Page 2
a number of studies on Kerala women have appeared in the past decade.The
broad trends are the following:
a).Attempts to locate women in the political processes of the national Movement
and the working class and peasant movement; (Meera Velayudhan)
b).Attempt to relocate the various features of Kerala’s social change as a process
forming a new gender order, with engendering individuals; (J. Devika)
c).Attempts to locate women’s writing and social presence as constituting a
redefinition of sexuality (K.M. Sheeba)
d).Attempts to look at changes from matriliny to patriliny and the institutions of
patriarchy from a gender perspective (K. Saradamani, G. Arunima)
e).Attempts to study changes in gender relations using existing social science
paradigms (Praveena Kodoth, Anandi)
f).Attempts to study questions of movement and women’s participation in the
labour process.
More categories can be identified.
History of the Dalits and the marginalized
Dalit histories have been attempted by a number of dalit activists and
intellectuals.This includes various biographical histories of Ayyankali, histories
of the various dalit organizations and more general Kerala histories from a dalit
perspective. An important work that has broken new ground is the study of
Pratyaksaraksa daiva sabha, an organization built by Poykayil Yohannan, by
Sanal Mohan.There have been several studies of the Adivasis, such as those by
K. Panoor, O.K. Johny and Mundakkayam Gopi, but they can be considered only
attempts by enthusiasts.Recently, researches have been undertaken on the
study of the artisans, weavers, fishermen and other groups, and also on issues
of popular culture, concentrating on the cultural practices of the marginalized.
Family Histories
Family History is a new area, which emerged in the beginning with the
efforts by a number of families, who were landlords and trading groups to
195
Page 3
a number of studies on Kerala women have appeared in the past decade.The
broad trends are the following:
a).Attempts to locate women in the political processes of the national Movement
and the working class and peasant movement; (Meera Velayudhan)
b).Attempt to relocate the various features of Kerala’s social change as a process
forming a new gender order, with engendering individuals; (J. Devika)
c).Attempts to locate women’s writing and social presence as constituting a
redefinition of sexuality (K.M. Sheeba)
d).Attempts to look at changes from matriliny to patriliny and the institutions of
patriarchy from a gender perspective (K. Saradamani, G. Arunima)
e).Attempts to study changes in gender relations using existing social science
paradigms (Praveena Kodoth, Anandi)
f).Attempts to study questions of movement and women’s participation in the
labour process.
More categories can be identified.
History of the Dalits and the marginalized
Dalit histories have been attempted by a number of dalit activists and
intellectuals.This includes various biographical histories of Ayyankali, histories
of the various dalit organizations and more general Kerala histories from a dalit
perspective. An important work that has broken new ground is the study of
Pratyaksaraksa daiva sabha, an organization built by Poykayil Yohannan, by
Sanal Mohan.There have been several studies of the Adivasis, such as those by
K. Panoor, O.K. Johny and Mundakkayam Gopi, but they can be considered only
attempts by enthusiasts.Recently, researches have been undertaken on the
study of the artisans, weavers, fishermen and other groups, and also on issues
of popular culture, concentrating on the cultural practices of the marginalized.
Family Histories
Family History is a new area, which emerged in the beginning with the
efforts by a number of families, who were landlords and trading groups to
195
chronicle their pedigree, and now the effort has spread to a number of groups
and is supported by organizations like the Kerala Council of Historical Research.
Local Histories
Local histories are one of the interesting trends probably not replicated
elsewhere in India.The practice of collecting local history began with the Period’s
Planning campaign in 1997, when the panchayats started implementing projects
to compile histories of their panchayats, and some of the first histories to be
compiled and brought out in a book form were the histories of Avanisseri
(trissur),Valayanchirangara (Ernakulam) and Vaniyamkulam
(Palghat).Afterwards, numerous other histories have appeared such as madikkai
(Kasargod), Ajanur (Kasargod), Payyannur (Kannur) apart from individual
attempts such as the history of Chenganasseri (Kottayam). Efforts to compile
the local histories of several other places are going on.
A general assessment of the recent trends:
a).The new trends have attempted to use a vast variety of sources other than the
conventional historical sources, which included the oral sources and also used
social science methods such as participant objectivation and qualitative
analysis, including geographical, environmental and cultural analysis
b).They have steered away the elitist connections and have tried to incorporate
the testimony of the common people.
c).They have adopted interdisciplinary format of analysis, which have enabled
them to acquire more flexibility in their methodology.
d).They have not often been free from subjective and emotional biases and
tended to glorify or sentimentalise their subjects, whether they be communities,
localities or families.
e).They have also not often been careful to disengage myth from history and as a
result, have only succeeded in building fragmentary narratives or ‘stories’.
WOMEN’S HISTORIOGRAPHY
196
Page 4
a number of studies on Kerala women have appeared in the past decade.The
broad trends are the following:
a).Attempts to locate women in the political processes of the national Movement
and the working class and peasant movement; (Meera Velayudhan)
b).Attempt to relocate the various features of Kerala’s social change as a process
forming a new gender order, with engendering individuals; (J. Devika)
c).Attempts to locate women’s writing and social presence as constituting a
redefinition of sexuality (K.M. Sheeba)
d).Attempts to look at changes from matriliny to patriliny and the institutions of
patriarchy from a gender perspective (K. Saradamani, G. Arunima)
e).Attempts to study changes in gender relations using existing social science
paradigms (Praveena Kodoth, Anandi)
f).Attempts to study questions of movement and women’s participation in the
labour process.
More categories can be identified.
History of the Dalits and the marginalized
Dalit histories have been attempted by a number of dalit activists and
intellectuals.This includes various biographical histories of Ayyankali, histories
of the various dalit organizations and more general Kerala histories from a dalit
perspective. An important work that has broken new ground is the study of
Pratyaksaraksa daiva sabha, an organization built by Poykayil Yohannan, by
Sanal Mohan.There have been several studies of the Adivasis, such as those by
K. Panoor, O.K. Johny and Mundakkayam Gopi, but they can be considered only
attempts by enthusiasts.Recently, researches have been undertaken on the
study of the artisans, weavers, fishermen and other groups, and also on issues
of popular culture, concentrating on the cultural practices of the marginalized.
Family Histories
Family History is a new area, which emerged in the beginning with the
efforts by a number of families, who were landlords and trading groups to
195
chronicle their pedigree, and now the effort has spread to a number of groups
and is supported by organizations like the Kerala Council of Historical Research.
Local Histories
Local histories are one of the interesting trends probably not replicated
elsewhere in India.The practice of collecting local history began with the Period’s
Planning campaign in 1997, when the panchayats started implementing projects
to compile histories of their panchayats, and some of the first histories to be
compiled and brought out in a book form were the histories of Avanisseri
(trissur),Valayanchirangara (Ernakulam) and Vaniyamkulam
(Palghat).Afterwards, numerous other histories have appeared such as madikkai
(Kasargod), Ajanur (Kasargod), Payyannur (Kannur) apart from individual
attempts such as the history of Chenganasseri (Kottayam). Efforts to compile
the local histories of several other places are going on.
A general assessment of the recent trends:
a).The new trends have attempted to use a vast variety of sources other than the
conventional historical sources, which included the oral sources and also used
social science methods such as participant objectivation and qualitative
analysis, including geographical, environmental and cultural analysis
b).They have steered away the elitist connections and have tried to incorporate
the testimony of the common people.
c).They have adopted interdisciplinary format of analysis, which have enabled
them to acquire more flexibility in their methodology.
d).They have not often been free from subjective and emotional biases and
tended to glorify or sentimentalise their subjects, whether they be communities,
localities or families.
e).They have also not often been careful to disengage myth from history and as a
result, have only succeeded in building fragmentary narratives or ‘stories’.
WOMEN’S HISTORIOGRAPHY
196
“Women’s Historiography”, T.K. Anandi assures, is not “history written by
women”, but “history about women”. In a very interesting and rather “New
Historisque” reading of certain historical events in Kerala such as the widow
remarriage, she ascertains how history views the historical incidents as
authored by men to change the lives of women.She exhorts the women’s
historiography to “establish equality in historical enterprises”.Women’s
historiography does not imply history written by women. It is the history about
women.It is not the life history of the acclaimed.The intention of this
historiography is to reveal the extent of participation of women in the fights for
reforms in life.It is evident that those who frowned at women’s writing cannot
tolerate these enterprises as well.Nevertheless only healthy discussions and
criticisms can bring such studies to the mainstream.
In the social science discipline, there is no division of opinion regarding
the fact that society is subject to change. People themselves are the creators of
the change.Women are not included in this term “people”. Historical studies do
not heed their activities to bring about this change.Therefore what is usually
seen is a tendency to hide women from history.The recognition of feminist
studies as a part of social sciences is a change that has come about in the
course of the last two or three decades. Subjects like Economics and
Anthropology do conduct studies about the low wages of women, sexual division
of labour, the beginning of division of labour, and the social involvement of
women in the days of yore. However, here too women shrink to a stature of
statistical aggregates.While speaking about labour conflicts, social science
studies display a tendency to connect them only to labour and wages and
neglect factors like standard of living, productivity and sexual status in the
productivity process.All these have a methodology which condone the patriarchal
system. (It is not overlooked that people like E.P. Thompson are exceptions to
this).
Social historiography is an area which can assist in women’s
historiography.Social history possesses the implements that help in studying
socialization of men and women, how division in terms of sex come about, the
197
Page 5
a number of studies on Kerala women have appeared in the past decade.The
broad trends are the following:
a).Attempts to locate women in the political processes of the national Movement
and the working class and peasant movement; (Meera Velayudhan)
b).Attempt to relocate the various features of Kerala’s social change as a process
forming a new gender order, with engendering individuals; (J. Devika)
c).Attempts to locate women’s writing and social presence as constituting a
redefinition of sexuality (K.M. Sheeba)
d).Attempts to look at changes from matriliny to patriliny and the institutions of
patriarchy from a gender perspective (K. Saradamani, G. Arunima)
e).Attempts to study changes in gender relations using existing social science
paradigms (Praveena Kodoth, Anandi)
f).Attempts to study questions of movement and women’s participation in the
labour process.
More categories can be identified.
History of the Dalits and the marginalized
Dalit histories have been attempted by a number of dalit activists and
intellectuals.This includes various biographical histories of Ayyankali, histories
of the various dalit organizations and more general Kerala histories from a dalit
perspective. An important work that has broken new ground is the study of
Pratyaksaraksa daiva sabha, an organization built by Poykayil Yohannan, by
Sanal Mohan.There have been several studies of the Adivasis, such as those by
K. Panoor, O.K. Johny and Mundakkayam Gopi, but they can be considered only
attempts by enthusiasts.Recently, researches have been undertaken on the
study of the artisans, weavers, fishermen and other groups, and also on issues
of popular culture, concentrating on the cultural practices of the marginalized.
Family Histories
Family History is a new area, which emerged in the beginning with the
efforts by a number of families, who were landlords and trading groups to
195
chronicle their pedigree, and now the effort has spread to a number of groups
and is supported by organizations like the Kerala Council of Historical Research.
Local Histories
Local histories are one of the interesting trends probably not replicated
elsewhere in India.The practice of collecting local history began with the Period’s
Planning campaign in 1997, when the panchayats started implementing projects
to compile histories of their panchayats, and some of the first histories to be
compiled and brought out in a book form were the histories of Avanisseri
(trissur),Valayanchirangara (Ernakulam) and Vaniyamkulam
(Palghat).Afterwards, numerous other histories have appeared such as madikkai
(Kasargod), Ajanur (Kasargod), Payyannur (Kannur) apart from individual
attempts such as the history of Chenganasseri (Kottayam). Efforts to compile
the local histories of several other places are going on.
A general assessment of the recent trends:
a).The new trends have attempted to use a vast variety of sources other than the
conventional historical sources, which included the oral sources and also used
social science methods such as participant objectivation and qualitative
analysis, including geographical, environmental and cultural analysis
b).They have steered away the elitist connections and have tried to incorporate
the testimony of the common people.
c).They have adopted interdisciplinary format of analysis, which have enabled
them to acquire more flexibility in their methodology.
d).They have not often been free from subjective and emotional biases and
tended to glorify or sentimentalise their subjects, whether they be communities,
localities or families.
e).They have also not often been careful to disengage myth from history and as a
result, have only succeeded in building fragmentary narratives or ‘stories’.
WOMEN’S HISTORIOGRAPHY
196
“Women’s Historiography”, T.K. Anandi assures, is not “history written by
women”, but “history about women”. In a very interesting and rather “New
Historisque” reading of certain historical events in Kerala such as the widow
remarriage, she ascertains how history views the historical incidents as
authored by men to change the lives of women.She exhorts the women’s
historiography to “establish equality in historical enterprises”.Women’s
historiography does not imply history written by women. It is the history about
women.It is not the life history of the acclaimed.The intention of this
historiography is to reveal the extent of participation of women in the fights for
reforms in life.It is evident that those who frowned at women’s writing cannot
tolerate these enterprises as well.Nevertheless only healthy discussions and
criticisms can bring such studies to the mainstream.
In the social science discipline, there is no division of opinion regarding
the fact that society is subject to change. People themselves are the creators of
the change.Women are not included in this term “people”. Historical studies do
not heed their activities to bring about this change.Therefore what is usually
seen is a tendency to hide women from history.The recognition of feminist
studies as a part of social sciences is a change that has come about in the
course of the last two or three decades. Subjects like Economics and
Anthropology do conduct studies about the low wages of women, sexual division
of labour, the beginning of division of labour, and the social involvement of
women in the days of yore. However, here too women shrink to a stature of
statistical aggregates.While speaking about labour conflicts, social science
studies display a tendency to connect them only to labour and wages and
neglect factors like standard of living, productivity and sexual status in the
productivity process.All these have a methodology which condone the patriarchal
system. (It is not overlooked that people like E.P. Thompson are exceptions to
this).
Social historiography is an area which can assist in women’s
historiography.Social history possesses the implements that help in studying
socialization of men and women, how division in terms of sex come about, the
197
changes that occur in daytoday life, the family structure, marriage, health,
culture and leisure. But it can be said that women’s history has not been
written.Man had already established supremacy in the government, the landlord
tradition, war, trade, centers of authority, religion and growth of
technology.Women had not taken leadership in any of these sections. Woman,
poised in a passive position, came to be made invisible from history. The life of a
common man/woman and their contribution to economic – social development
has never enjoyed a pivotal position in historical studies. Traditional historic
studies use birthdeath statistics, assembly records and details from the
archives as sources.These again are preserved in centers of authority.The
“yesterdays” of history are reduced to records stored in these centers.The
statistical details needed to create woman’s history are not available here
today.Proofs and records of their areas of activity, their common areas, family
systems and such other aspects have not been collected or compiled. Efforts to
find them are also insufficient.
There are a few rare women who have been recorded in history. These are
the ones who have forced themselves into social spaces using their name and
authority.They have not succeeded in creating a common sphere for women –
That is why the majority of women had to stand outside history.The methodology
of traditional historiography itself does not facilitate the study of women’s spaces
in society.According to that methodology man stands in the active position, the
position of the doer in history.Women are mere subjects in a patriarchal
society.Their problems are only light matters in this total canvas.Conquering the
public front, the patriarchs indulge in a wild dance, which would undoubtedly
wipe out the subjects. Or else they will remain inactive.This precisely is the
position of women in the patriarchal historiography.Even in the areas where
their social status is evidently seen, they are either studied in comparison with
men or portrayed as images of men – this is the tendency seen in patriarchal
historiography.
We have been acquainted with numerous historical men via the history of
the national movement.History teaches us the life stories of cultural activists,
198
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