Page 1
community.Separate streets of separate groups of craftsmen are seen in the
urban areas of Kerala, like the ‘Theru’ or street of Weavers, goldsmiths etc.
Separate sections of house holdings for separate religions also were not in
practice in Kerala, people belonging to Hindu, Christian and Islam live, in Kerala
in adjacent plots.This nonseparation between the various religions and castes
has contributed much for the total integration of the people of Kerala
irrespective of their religious or caste barriers.The Christian churches, the
Muslim mosques and the Hindu temples are built nearby with in the villages
and this paved way for the communal harmony existed in Kerala. The peculiar
type of settlement pattern of Kerala has helped for the growth of a common
cultural and political tradition of the people of the state.
CHAPTERII
LANDSCAPE AND SOIL TYPES
Physiography
Kerala (8
o
15’N to 12
o
45’N and 75
o
52 E to 77
o
08’E) is a narrow strip of
South Western part of Peninsular India, with a width varying from 30 km. in the
North and South and to about 130 km. in the centre. It covers an area of
38,854.97 km that is 1% of India’s total area and geographically, the area can be
divided into: (a) the low land coastal area covered by sandy and alluvial soils, (b)
the mid land region covered by laterite and (c) the up land with granitic gneiss
and charnockite rocks. Kerala enjoys both the Southwest and Northeast
monsoons; the high land region receives an annual average of 2500 mm in the
south and 5000 mm in the north, the mid land regioh, 1400 mm in the south
and 4000 mm in the north and the low land region, 900 mm in the south and
3500 mm in the north, the physical features of which exhibit a wide ranging
variation.The topography of the state covers altitudes ranging from below the
Mean Sea Level to about 3000 m. above the mean sea level.The Western Ghats
14
Page 2
community.Separate streets of separate groups of craftsmen are seen in the
urban areas of Kerala, like the ‘Theru’ or street of Weavers, goldsmiths etc.
Separate sections of house holdings for separate religions also were not in
practice in Kerala, people belonging to Hindu, Christian and Islam live, in Kerala
in adjacent plots.This nonseparation between the various religions and castes
has contributed much for the total integration of the people of Kerala
irrespective of their religious or caste barriers.The Christian churches, the
Muslim mosques and the Hindu temples are built nearby with in the villages
and this paved way for the communal harmony existed in Kerala. The peculiar
type of settlement pattern of Kerala has helped for the growth of a common
cultural and political tradition of the people of the state.
CHAPTERII
LANDSCAPE AND SOIL TYPES
Physiography
Kerala (8
o
15’N to 12
o
45’N and 75
o
52 E to 77
o
08’E) is a narrow strip of
South Western part of Peninsular India, with a width varying from 30 km. in the
North and South and to about 130 km. in the centre. It covers an area of
38,854.97 km that is 1% of India’s total area and geographically, the area can be
divided into: (a) the low land coastal area covered by sandy and alluvial soils, (b)
the mid land region covered by laterite and (c) the up land with granitic gneiss
and charnockite rocks. Kerala enjoys both the Southwest and Northeast
monsoons; the high land region receives an annual average of 2500 mm in the
south and 5000 mm in the north, the mid land regioh, 1400 mm in the south
and 4000 mm in the north and the low land region, 900 mm in the south and
3500 mm in the north, the physical features of which exhibit a wide ranging
variation.The topography of the state covers altitudes ranging from below the
Mean Sea Level to about 3000 m. above the mean sea level.The Western Ghats
14
form an almost continuous mountain chain on the eastern border of the state,
occasionally broken by a few passes such as Aruvamozhi and Chenkottai in the
south and Palakkad in the centre.The series of mountain ranges and the high
intensity of rainfall during the two monsoons, namely the South Western and
North Eastern, have given birth to a number of perennial rivers which in their
turn have given rise to the formation of varied landscapes.Anamalai (2695m) in
the Western Ghats is the highest peak in Peninsular India.There are about 44
rivers that originate from the Ghats and 41 of them drain into either the
backwaters or the Arabian Sea.The rivers are mainly monsoon fed and most of
them are perennial in character.During the rainy season, rivers flow with
turbulence and the larger rivers frequently raise 3 to 4 cm above their danger
level causing extensive flooding in midland and coastal areas.The total run of
Kerala Rivers is about 2; 50,000 million cubic feet i.e. about 5% of India’s total
water potential.Kerala has a long coastline running to about 560km.There are 7
lagoons and 27 estuaries of which the Vembanad lake is the largest with an area
of 205 km.
Physiographically the region presents varied landforms resulting through
complex Geological processes. From the fact that Geological formations of all
the ages possible have not been represented in Kerala it may rightly be inferred
that the region have been subjected to prolonged periods of erosion and non
deposition.As per the Public Works Department of Kerala, three physiographic
zones may be identified in the state viz. (1) the Highland above 76m. (II) The
Midland, 7.6 to 76m. and (III) the Low land below 7.6m. Although the entire
region may be conceived as a totality of forty four river basins, it is convenient to
affect a division of the area into four physiographic provinces viz. the Highlands
ranging in altitude from 600 m. to 2500m. the Midlands from 300 m. to 600m.
the Lowlands from 30 m. to 300 m. and the Coastal plain with lagoons and sand
dunes.The altitude range is asymmetric with the maximum area of about 24,000
sq.km. falling within an elevation of 300m. from the mean sea level. This feature
may be attributed to the occurrence of isolated hillocks numerous in the
15
Page 3
community.Separate streets of separate groups of craftsmen are seen in the
urban areas of Kerala, like the ‘Theru’ or street of Weavers, goldsmiths etc.
Separate sections of house holdings for separate religions also were not in
practice in Kerala, people belonging to Hindu, Christian and Islam live, in Kerala
in adjacent plots.This nonseparation between the various religions and castes
has contributed much for the total integration of the people of Kerala
irrespective of their religious or caste barriers.The Christian churches, the
Muslim mosques and the Hindu temples are built nearby with in the villages
and this paved way for the communal harmony existed in Kerala. The peculiar
type of settlement pattern of Kerala has helped for the growth of a common
cultural and political tradition of the people of the state.
CHAPTERII
LANDSCAPE AND SOIL TYPES
Physiography
Kerala (8
o
15’N to 12
o
45’N and 75
o
52 E to 77
o
08’E) is a narrow strip of
South Western part of Peninsular India, with a width varying from 30 km. in the
North and South and to about 130 km. in the centre. It covers an area of
38,854.97 km that is 1% of India’s total area and geographically, the area can be
divided into: (a) the low land coastal area covered by sandy and alluvial soils, (b)
the mid land region covered by laterite and (c) the up land with granitic gneiss
and charnockite rocks. Kerala enjoys both the Southwest and Northeast
monsoons; the high land region receives an annual average of 2500 mm in the
south and 5000 mm in the north, the mid land regioh, 1400 mm in the south
and 4000 mm in the north and the low land region, 900 mm in the south and
3500 mm in the north, the physical features of which exhibit a wide ranging
variation.The topography of the state covers altitudes ranging from below the
Mean Sea Level to about 3000 m. above the mean sea level.The Western Ghats
14
form an almost continuous mountain chain on the eastern border of the state,
occasionally broken by a few passes such as Aruvamozhi and Chenkottai in the
south and Palakkad in the centre.The series of mountain ranges and the high
intensity of rainfall during the two monsoons, namely the South Western and
North Eastern, have given birth to a number of perennial rivers which in their
turn have given rise to the formation of varied landscapes.Anamalai (2695m) in
the Western Ghats is the highest peak in Peninsular India.There are about 44
rivers that originate from the Ghats and 41 of them drain into either the
backwaters or the Arabian Sea.The rivers are mainly monsoon fed and most of
them are perennial in character.During the rainy season, rivers flow with
turbulence and the larger rivers frequently raise 3 to 4 cm above their danger
level causing extensive flooding in midland and coastal areas.The total run of
Kerala Rivers is about 2; 50,000 million cubic feet i.e. about 5% of India’s total
water potential.Kerala has a long coastline running to about 560km.There are 7
lagoons and 27 estuaries of which the Vembanad lake is the largest with an area
of 205 km.
Physiographically the region presents varied landforms resulting through
complex Geological processes. From the fact that Geological formations of all
the ages possible have not been represented in Kerala it may rightly be inferred
that the region have been subjected to prolonged periods of erosion and non
deposition.As per the Public Works Department of Kerala, three physiographic
zones may be identified in the state viz. (1) the Highland above 76m. (II) The
Midland, 7.6 to 76m. and (III) the Low land below 7.6m. Although the entire
region may be conceived as a totality of forty four river basins, it is convenient to
affect a division of the area into four physiographic provinces viz. the Highlands
ranging in altitude from 600 m. to 2500m. the Midlands from 300 m. to 600m.
the Lowlands from 30 m. to 300 m. and the Coastal plain with lagoons and sand
dunes.The altitude range is asymmetric with the maximum area of about 24,000
sq.km. falling within an elevation of 300m. from the mean sea level. This feature
may be attributed to the occurrence of isolated hillocks numerous in the
15
lowland, which may be considered as the relict forms of hill ranges, originally
branching from the Western Ghats and extending upto the shore line or beyond.
1. High lands:
The most prominent physiographic province in the state is the High lands
comprising of part of Western Ghats, the most prominent Orographic feature of
the peninsular India.The Western Ghats runs south from Tapti River to
Kanyakumari as a continuous range fringing the western shore line of India.
The Nilgiri, the Anamalai, Palni and the low VershanadAndipatti ranges with
arcuate projections extending eastward into the Southern plains of Tamil Nadu
constitute the Ghat section within Kerala. The highest peak in Western Ghats,
the Anamudi (2,817.06m) is situated within Kerala.From the extreme north the
ranges run parallel to the coast at a distance or 12km. far as Vevalmalai to the
east of Calicut.Here they turn sharply eastward, bends northward and then
recede inward upto Vedamalai north of Palghat gap.South of the gap the ranges
again attain lofty heights in the Tenmalai region and gradually swell into the
Cardamom hill region, which is also known as High Ranges.The Ghat section in
this region appears in the shape of an amphitheatre.Inspite of this general trend,
various peaks are seen to take characteristic configuration either individually or
in association with nearby ones.Interwoven with numerous platforms and
twisting valleys, the ranges generally rise to elevations above 2000m.Although
the hills individually rise abruptly with steep sides and the whole region is
dissected by deep and narrow valleys, the general picture appearts to be of
numerous mounts rising from a plateau like platform.There are fourteen peaks
of elevation above 2,000m. the highest among these being Anamudi which is the
highest peak in India next to those in Himalayas.The physiography of High
Ranges presents a succession of lofty hills of varying elevation separated by deep
valleys and several small plateaus.
The Western Ghats and the adjoining upland terrains are extensive and
continuous except for the prominent break in the Palghat area. This Gap – the
Palghat gap about 30 km. in width and of 80 km. extend EastWest is the only
major breach within the Western Ghats.The gap connecting the West coast with
16
Page 4
community.Separate streets of separate groups of craftsmen are seen in the
urban areas of Kerala, like the ‘Theru’ or street of Weavers, goldsmiths etc.
Separate sections of house holdings for separate religions also were not in
practice in Kerala, people belonging to Hindu, Christian and Islam live, in Kerala
in adjacent plots.This nonseparation between the various religions and castes
has contributed much for the total integration of the people of Kerala
irrespective of their religious or caste barriers.The Christian churches, the
Muslim mosques and the Hindu temples are built nearby with in the villages
and this paved way for the communal harmony existed in Kerala. The peculiar
type of settlement pattern of Kerala has helped for the growth of a common
cultural and political tradition of the people of the state.
CHAPTERII
LANDSCAPE AND SOIL TYPES
Physiography
Kerala (8
o
15’N to 12
o
45’N and 75
o
52 E to 77
o
08’E) is a narrow strip of
South Western part of Peninsular India, with a width varying from 30 km. in the
North and South and to about 130 km. in the centre. It covers an area of
38,854.97 km that is 1% of India’s total area and geographically, the area can be
divided into: (a) the low land coastal area covered by sandy and alluvial soils, (b)
the mid land region covered by laterite and (c) the up land with granitic gneiss
and charnockite rocks. Kerala enjoys both the Southwest and Northeast
monsoons; the high land region receives an annual average of 2500 mm in the
south and 5000 mm in the north, the mid land regioh, 1400 mm in the south
and 4000 mm in the north and the low land region, 900 mm in the south and
3500 mm in the north, the physical features of which exhibit a wide ranging
variation.The topography of the state covers altitudes ranging from below the
Mean Sea Level to about 3000 m. above the mean sea level.The Western Ghats
14
form an almost continuous mountain chain on the eastern border of the state,
occasionally broken by a few passes such as Aruvamozhi and Chenkottai in the
south and Palakkad in the centre.The series of mountain ranges and the high
intensity of rainfall during the two monsoons, namely the South Western and
North Eastern, have given birth to a number of perennial rivers which in their
turn have given rise to the formation of varied landscapes.Anamalai (2695m) in
the Western Ghats is the highest peak in Peninsular India.There are about 44
rivers that originate from the Ghats and 41 of them drain into either the
backwaters or the Arabian Sea.The rivers are mainly monsoon fed and most of
them are perennial in character.During the rainy season, rivers flow with
turbulence and the larger rivers frequently raise 3 to 4 cm above their danger
level causing extensive flooding in midland and coastal areas.The total run of
Kerala Rivers is about 2; 50,000 million cubic feet i.e. about 5% of India’s total
water potential.Kerala has a long coastline running to about 560km.There are 7
lagoons and 27 estuaries of which the Vembanad lake is the largest with an area
of 205 km.
Physiographically the region presents varied landforms resulting through
complex Geological processes. From the fact that Geological formations of all
the ages possible have not been represented in Kerala it may rightly be inferred
that the region have been subjected to prolonged periods of erosion and non
deposition.As per the Public Works Department of Kerala, three physiographic
zones may be identified in the state viz. (1) the Highland above 76m. (II) The
Midland, 7.6 to 76m. and (III) the Low land below 7.6m. Although the entire
region may be conceived as a totality of forty four river basins, it is convenient to
affect a division of the area into four physiographic provinces viz. the Highlands
ranging in altitude from 600 m. to 2500m. the Midlands from 300 m. to 600m.
the Lowlands from 30 m. to 300 m. and the Coastal plain with lagoons and sand
dunes.The altitude range is asymmetric with the maximum area of about 24,000
sq.km. falling within an elevation of 300m. from the mean sea level. This feature
may be attributed to the occurrence of isolated hillocks numerous in the
15
lowland, which may be considered as the relict forms of hill ranges, originally
branching from the Western Ghats and extending upto the shore line or beyond.
1. High lands:
The most prominent physiographic province in the state is the High lands
comprising of part of Western Ghats, the most prominent Orographic feature of
the peninsular India.The Western Ghats runs south from Tapti River to
Kanyakumari as a continuous range fringing the western shore line of India.
The Nilgiri, the Anamalai, Palni and the low VershanadAndipatti ranges with
arcuate projections extending eastward into the Southern plains of Tamil Nadu
constitute the Ghat section within Kerala. The highest peak in Western Ghats,
the Anamudi (2,817.06m) is situated within Kerala.From the extreme north the
ranges run parallel to the coast at a distance or 12km. far as Vevalmalai to the
east of Calicut.Here they turn sharply eastward, bends northward and then
recede inward upto Vedamalai north of Palghat gap.South of the gap the ranges
again attain lofty heights in the Tenmalai region and gradually swell into the
Cardamom hill region, which is also known as High Ranges.The Ghat section in
this region appears in the shape of an amphitheatre.Inspite of this general trend,
various peaks are seen to take characteristic configuration either individually or
in association with nearby ones.Interwoven with numerous platforms and
twisting valleys, the ranges generally rise to elevations above 2000m.Although
the hills individually rise abruptly with steep sides and the whole region is
dissected by deep and narrow valleys, the general picture appearts to be of
numerous mounts rising from a plateau like platform.There are fourteen peaks
of elevation above 2,000m. the highest among these being Anamudi which is the
highest peak in India next to those in Himalayas.The physiography of High
Ranges presents a succession of lofty hills of varying elevation separated by deep
valleys and several small plateaus.
The Western Ghats and the adjoining upland terrains are extensive and
continuous except for the prominent break in the Palghat area. This Gap – the
Palghat gap about 30 km. in width and of 80 km. extend EastWest is the only
major breach within the Western Ghats.The gap connecting the West coast with
16
the Peninsular regions in the east is bounded either side by lofty hills of 1,100m.
to 2,000 m. in elevation. The elevation in the Gap ranges from 20 m. to 100 m.
Another minor breach is in the Ariyankav region which gives access ot Tamil
Nadu by road and rail.The rail line however posses through several tunnels, the
longest among which is about 1.2 km. in length. There are various narrow gaps
providing EastWest access in the High Ranges also.The southern most of these
connect Kumili in Kerala to Kumbam in Tamil Nadu.Another one to the north at
Kambammedu connects Udumbanchola to Tamil Nadu.The pass connecting
Tevaram to Cardamom hills is rarely used due to steepness of the route.The
northernmost pass connecting Munnar to Bodinaickannur is an established
trade route.
The Wayanad plateau to the South of Nilgiri hills at 900 – 950m. with a
general slope towards East and North East forms part of the most extensive land
Systems in India. It merges with the Mysore Plateau in the north. The Plateau is
delimited on the west by a long escarpment. The region might have been uplifted
by stages from great depth as evidenced by their hypergranulite facies character
.The postulated faulting of the Western Ghats in midmiocene (Krishnan. 1961)
also might have affected by Wayanad surface in a major way.The linear hillock of
magnetite quartzite at Pandalur and Devala and granitic domes around Kalpetta
and Tovarimalai may be identified as erosion outlier of the Wayanad surface.
A section of the Western Ghats is seen to extend through Thodupuzha
upto the eastern margin of Alwaye taluk.The rugged hilly terrain alters itself with
terrace type platforms westward, interspersed with narrow valleys. Even after
merger with the midland region at about an elevation of 300m. the succession of
hills continues westward into small hillocks highly worndown by erosion. The
whole of Thodupuzha taluk is above 300 m. in elevation and hills of 900 m. or
more are not uncommon.The slopes gradually recede from steep togentle and to
undulating nature.
There are evidences of polycyclic development of plantation surfaces in
Kerala.Parthasaradhi and Vaidyanadhan (1974) have identified two
Geomorphological surfaces in the Kerala region adjoining the Nilgiri surface, viz.
17
Page 5
community.Separate streets of separate groups of craftsmen are seen in the
urban areas of Kerala, like the ‘Theru’ or street of Weavers, goldsmiths etc.
Separate sections of house holdings for separate religions also were not in
practice in Kerala, people belonging to Hindu, Christian and Islam live, in Kerala
in adjacent plots.This nonseparation between the various religions and castes
has contributed much for the total integration of the people of Kerala
irrespective of their religious or caste barriers.The Christian churches, the
Muslim mosques and the Hindu temples are built nearby with in the villages
and this paved way for the communal harmony existed in Kerala. The peculiar
type of settlement pattern of Kerala has helped for the growth of a common
cultural and political tradition of the people of the state.
CHAPTERII
LANDSCAPE AND SOIL TYPES
Physiography
Kerala (8
o
15’N to 12
o
45’N and 75
o
52 E to 77
o
08’E) is a narrow strip of
South Western part of Peninsular India, with a width varying from 30 km. in the
North and South and to about 130 km. in the centre. It covers an area of
38,854.97 km that is 1% of India’s total area and geographically, the area can be
divided into: (a) the low land coastal area covered by sandy and alluvial soils, (b)
the mid land region covered by laterite and (c) the up land with granitic gneiss
and charnockite rocks. Kerala enjoys both the Southwest and Northeast
monsoons; the high land region receives an annual average of 2500 mm in the
south and 5000 mm in the north, the mid land regioh, 1400 mm in the south
and 4000 mm in the north and the low land region, 900 mm in the south and
3500 mm in the north, the physical features of which exhibit a wide ranging
variation.The topography of the state covers altitudes ranging from below the
Mean Sea Level to about 3000 m. above the mean sea level.The Western Ghats
14
form an almost continuous mountain chain on the eastern border of the state,
occasionally broken by a few passes such as Aruvamozhi and Chenkottai in the
south and Palakkad in the centre.The series of mountain ranges and the high
intensity of rainfall during the two monsoons, namely the South Western and
North Eastern, have given birth to a number of perennial rivers which in their
turn have given rise to the formation of varied landscapes.Anamalai (2695m) in
the Western Ghats is the highest peak in Peninsular India.There are about 44
rivers that originate from the Ghats and 41 of them drain into either the
backwaters or the Arabian Sea.The rivers are mainly monsoon fed and most of
them are perennial in character.During the rainy season, rivers flow with
turbulence and the larger rivers frequently raise 3 to 4 cm above their danger
level causing extensive flooding in midland and coastal areas.The total run of
Kerala Rivers is about 2; 50,000 million cubic feet i.e. about 5% of India’s total
water potential.Kerala has a long coastline running to about 560km.There are 7
lagoons and 27 estuaries of which the Vembanad lake is the largest with an area
of 205 km.
Physiographically the region presents varied landforms resulting through
complex Geological processes. From the fact that Geological formations of all
the ages possible have not been represented in Kerala it may rightly be inferred
that the region have been subjected to prolonged periods of erosion and non
deposition.As per the Public Works Department of Kerala, three physiographic
zones may be identified in the state viz. (1) the Highland above 76m. (II) The
Midland, 7.6 to 76m. and (III) the Low land below 7.6m. Although the entire
region may be conceived as a totality of forty four river basins, it is convenient to
affect a division of the area into four physiographic provinces viz. the Highlands
ranging in altitude from 600 m. to 2500m. the Midlands from 300 m. to 600m.
the Lowlands from 30 m. to 300 m. and the Coastal plain with lagoons and sand
dunes.The altitude range is asymmetric with the maximum area of about 24,000
sq.km. falling within an elevation of 300m. from the mean sea level. This feature
may be attributed to the occurrence of isolated hillocks numerous in the
15
lowland, which may be considered as the relict forms of hill ranges, originally
branching from the Western Ghats and extending upto the shore line or beyond.
1. High lands:
The most prominent physiographic province in the state is the High lands
comprising of part of Western Ghats, the most prominent Orographic feature of
the peninsular India.The Western Ghats runs south from Tapti River to
Kanyakumari as a continuous range fringing the western shore line of India.
The Nilgiri, the Anamalai, Palni and the low VershanadAndipatti ranges with
arcuate projections extending eastward into the Southern plains of Tamil Nadu
constitute the Ghat section within Kerala. The highest peak in Western Ghats,
the Anamudi (2,817.06m) is situated within Kerala.From the extreme north the
ranges run parallel to the coast at a distance or 12km. far as Vevalmalai to the
east of Calicut.Here they turn sharply eastward, bends northward and then
recede inward upto Vedamalai north of Palghat gap.South of the gap the ranges
again attain lofty heights in the Tenmalai region and gradually swell into the
Cardamom hill region, which is also known as High Ranges.The Ghat section in
this region appears in the shape of an amphitheatre.Inspite of this general trend,
various peaks are seen to take characteristic configuration either individually or
in association with nearby ones.Interwoven with numerous platforms and
twisting valleys, the ranges generally rise to elevations above 2000m.Although
the hills individually rise abruptly with steep sides and the whole region is
dissected by deep and narrow valleys, the general picture appearts to be of
numerous mounts rising from a plateau like platform.There are fourteen peaks
of elevation above 2,000m. the highest among these being Anamudi which is the
highest peak in India next to those in Himalayas.The physiography of High
Ranges presents a succession of lofty hills of varying elevation separated by deep
valleys and several small plateaus.
The Western Ghats and the adjoining upland terrains are extensive and
continuous except for the prominent break in the Palghat area. This Gap – the
Palghat gap about 30 km. in width and of 80 km. extend EastWest is the only
major breach within the Western Ghats.The gap connecting the West coast with
16
the Peninsular regions in the east is bounded either side by lofty hills of 1,100m.
to 2,000 m. in elevation. The elevation in the Gap ranges from 20 m. to 100 m.
Another minor breach is in the Ariyankav region which gives access ot Tamil
Nadu by road and rail.The rail line however posses through several tunnels, the
longest among which is about 1.2 km. in length. There are various narrow gaps
providing EastWest access in the High Ranges also.The southern most of these
connect Kumili in Kerala to Kumbam in Tamil Nadu.Another one to the north at
Kambammedu connects Udumbanchola to Tamil Nadu.The pass connecting
Tevaram to Cardamom hills is rarely used due to steepness of the route.The
northernmost pass connecting Munnar to Bodinaickannur is an established
trade route.
The Wayanad plateau to the South of Nilgiri hills at 900 – 950m. with a
general slope towards East and North East forms part of the most extensive land
Systems in India. It merges with the Mysore Plateau in the north. The Plateau is
delimited on the west by a long escarpment. The region might have been uplifted
by stages from great depth as evidenced by their hypergranulite facies character
.The postulated faulting of the Western Ghats in midmiocene (Krishnan. 1961)
also might have affected by Wayanad surface in a major way.The linear hillock of
magnetite quartzite at Pandalur and Devala and granitic domes around Kalpetta
and Tovarimalai may be identified as erosion outlier of the Wayanad surface.
A section of the Western Ghats is seen to extend through Thodupuzha
upto the eastern margin of Alwaye taluk.The rugged hilly terrain alters itself with
terrace type platforms westward, interspersed with narrow valleys. Even after
merger with the midland region at about an elevation of 300m. the succession of
hills continues westward into small hillocks highly worndown by erosion. The
whole of Thodupuzha taluk is above 300 m. in elevation and hills of 900 m. or
more are not uncommon.The slopes gradually recede from steep togentle and to
undulating nature.
There are evidences of polycyclic development of plantation surfaces in
Kerala.Parthasaradhi and Vaidyanadhan (1974) have identified two
Geomorphological surfaces in the Kerala region adjoining the Nilgiri surface, viz.
17
the Wayanad surface at 900 – 950 m. and the Malabar surface at about 75
m.According to Demongeot (1975), there are only two surfaces in the Palghat
area of Kerala, the upper one sloping from 350 m. at the Palghat gap upto 75 m.
towards the coast with a lateritic cover and the lower one representing the
present coastal plains.
Tirugnanasambandam (1976) recognize five erosional surfaces in central
Kerala with distinct altitudinal ranges from 550 m. at the top to 15 – 17 m. at
the lowest. Five surfaces have been recognized (Murthy, et. At. 1976) at 1500 m.
699 – 900 m. 330 – 390 m. 150 – 210 m. and 60 – 120 m. on a regional scale.
In conformity with the above Sinha Roy (1979) identified four surfaces at 1200 –
1300 m. 150 – 200 m. 60 – 100 m. and 20 – 50 m. These surfaces have variable
angle of slope towards west and their hinge zone is located roughly in the coastal
strip.The existence of such a hinge zone indicates that the onshore areas of this
region has undergone periodic uplife, that are punctuated by phases of erosion.
The Western Ghat region in general presents a succession of buffs, ridges
and conical peaks and is of irregular and regged topography. Most of the lofty,
steepsloped hills stand isolated, detached by low valleys.The elevation of the
hills gradually decrease toward the west.Small platforms occurring among these
hills may be considered as saddles in the original chains, shaped into the
present form through ageold erosion.
Mid land: From the main range of the Ghat, rocky spurns run out towards
the west, in most cases extending almost to a short distance from the sea
shore.From Kallada river southward, these secondary ranges soften down into
undulating slopes intersected by glens and valleys which grow wider as the
elevation of the hills decrease and are very productive.North of the Cardamom
hills, excepting the Palghat gap area, the long spurs and extensive ravines of the
Ghat mountains are seen to merge westward into genrler slopes, rolling downs
and gradually widening valleys which end themselves abruptly in cliffs giving
way to lowlands.Owing to the fringing mountains in the east, numerous streams
and rivers flow westward in winding courses thereby hollowing out long valleys
for themselves.This region of undulating topography, ranging in elevation
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