Page 1
THE WESTERN GHATS
Mountains and Hills
The mountains and hills of Kerala have played their part in its history.
The Western Ghats have formed almost an unbroken wall guarding the eastern
frontier and helped the people of Kerala to lead a sheltered life of their own
through the centuries.The Ghats range from 3,000 ft. to more than 8,000 ft.
above the sea level. The Mountains forming the Western Ghats range from 915
to 1525 metres above sealevel on the Coorg and Wayanad slope with one or two
peaks rising over 1825 m. and upto nearly 2430 m. But on the Nilgiri
Kundalface the average height springs upto over 1825 m. It falls again to about
1225 m. and lowers on the Southern slopes of Nilgiris and again rises to a high
altitude in the Vadamala, fringing the northern edge of the Palghat gap. On the
south edge of the gap the Tenmala, outliers of the lofty Anamala Mountains
commence with an elevationof 1225 to 1525 m. above mean sea level.Dwarfed
into insignificance, compared with the Ghat Mountains in the background, there
also occur, dotted about on the plain country, several hills on considerable
elevation.
The Anamudi peak in the High Ranges of Kottayam district rises to a
height of 8,841 ft. and represents the highest point in India south of the
Himalayas.The Agastyakutam, the southernmost peak in the Ghats is 6,132 ft.
above sea level and figures in the popular tradition connected with
Agastyamuni.Apart from the many hills and peaks which form part of the
regular Ghats there are several hills which lay dotted here and there over the
plain country.Some of the hills of Kerala are important from the political and
cultural points of view.Ezhimala or Mount Eli, the conspicuous isolated hills
jutting into the sea on the Cannanore coast in North Kerala, was in the early
centuries of the Christian era the seat of a flourishing kingdom. It has served as
a wellknown landmark for mariners from very early times.The Puralimala in
Tellicherry taluk played a crucial role in the Pazhassi revolt of the British period
43
Page 2
THE WESTERN GHATS
Mountains and Hills
The mountains and hills of Kerala have played their part in its history.
The Western Ghats have formed almost an unbroken wall guarding the eastern
frontier and helped the people of Kerala to lead a sheltered life of their own
through the centuries.The Ghats range from 3,000 ft. to more than 8,000 ft.
above the sea level. The Mountains forming the Western Ghats range from 915
to 1525 metres above sealevel on the Coorg and Wayanad slope with one or two
peaks rising over 1825 m. and upto nearly 2430 m. But on the Nilgiri
Kundalface the average height springs upto over 1825 m. It falls again to about
1225 m. and lowers on the Southern slopes of Nilgiris and again rises to a high
altitude in the Vadamala, fringing the northern edge of the Palghat gap. On the
south edge of the gap the Tenmala, outliers of the lofty Anamala Mountains
commence with an elevationof 1225 to 1525 m. above mean sea level.Dwarfed
into insignificance, compared with the Ghat Mountains in the background, there
also occur, dotted about on the plain country, several hills on considerable
elevation.
The Anamudi peak in the High Ranges of Kottayam district rises to a
height of 8,841 ft. and represents the highest point in India south of the
Himalayas.The Agastyakutam, the southernmost peak in the Ghats is 6,132 ft.
above sea level and figures in the popular tradition connected with
Agastyamuni.Apart from the many hills and peaks which form part of the
regular Ghats there are several hills which lay dotted here and there over the
plain country.Some of the hills of Kerala are important from the political and
cultural points of view.Ezhimala or Mount Eli, the conspicuous isolated hills
jutting into the sea on the Cannanore coast in North Kerala, was in the early
centuries of the Christian era the seat of a flourishing kingdom. It has served as
a wellknown landmark for mariners from very early times.The Puralimala in
Tellicherry taluk played a crucial role in the Pazhassi revolt of the British period
43
and it has a place of importance in Kerala history almost akin to that of the
Aravali hills in the annals of Rajasthan.
Some of the most important pilgrim centres of Kerala are located either on
the top of the hills or in their valleys.The famous Tirunelli temple in North
Wayanad taluk lies in the valley of the Brahmagiri peak (5,276 ft.).The
celebrated Sastha shrine situated on the top of the Sabarimala (3,790 ft.) in
Peermede taluk is perhaps the most important centre of Hindu pilgrimage in
Kerala.The Catholic church (St. Thomas Church) located on the top of othe
Malayattur hill (1,500 ft.) in the Alwaye taluk is one of the major centres of
Christian pilgrimage in the State. The hills and mountains have thus come to
have a religious halo in popular imagination.They have also been of great value
in safeguarding the territorial integrity and political freedom of the land. The
Western Ghats have prevented largescale incursions into Kerala by aggressive
powers from beyond and have thus acted as a natural wall of protection.The
Portuguese who landed on the Kerala coast were cut off by this mountain barrier
from all contact with the interior of Peninsular India and prevented from
building up a permanent Indian empire. It may be noted that the English who
landed on the eastern coast fared better in comparison with the Portuguese.
Among the peaks rising abruptly from the Wayanad plateau at an average
elevation of 915 m. the most noteworthy are the Banasura mala (1912m.) and
the Brahmagiri peak (1608m.) The Banasuramala derives its name from the
allusion that the fort of the mythological character Banasura was situated at its
summit.Brahmagiri is believed to be the abode of Lord Brahma.Eight kilometers
to the north of Manantoddy is a lofty ridge branching off from the Ghats and six
kilometers to its north is the Brahmagiri peak. This ridge forms the limit
common to Coorg and Wayanad and between these two ridges lies the valley of
Tirunelli.The Peria Ghat is an important pass into the Wayanad plateau and the
main road passes from it through Manantoddy to Mysore.The smuggler’s pass
from Dindigal to Manattana is a minor one. From Morampara hill at the head of
the Peria Ghat one can have a panoramic view of the lowland upto the coast.At
the foot of the Ghat which are here at 1.225 to 1.525 m. are the Kannoth and
44
Page 3
THE WESTERN GHATS
Mountains and Hills
The mountains and hills of Kerala have played their part in its history.
The Western Ghats have formed almost an unbroken wall guarding the eastern
frontier and helped the people of Kerala to lead a sheltered life of their own
through the centuries.The Ghats range from 3,000 ft. to more than 8,000 ft.
above the sea level. The Mountains forming the Western Ghats range from 915
to 1525 metres above sealevel on the Coorg and Wayanad slope with one or two
peaks rising over 1825 m. and upto nearly 2430 m. But on the Nilgiri
Kundalface the average height springs upto over 1825 m. It falls again to about
1225 m. and lowers on the Southern slopes of Nilgiris and again rises to a high
altitude in the Vadamala, fringing the northern edge of the Palghat gap. On the
south edge of the gap the Tenmala, outliers of the lofty Anamala Mountains
commence with an elevationof 1225 to 1525 m. above mean sea level.Dwarfed
into insignificance, compared with the Ghat Mountains in the background, there
also occur, dotted about on the plain country, several hills on considerable
elevation.
The Anamudi peak in the High Ranges of Kottayam district rises to a
height of 8,841 ft. and represents the highest point in India south of the
Himalayas.The Agastyakutam, the southernmost peak in the Ghats is 6,132 ft.
above sea level and figures in the popular tradition connected with
Agastyamuni.Apart from the many hills and peaks which form part of the
regular Ghats there are several hills which lay dotted here and there over the
plain country.Some of the hills of Kerala are important from the political and
cultural points of view.Ezhimala or Mount Eli, the conspicuous isolated hills
jutting into the sea on the Cannanore coast in North Kerala, was in the early
centuries of the Christian era the seat of a flourishing kingdom. It has served as
a wellknown landmark for mariners from very early times.The Puralimala in
Tellicherry taluk played a crucial role in the Pazhassi revolt of the British period
43
and it has a place of importance in Kerala history almost akin to that of the
Aravali hills in the annals of Rajasthan.
Some of the most important pilgrim centres of Kerala are located either on
the top of the hills or in their valleys.The famous Tirunelli temple in North
Wayanad taluk lies in the valley of the Brahmagiri peak (5,276 ft.).The
celebrated Sastha shrine situated on the top of the Sabarimala (3,790 ft.) in
Peermede taluk is perhaps the most important centre of Hindu pilgrimage in
Kerala.The Catholic church (St. Thomas Church) located on the top of othe
Malayattur hill (1,500 ft.) in the Alwaye taluk is one of the major centres of
Christian pilgrimage in the State. The hills and mountains have thus come to
have a religious halo in popular imagination.They have also been of great value
in safeguarding the territorial integrity and political freedom of the land. The
Western Ghats have prevented largescale incursions into Kerala by aggressive
powers from beyond and have thus acted as a natural wall of protection.The
Portuguese who landed on the Kerala coast were cut off by this mountain barrier
from all contact with the interior of Peninsular India and prevented from
building up a permanent Indian empire. It may be noted that the English who
landed on the eastern coast fared better in comparison with the Portuguese.
Among the peaks rising abruptly from the Wayanad plateau at an average
elevation of 915 m. the most noteworthy are the Banasura mala (1912m.) and
the Brahmagiri peak (1608m.) The Banasuramala derives its name from the
allusion that the fort of the mythological character Banasura was situated at its
summit.Brahmagiri is believed to be the abode of Lord Brahma.Eight kilometers
to the north of Manantoddy is a lofty ridge branching off from the Ghats and six
kilometers to its north is the Brahmagiri peak. This ridge forms the limit
common to Coorg and Wayanad and between these two ridges lies the valley of
Tirunelli.The Peria Ghat is an important pass into the Wayanad plateau and the
main road passes from it through Manantoddy to Mysore.The smuggler’s pass
from Dindigal to Manattana is a minor one. From Morampara hill at the head of
the Peria Ghat one can have a panoramic view of the lowland upto the coast.At
the foot of the Ghat which are here at 1.225 to 1.525 m. are the Kannoth and
44
Kottiyoor reserve forests. Kanakamala a lofty spar of the Ghats projects into the
plains within 16 kilometres of Tellicherry. The isolated ridge in Tellicherry taluk,
the Puralimala has played a notable part in the historic Pazhassi struggle.The
Veidalmala (1371.6 m.), a long, level, grassy mountain ranging transverse to
othe Ghats in Taliparamba taluk ends precipitously on its western face.The
Ezhimala on the coast, which is only 260 m. in height, had been a land mark
from historic times.
The highest mountain in the Ghat section within the district of Kozhikode
is the Vaval mala (2339m.) in Ernad Taluk.The Mountains in Palghat section
range in height from 915 to 2133 metres and is spread over all the taluks in the
district.The most important among these are the Ananginada (2386 m.).Karimala
(1998 m.) and the Padagiri (1585 m.) The ranges that form the portion of the
Western Ghat in Trichur district range in height from 330 m. to 1440 m. above
mean sea level. Among the labyrinth of these ranges, some rough elevated table
lands are to be found. The hills in Ernakulam district are mostly less than 915
m. in elevation. The most noteworthy among these are the Kudayathur
Vindyans a group of hills ranging in altitude around 915 m.
The Ghat section in Idukki district constitutes numerous mountains of
great height and varied configuration and the associated uplands.The mountains
in this section rise to elevation of more than 2,000 metres with high plateaus in
between and some of the loftier ones are entirely detached from the surrounding
lands.The Western Ghats in this district reaches the highest elevation in the
Anamudi (2817.06 m.), which is the highest peak in Kerala and the highest in
India next to those of the Himalayas.There are several other peaks more or less
near the Anamudi varying in elevation from 1981.31 m. to 2698.68 m.These
mountains together with the summit plain from which they rise from the High
Ranges.Though often termed as a plateau, the High Ranges is really a
succession of high hills with deep valleys between them, comprising also of
several small plateaus like Gudarmala, Devikulam, Anaycoodu, Eravimala,
Perumalmala, Anchanad and Vattavada.These plateaus are at heights ranging
45
Page 4
THE WESTERN GHATS
Mountains and Hills
The mountains and hills of Kerala have played their part in its history.
The Western Ghats have formed almost an unbroken wall guarding the eastern
frontier and helped the people of Kerala to lead a sheltered life of their own
through the centuries.The Ghats range from 3,000 ft. to more than 8,000 ft.
above the sea level. The Mountains forming the Western Ghats range from 915
to 1525 metres above sealevel on the Coorg and Wayanad slope with one or two
peaks rising over 1825 m. and upto nearly 2430 m. But on the Nilgiri
Kundalface the average height springs upto over 1825 m. It falls again to about
1225 m. and lowers on the Southern slopes of Nilgiris and again rises to a high
altitude in the Vadamala, fringing the northern edge of the Palghat gap. On the
south edge of the gap the Tenmala, outliers of the lofty Anamala Mountains
commence with an elevationof 1225 to 1525 m. above mean sea level.Dwarfed
into insignificance, compared with the Ghat Mountains in the background, there
also occur, dotted about on the plain country, several hills on considerable
elevation.
The Anamudi peak in the High Ranges of Kottayam district rises to a
height of 8,841 ft. and represents the highest point in India south of the
Himalayas.The Agastyakutam, the southernmost peak in the Ghats is 6,132 ft.
above sea level and figures in the popular tradition connected with
Agastyamuni.Apart from the many hills and peaks which form part of the
regular Ghats there are several hills which lay dotted here and there over the
plain country.Some of the hills of Kerala are important from the political and
cultural points of view.Ezhimala or Mount Eli, the conspicuous isolated hills
jutting into the sea on the Cannanore coast in North Kerala, was in the early
centuries of the Christian era the seat of a flourishing kingdom. It has served as
a wellknown landmark for mariners from very early times.The Puralimala in
Tellicherry taluk played a crucial role in the Pazhassi revolt of the British period
43
and it has a place of importance in Kerala history almost akin to that of the
Aravali hills in the annals of Rajasthan.
Some of the most important pilgrim centres of Kerala are located either on
the top of the hills or in their valleys.The famous Tirunelli temple in North
Wayanad taluk lies in the valley of the Brahmagiri peak (5,276 ft.).The
celebrated Sastha shrine situated on the top of the Sabarimala (3,790 ft.) in
Peermede taluk is perhaps the most important centre of Hindu pilgrimage in
Kerala.The Catholic church (St. Thomas Church) located on the top of othe
Malayattur hill (1,500 ft.) in the Alwaye taluk is one of the major centres of
Christian pilgrimage in the State. The hills and mountains have thus come to
have a religious halo in popular imagination.They have also been of great value
in safeguarding the territorial integrity and political freedom of the land. The
Western Ghats have prevented largescale incursions into Kerala by aggressive
powers from beyond and have thus acted as a natural wall of protection.The
Portuguese who landed on the Kerala coast were cut off by this mountain barrier
from all contact with the interior of Peninsular India and prevented from
building up a permanent Indian empire. It may be noted that the English who
landed on the eastern coast fared better in comparison with the Portuguese.
Among the peaks rising abruptly from the Wayanad plateau at an average
elevation of 915 m. the most noteworthy are the Banasura mala (1912m.) and
the Brahmagiri peak (1608m.) The Banasuramala derives its name from the
allusion that the fort of the mythological character Banasura was situated at its
summit.Brahmagiri is believed to be the abode of Lord Brahma.Eight kilometers
to the north of Manantoddy is a lofty ridge branching off from the Ghats and six
kilometers to its north is the Brahmagiri peak. This ridge forms the limit
common to Coorg and Wayanad and between these two ridges lies the valley of
Tirunelli.The Peria Ghat is an important pass into the Wayanad plateau and the
main road passes from it through Manantoddy to Mysore.The smuggler’s pass
from Dindigal to Manattana is a minor one. From Morampara hill at the head of
the Peria Ghat one can have a panoramic view of the lowland upto the coast.At
the foot of the Ghat which are here at 1.225 to 1.525 m. are the Kannoth and
44
Kottiyoor reserve forests. Kanakamala a lofty spar of the Ghats projects into the
plains within 16 kilometres of Tellicherry. The isolated ridge in Tellicherry taluk,
the Puralimala has played a notable part in the historic Pazhassi struggle.The
Veidalmala (1371.6 m.), a long, level, grassy mountain ranging transverse to
othe Ghats in Taliparamba taluk ends precipitously on its western face.The
Ezhimala on the coast, which is only 260 m. in height, had been a land mark
from historic times.
The highest mountain in the Ghat section within the district of Kozhikode
is the Vaval mala (2339m.) in Ernad Taluk.The Mountains in Palghat section
range in height from 915 to 2133 metres and is spread over all the taluks in the
district.The most important among these are the Ananginada (2386 m.).Karimala
(1998 m.) and the Padagiri (1585 m.) The ranges that form the portion of the
Western Ghat in Trichur district range in height from 330 m. to 1440 m. above
mean sea level. Among the labyrinth of these ranges, some rough elevated table
lands are to be found. The hills in Ernakulam district are mostly less than 915
m. in elevation. The most noteworthy among these are the Kudayathur
Vindyans a group of hills ranging in altitude around 915 m.
The Ghat section in Idukki district constitutes numerous mountains of
great height and varied configuration and the associated uplands.The mountains
in this section rise to elevation of more than 2,000 metres with high plateaus in
between and some of the loftier ones are entirely detached from the surrounding
lands.The Western Ghats in this district reaches the highest elevation in the
Anamudi (2817.06 m.), which is the highest peak in Kerala and the highest in
India next to those of the Himalayas.There are several other peaks more or less
near the Anamudi varying in elevation from 1981.31 m. to 2698.68 m.These
mountains together with the summit plain from which they rise from the High
Ranges.Though often termed as a plateau, the High Ranges is really a
succession of high hills with deep valleys between them, comprising also of
several small plateaus like Gudarmala, Devikulam, Anaycoodu, Eravimala,
Perumalmala, Anchanad and Vattavada.These plateaus are at heights ranging
45
from 935 m. to 2.225 m. Even the valleys in High Ranges are above 935 m. in
elevation.
The height of the Western Ghats decreases toward south.In the
Pathanamthitta and Quilon districts the average elevation is 1220 m.The highest
peaks in Pathanamthitta section are the Sivagiri mala (1744 m.) and the Meen
Mala (1734 m.) The maximum height attained in the Pathanapuram section
(Quilon district) is at Muthira mala (1041.5 m.).Further south in Trivandrum
district the average height falls to about 300 m. However the peak Agasthyamudi
near the boundary of Nedumangad with Neyyattinkara taluk rises to a lofty
height (1869 m.). Another important hill is the Mukkunni malai (1074 m.) in
Neyyattinkara taluk.From the mountains in the east, the land slopes to othe
west in a series of hills and valleys traversed by several rivulets.
Passes
Mention may also be made in this connection of some of the important
gaps or passes in the Western Ghats which have facilitated interState
contacts.The major gap is the Palghat gap, which is about 20 miles broad.“Here,
by whatever great natural agency the break occurred, the mountains appear
thrown back and heaped up, as if some overwhelming deluge had burst through,
sweeping them to left and right.On either hand tower the giant Nil iris and
Anamalas, overtopping the chain of ghats by several thousand feet, while
through the gap the southwest winds bring pleasant moist air and grateful
showers to the thirsty plains of Coimbatore, and roads, and railway link the
Carnatic to Kerala.Through this the thousand streams of the higher mountains
find their way to the sea and the produce of the eastern and western provinces is
exchanged. The unique character – as a point of physical geography – of this gap
in an otherwise unbroken wall of high mountains, six hundred miles long, is
only equaled by its great economic value to the countries lying on either hand of
it”.In addition to the Palghat gap, there are also others like the Perambadi Ghat
which gives access to Coorg and the Periya and Tamarasseri Ghats which
provide access from the Wayanad to Mysore.These gaps have promoted contacts
between Kerala and Mysore and have also served as routes of invasions.In the
46
Page 5
THE WESTERN GHATS
Mountains and Hills
The mountains and hills of Kerala have played their part in its history.
The Western Ghats have formed almost an unbroken wall guarding the eastern
frontier and helped the people of Kerala to lead a sheltered life of their own
through the centuries.The Ghats range from 3,000 ft. to more than 8,000 ft.
above the sea level. The Mountains forming the Western Ghats range from 915
to 1525 metres above sealevel on the Coorg and Wayanad slope with one or two
peaks rising over 1825 m. and upto nearly 2430 m. But on the Nilgiri
Kundalface the average height springs upto over 1825 m. It falls again to about
1225 m. and lowers on the Southern slopes of Nilgiris and again rises to a high
altitude in the Vadamala, fringing the northern edge of the Palghat gap. On the
south edge of the gap the Tenmala, outliers of the lofty Anamala Mountains
commence with an elevationof 1225 to 1525 m. above mean sea level.Dwarfed
into insignificance, compared with the Ghat Mountains in the background, there
also occur, dotted about on the plain country, several hills on considerable
elevation.
The Anamudi peak in the High Ranges of Kottayam district rises to a
height of 8,841 ft. and represents the highest point in India south of the
Himalayas.The Agastyakutam, the southernmost peak in the Ghats is 6,132 ft.
above sea level and figures in the popular tradition connected with
Agastyamuni.Apart from the many hills and peaks which form part of the
regular Ghats there are several hills which lay dotted here and there over the
plain country.Some of the hills of Kerala are important from the political and
cultural points of view.Ezhimala or Mount Eli, the conspicuous isolated hills
jutting into the sea on the Cannanore coast in North Kerala, was in the early
centuries of the Christian era the seat of a flourishing kingdom. It has served as
a wellknown landmark for mariners from very early times.The Puralimala in
Tellicherry taluk played a crucial role in the Pazhassi revolt of the British period
43
and it has a place of importance in Kerala history almost akin to that of the
Aravali hills in the annals of Rajasthan.
Some of the most important pilgrim centres of Kerala are located either on
the top of the hills or in their valleys.The famous Tirunelli temple in North
Wayanad taluk lies in the valley of the Brahmagiri peak (5,276 ft.).The
celebrated Sastha shrine situated on the top of the Sabarimala (3,790 ft.) in
Peermede taluk is perhaps the most important centre of Hindu pilgrimage in
Kerala.The Catholic church (St. Thomas Church) located on the top of othe
Malayattur hill (1,500 ft.) in the Alwaye taluk is one of the major centres of
Christian pilgrimage in the State. The hills and mountains have thus come to
have a religious halo in popular imagination.They have also been of great value
in safeguarding the territorial integrity and political freedom of the land. The
Western Ghats have prevented largescale incursions into Kerala by aggressive
powers from beyond and have thus acted as a natural wall of protection.The
Portuguese who landed on the Kerala coast were cut off by this mountain barrier
from all contact with the interior of Peninsular India and prevented from
building up a permanent Indian empire. It may be noted that the English who
landed on the eastern coast fared better in comparison with the Portuguese.
Among the peaks rising abruptly from the Wayanad plateau at an average
elevation of 915 m. the most noteworthy are the Banasura mala (1912m.) and
the Brahmagiri peak (1608m.) The Banasuramala derives its name from the
allusion that the fort of the mythological character Banasura was situated at its
summit.Brahmagiri is believed to be the abode of Lord Brahma.Eight kilometers
to the north of Manantoddy is a lofty ridge branching off from the Ghats and six
kilometers to its north is the Brahmagiri peak. This ridge forms the limit
common to Coorg and Wayanad and between these two ridges lies the valley of
Tirunelli.The Peria Ghat is an important pass into the Wayanad plateau and the
main road passes from it through Manantoddy to Mysore.The smuggler’s pass
from Dindigal to Manattana is a minor one. From Morampara hill at the head of
the Peria Ghat one can have a panoramic view of the lowland upto the coast.At
the foot of the Ghat which are here at 1.225 to 1.525 m. are the Kannoth and
44
Kottiyoor reserve forests. Kanakamala a lofty spar of the Ghats projects into the
plains within 16 kilometres of Tellicherry. The isolated ridge in Tellicherry taluk,
the Puralimala has played a notable part in the historic Pazhassi struggle.The
Veidalmala (1371.6 m.), a long, level, grassy mountain ranging transverse to
othe Ghats in Taliparamba taluk ends precipitously on its western face.The
Ezhimala on the coast, which is only 260 m. in height, had been a land mark
from historic times.
The highest mountain in the Ghat section within the district of Kozhikode
is the Vaval mala (2339m.) in Ernad Taluk.The Mountains in Palghat section
range in height from 915 to 2133 metres and is spread over all the taluks in the
district.The most important among these are the Ananginada (2386 m.).Karimala
(1998 m.) and the Padagiri (1585 m.) The ranges that form the portion of the
Western Ghat in Trichur district range in height from 330 m. to 1440 m. above
mean sea level. Among the labyrinth of these ranges, some rough elevated table
lands are to be found. The hills in Ernakulam district are mostly less than 915
m. in elevation. The most noteworthy among these are the Kudayathur
Vindyans a group of hills ranging in altitude around 915 m.
The Ghat section in Idukki district constitutes numerous mountains of
great height and varied configuration and the associated uplands.The mountains
in this section rise to elevation of more than 2,000 metres with high plateaus in
between and some of the loftier ones are entirely detached from the surrounding
lands.The Western Ghats in this district reaches the highest elevation in the
Anamudi (2817.06 m.), which is the highest peak in Kerala and the highest in
India next to those of the Himalayas.There are several other peaks more or less
near the Anamudi varying in elevation from 1981.31 m. to 2698.68 m.These
mountains together with the summit plain from which they rise from the High
Ranges.Though often termed as a plateau, the High Ranges is really a
succession of high hills with deep valleys between them, comprising also of
several small plateaus like Gudarmala, Devikulam, Anaycoodu, Eravimala,
Perumalmala, Anchanad and Vattavada.These plateaus are at heights ranging
45
from 935 m. to 2.225 m. Even the valleys in High Ranges are above 935 m. in
elevation.
The height of the Western Ghats decreases toward south.In the
Pathanamthitta and Quilon districts the average elevation is 1220 m.The highest
peaks in Pathanamthitta section are the Sivagiri mala (1744 m.) and the Meen
Mala (1734 m.) The maximum height attained in the Pathanapuram section
(Quilon district) is at Muthira mala (1041.5 m.).Further south in Trivandrum
district the average height falls to about 300 m. However the peak Agasthyamudi
near the boundary of Nedumangad with Neyyattinkara taluk rises to a lofty
height (1869 m.). Another important hill is the Mukkunni malai (1074 m.) in
Neyyattinkara taluk.From the mountains in the east, the land slopes to othe
west in a series of hills and valleys traversed by several rivulets.
Passes
Mention may also be made in this connection of some of the important
gaps or passes in the Western Ghats which have facilitated interState
contacts.The major gap is the Palghat gap, which is about 20 miles broad.“Here,
by whatever great natural agency the break occurred, the mountains appear
thrown back and heaped up, as if some overwhelming deluge had burst through,
sweeping them to left and right.On either hand tower the giant Nil iris and
Anamalas, overtopping the chain of ghats by several thousand feet, while
through the gap the southwest winds bring pleasant moist air and grateful
showers to the thirsty plains of Coimbatore, and roads, and railway link the
Carnatic to Kerala.Through this the thousand streams of the higher mountains
find their way to the sea and the produce of the eastern and western provinces is
exchanged. The unique character – as a point of physical geography – of this gap
in an otherwise unbroken wall of high mountains, six hundred miles long, is
only equaled by its great economic value to the countries lying on either hand of
it”.In addition to the Palghat gap, there are also others like the Perambadi Ghat
which gives access to Coorg and the Periya and Tamarasseri Ghats which
provide access from the Wayanad to Mysore.These gaps have promoted contacts
between Kerala and Mysore and have also served as routes of invasions.In the
46
Travancore area the most important of the passes are the Bodinayakannur pass
which connects Bodinayakannur in Madurai district with the High Ranges in
Kottayam district, the Kambam pass through which was transacted much of the
trade to and from Thodupuzha in ancient days and the Aryankavu pass which
gives easy access by road to the adjoining district of Tirunelveli.Another
important pass in the Ghats is the Armboli pass through which passes the trunk
road from Tirunelveli to Trivandrum.It was through this pass that the Tamil
powers often invaded South tradition in the early period.The Aramboli pass,
though now situated outside Kerala, has thus played a crucial role in the
military history of South Kerala.
47
Read More