brought   out   in  a   book   form   were   the   histories   of   Avanisseri
(trissur),Valayanchirangara   (Ernakulam)   and   Vaniyamkulam
(Palghat).Afterwards, numerous other histories have appeared such as madikkai
(Kasargod),   Ajanur   (Kasargod),   Payyannur   (Kannur)   apart   from   individual
attempts such as the history of Chenganasseri (Kottayam).  Efforts to compile
the local histories of several other places are going on.
A general assessment of the recent trends:
a).The new trends have attempted to use a vast variety of sources other than the
conventional historical sources, which included the oral sources and also used
social   science   methods   such   as   participant   objectivation   and   qualitative
analysis, including geographical, environmental and cultural analysis
b).They have steered away the elitist connections and have tried to incorporate
the testimony of the common people.
c).They have adopted interdisciplinary format of analysis, which have enabled
them to acquire more flexibility in their methodology.
d).They have not  often been  free from subjective  and emotional biases  and
tended to glorify or sentimentalise their subjects, whether they be communities,
localities or families.
e).They have also not often been careful to disengage myth from history and as a
result, have only succeeded in building fragmentary narratives or ‘stories’.
WOMEN’S HISTORIOGRAPHY
196
     “Women’s Historiography”, T.K. Anandi assures, is not “history written by
women”, but “history about women”.   In a very interesting and rather “New­
Historisque” reading of certain historical events in Kerala such as the widow
remarriage,   she   ascertains   how   history   views   the   historical   incidents   as
authored   by   men   to   change   the   lives   of   women.She   exhorts   the   women’s
historiography   to   “establish   equality   in   historical   enterprises”.Women’s
historiography does not imply history written by women.  It is the history about
women.It   is   not   the   life   history   of   the   acclaimed.The   intention   of   this
historiography is to reveal the extent of participation of women in the fights for
reforms in life.It is evident that those who frowned at women’s writing cannot
tolerate   these   enterprises   as  well.Nevertheless   only  healthy  discussions   and
criticisms can bring such studies to the mainstream.
      In the social science discipline, there is no division of opinion regarding
the fact that society is subject to change.  People themselves are the creators of
the change.Women are not included in this term “people”.  Historical studies do
not heed their activities to bring about this change.Therefore what is usually
seen   is  a  tendency   to hide   women  from   history.The   recognition   of  feminist
studies as a part of social sciences is a change that has come about in the
course   of   the   last   two   or   three   decades.     Subjects   like   Economics   and
Anthropology do conduct studies about the low wages of women, sexual division
of labour, the beginning of division of labour, and the social involvement of
women in the days of yore.   However, here too women shrink to a stature of
statistical   aggregates.While   speaking   about   labour   conflicts,   social   science
studies  display a tendency  to connect  them only to labour and wages and
neglect factors like standard of living, productivity and sexual status in the
productivity process.All these have a methodology which condone the patriarchal
system.  (It is not overlooked that people like E.P. Thompson are exceptions to
this).
      Social   historiography   is   an   area   which   can   assist   in   women’s
historiography.Social history possesses the implements that help in studying
socialization of men and women, how division in terms of sex come about, the
197
Page 5


a number of studies on Kerala women have appeared in the past decade.The
broad trends are the following:
a).Attempts to locate women in the political processes of the national Movement
and the working class and peasant movement; (Meera Velayudhan)
b).Attempt to relocate the various features of Kerala’s social change as a process
forming a new gender order, with en­gendering individuals; (J. Devika)
c).Attempts to locate women’s writing and social presence as constituting a
redefinition of sexuality (K.M. Sheeba)
d).Attempts to look at changes from matriliny to patriliny and the institutions of
patriarchy from a gender perspective (K. Saradamani, G. Arunima)
e).Attempts to study changes in gender relations using existing social science
paradigms (Praveena Kodoth, Anandi)
f).Attempts to study questions of movement and women’s participation in the
labour process.
More categories can be identified.
History of the Dalits and the marginalized
     Dalit histories have been attempted by a number of dalit activists and
intellectuals.This includes various biographical histories of Ayyankali, histories
of the various dalit organizations and more general Kerala histories from a dalit
perspective. An important work that has broken new ground is the study of
Pratyaksaraksa daiva sabha, an organization built by Poykayil Yohannan, by
Sanal Mohan.There have been several studies of the Adivasis, such as those by
K. Panoor, O.K. Johny and Mundakkayam Gopi, but they can be considered only
attempts   by   enthusiasts.Recently,   researches   have   been   undertaken   on   the
study of the artisans, weavers, fishermen and other groups, and also on issues
of popular culture, concentrating on the cultural practices of the marginalized.
Family Histories 
     Family History is a new area, which emerged in the beginning with the
efforts  by a number of families, who were landlords  and trading groups to
195
chronicle their pedigree, and now the effort has spread to a number of groups
and is supported by organizations like the Kerala Council of Historical Research.
Local Histories 
     Local histories are one of the interesting trends probably not replicated
elsewhere in India.The practice of collecting local history began with the Period’s
Planning campaign in 1997, when the panchayats started implementing projects
to compile histories of their panchayats, and some of the first histories to be
compiled   and   brought   out   in  a   book   form   were   the   histories   of   Avanisseri
(trissur),Valayanchirangara   (Ernakulam)   and   Vaniyamkulam
(Palghat).Afterwards, numerous other histories have appeared such as madikkai
(Kasargod),   Ajanur   (Kasargod),   Payyannur   (Kannur)   apart   from   individual
attempts such as the history of Chenganasseri (Kottayam).  Efforts to compile
the local histories of several other places are going on.
A general assessment of the recent trends:
a).The new trends have attempted to use a vast variety of sources other than the
conventional historical sources, which included the oral sources and also used
social   science   methods   such   as   participant   objectivation   and   qualitative
analysis, including geographical, environmental and cultural analysis
b).They have steered away the elitist connections and have tried to incorporate
the testimony of the common people.
c).They have adopted interdisciplinary format of analysis, which have enabled
them to acquire more flexibility in their methodology.
d).They have not  often been  free from subjective  and emotional biases  and
tended to glorify or sentimentalise their subjects, whether they be communities,
localities or families.
e).They have also not often been careful to disengage myth from history and as a
result, have only succeeded in building fragmentary narratives or ‘stories’.
WOMEN’S HISTORIOGRAPHY
196
     “Women’s Historiography”, T.K. Anandi assures, is not “history written by
women”, but “history about women”.   In a very interesting and rather “New­
Historisque” reading of certain historical events in Kerala such as the widow
remarriage,   she   ascertains   how   history   views   the   historical   incidents   as
authored   by   men   to   change   the   lives   of   women.She   exhorts   the   women’s
historiography   to   “establish   equality   in   historical   enterprises”.Women’s
historiography does not imply history written by women.  It is the history about
women.It   is   not   the   life   history   of   the   acclaimed.The   intention   of   this
historiography is to reveal the extent of participation of women in the fights for
reforms in life.It is evident that those who frowned at women’s writing cannot
tolerate   these   enterprises   as  well.Nevertheless   only  healthy  discussions   and
criticisms can bring such studies to the mainstream.
      In the social science discipline, there is no division of opinion regarding
the fact that society is subject to change.  People themselves are the creators of
the change.Women are not included in this term “people”.  Historical studies do
not heed their activities to bring about this change.Therefore what is usually
seen   is  a  tendency   to hide   women  from   history.The   recognition   of  feminist
studies as a part of social sciences is a change that has come about in the
course   of   the   last   two   or   three   decades.     Subjects   like   Economics   and
Anthropology do conduct studies about the low wages of women, sexual division
of labour, the beginning of division of labour, and the social involvement of
women in the days of yore.   However, here too women shrink to a stature of
statistical   aggregates.While   speaking   about   labour   conflicts,   social   science
studies  display a tendency  to connect  them only to labour and wages and
neglect factors like standard of living, productivity and sexual status in the
productivity process.All these have a methodology which condone the patriarchal
system.  (It is not overlooked that people like E.P. Thompson are exceptions to
this).
      Social   historiography   is   an   area   which   can   assist   in   women’s
historiography.Social history possesses the implements that help in studying
socialization of men and women, how division in terms of sex come about, the
197
changes that occur in day­to­day life, the family structure, marriage, health,
culture and leisure.   But it can be said that women’s history has not been
written.Man had already established supremacy in the government, the landlord
tradition,   war,   trade,   centers   of   authority,   religion   and   growth   of
technology.Women had not taken leadership in any of these sections.  Woman,
poised in a passive position, came to be made invisible from history.  The life of a
common man/woman and their contribution to economic – social development
has never enjoyed a pivotal position in historical studies.   Traditional historic
studies   use   birth­death   statistics,   assembly   records   and   details   from   the
archives   as   sources.These   again   are   preserved   in   centers   of   authority.The
“yesterdays”   of   history   are   reduced   to   records   stored   in   these   centers.The
statistical   details   needed   to   create   woman’s   history   are   not   available   here
today.Proofs and records of their areas of activity, their common areas, family
systems and such other aspects have not been collected or compiled.  Efforts to
find them are also insufficient.
      There are a few rare women who have been recorded in history.  These are
the ones who have forced themselves into social spaces using their name and
authority.They have not succeeded in creating a common sphere for women –
That is why the majority of women had to stand outside history.The methodology
of traditional historiography itself does not facilitate the study of women’s spaces
in society.According to that methodology man stands in the active position, the
position   of   the   doer   in   history.Women   are   mere   subjects   in   a   patriarchal
society.Their problems are only light matters in this total canvas.Conquering the
public front, the patriarchs indulge in a wild dance, which would undoubtedly
wipe out the subjects. Or else they will remain inactive.This precisely is the
position of women in the patriarchal historiography.Even in the areas where
their social status is evidently seen, they are either studied in comparison with
men or portrayed as images of men – this is the tendency seen in patriarchal
historiography.
      We have been acquainted with numerous historical men via the history of
the national movement.History teaches us the life stories of cultural activists,
198
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Top Courses for Kerala PSC KAS

FAQs on Emerging Areas - Kerala State PSC (KPSC) Preparation - Kerala PSC KAS

1. Kerala PSC KAS exam in which subjects is conducted?
Ans. The Kerala PSC KAS exam is primarily conducted in subjects such as General Studies, Kerala History, Indian Polity, and Current Affairs. Candidates should also be familiar with topics related to Economics, Geography, and Environmental Studies, as these are integral to the syllabus.
2. What is the eligibility criteria for the Kerala PSC KAS exam?
Ans. To be eligible for the Kerala PSC KAS exam, candidates must have a Bachelor's degree from a recognized university. Additionally, they should be between the ages of 21 and 32 years, with age relaxations applicable for reserved categories as per government norms.
3. How can candidates prepare effectively for the Kerala PSC KAS exam?
Ans. Candidates can prepare effectively for the Kerala PSC KAS exam by creating a structured study plan, referring to the official syllabus, solving previous years' question papers, and taking mock tests. Regularly updating knowledge on current affairs and participating in group discussions can also enhance preparation.
4. What is the selection process for the Kerala PSC KAS exam?
Ans. The selection process for the Kerala PSC KAS exam typically consists of a preliminary exam, a main exam, and an interview. Candidates must qualify each stage to progress to the next. The preliminary exam is objective, while the main exam includes descriptive questions.
5. Are there any negative markings in the Kerala PSC KAS exam?
Ans. Yes, there is negative marking in the Kerala PSC KAS preliminary exam. For every incorrect answer, a certain number of marks are deducted from the total score. It is crucial for candidates to answer questions judiciously to minimize score loss.
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