Class 12 Political Science: CBSE Marking Scheme (2024-25) | Political Science Class 12 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

 Page 1


1 Political Science MS Class-XII 2024-25 
10 
MARKING SCHEME 
POLITICAL SCIENCE (028) 
CLASS-XII (2024-25) 
 
Time:3 hours Maximum Marks: 80 
 
Q. No Answers Marks 
SECTION A (12x1=12 Marks) 
1 
D) The Eastern capitalist states guided and controlled the development of the 
region. 
1 
2 
D) A is false, but R is true. 1 
3 
(A) I-(ii), II-(iv), III-(iii), IV-(i) 1 
4 
D) Sub-Saharan Africa 
1 
5 
A) Both Statement I and Statement II are true. 1 
  6 
C) (IV), (I), (III), (II) 
1 
7 
A) 1952 to1962 1 
8 
D) Acharya Narendra Dev-Founding President of the Communist Party of India. 
1 
9 
C) Bandung Conference 
1 
10 
A) Over Suez Canal issue 1 
11 B) Assam 1 
12  B) Sixth Schedule 1 
SECTION B (6x2=12 Marks) 
13 
i) Nuclear weapons have limited usage due to the arms-control method of 
cooperation. One of the arms-control treaties was the Nuclear Non-
proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968 to regulate the acquisition of nuclear 
weapons. 
ii) In traditional security, there is recognition that cooperation in limiting violence 
is possible. These limits relate both to the ends and the means of war. 
Contemporary threats to security require cooperation rather than military 
confrontation. 
(OR Any other relevant point) 
2 
14 i) The United States has had good relations with both India and Pakistan since 
the end of the Cold War and increasingly works as a moderator in India-
Pakistan relations. 
ii) The Economic reforms and liberal economic policies in both countries have 
greatly increased the depth of American participation in the region. 
iii) The large South Asian diasporas in the US and the huge size of the population 
and markets of the region also give America an added stake in the future of 
regional security and peace. 
(Any two OR Any other relevant point) 
2 
Page 2


1 Political Science MS Class-XII 2024-25 
10 
MARKING SCHEME 
POLITICAL SCIENCE (028) 
CLASS-XII (2024-25) 
 
Time:3 hours Maximum Marks: 80 
 
Q. No Answers Marks 
SECTION A (12x1=12 Marks) 
1 
D) The Eastern capitalist states guided and controlled the development of the 
region. 
1 
2 
D) A is false, but R is true. 1 
3 
(A) I-(ii), II-(iv), III-(iii), IV-(i) 1 
4 
D) Sub-Saharan Africa 
1 
5 
A) Both Statement I and Statement II are true. 1 
  6 
C) (IV), (I), (III), (II) 
1 
7 
A) 1952 to1962 1 
8 
D) Acharya Narendra Dev-Founding President of the Communist Party of India. 
1 
9 
C) Bandung Conference 
1 
10 
A) Over Suez Canal issue 1 
11 B) Assam 1 
12  B) Sixth Schedule 1 
SECTION B (6x2=12 Marks) 
13 
i) Nuclear weapons have limited usage due to the arms-control method of 
cooperation. One of the arms-control treaties was the Nuclear Non-
proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968 to regulate the acquisition of nuclear 
weapons. 
ii) In traditional security, there is recognition that cooperation in limiting violence 
is possible. These limits relate both to the ends and the means of war. 
Contemporary threats to security require cooperation rather than military 
confrontation. 
(OR Any other relevant point) 
2 
14 i) The United States has had good relations with both India and Pakistan since 
the end of the Cold War and increasingly works as a moderator in India-
Pakistan relations. 
ii) The Economic reforms and liberal economic policies in both countries have 
greatly increased the depth of American participation in the region. 
iii) The large South Asian diasporas in the US and the huge size of the population 
and markets of the region also give America an added stake in the future of 
regional security and peace. 
(Any two OR Any other relevant point) 
2 
2 Political Science MS Class-XII 2024-25 
10 
15 i) It should primarily be for self-defense or to protect other people from 
genocide. For example, the worst humanitarian crisis in Darfur, Sudan. 
ii) War must also be limited in terms of the means that are used. Armies must 
avoid killing or hurting noncombatants as well as unarmed and surrendering 
combatants. 
iii) They should not be excessively violent. 
iv) Force must in any case be used only after all the alternatives have failed. 
(Any two points or other relevant example) 
 
2 
16 i) The Congress accommodated diversified interests, religions, beliefs, and 
aspirations to strengthen democracy. 
ii) By the time of independence, the Congress was transformed into a rainbow-
like social coalition broadly representing India’s diversity in terms of classes and 
castes, religions and languages, and various interests. 
iii) It accommodated the revolutionary and pacifist, conservative and radical, 
extremist, and moderate, and the right, left, and all shades of the centre. The 
inclusive character of the national movement led by the Congress enabled it to 
attract different sections, groups and interests, making it a broad-based social 
and ideological coalition. 
iv) Despite differences regarding the methods, specific programmes, and policies 
the party managed to contain if not resolve differences and build a consensus, 
there by strengthened the democratic nature of Indian politics. 
(Any two points) 
 
2 
17 i.  In 1967 elections, the opposition parties realised that the division of their 
votes kept the Congress in power. This led to formation of anti-Congress 
fronts and rise of ‘non- Congressism’ in Indian politics. This brought the 
opposition together. As a result of it, coalition governments were formed in 
eight states which included Punjab, Haryana. UP, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar 
and other states. 
ii. In the elections of Lok Sabha in 1971 and State Assembly elections in 1972, 
Congress achieved victories, but the Congress under Indira Gandhi did not 
have the capacity to absorb all tensions and conflicts that the ‘Congress 
system’ was known for. 
iii.  The declaration of emergency in 1975 once again brought the opposition 
together. Janata Party was formed and it came to power in 1977. Janata 
Party could not remain united. It lacked direction, leadership and a common 
programme. Congress once again won elections held in 1980 and 1984.The 
opposition parties too started to rely on Non-Congress 
iv.  In 1989 elections, the Congress was the largest party but it was in the 
opposition. The National Front government, an alliance of Janata Dal and 
some regional parties, was formed. The election of 1989 marked the end of 
Congress dominance and beginning of coalition governments because after 
this one or two parties never got most of the votes or seats. No single party 
secured a clear majority of seats in any Lok Sabha elections. This initiated 
an era of coalition government at the Centre in which regional parties played 
a crucial role in forming ruling alliance 
 (Any two points) 
2 
Page 3


1 Political Science MS Class-XII 2024-25 
10 
MARKING SCHEME 
POLITICAL SCIENCE (028) 
CLASS-XII (2024-25) 
 
Time:3 hours Maximum Marks: 80 
 
Q. No Answers Marks 
SECTION A (12x1=12 Marks) 
1 
D) The Eastern capitalist states guided and controlled the development of the 
region. 
1 
2 
D) A is false, but R is true. 1 
3 
(A) I-(ii), II-(iv), III-(iii), IV-(i) 1 
4 
D) Sub-Saharan Africa 
1 
5 
A) Both Statement I and Statement II are true. 1 
  6 
C) (IV), (I), (III), (II) 
1 
7 
A) 1952 to1962 1 
8 
D) Acharya Narendra Dev-Founding President of the Communist Party of India. 
1 
9 
C) Bandung Conference 
1 
10 
A) Over Suez Canal issue 1 
11 B) Assam 1 
12  B) Sixth Schedule 1 
SECTION B (6x2=12 Marks) 
13 
i) Nuclear weapons have limited usage due to the arms-control method of 
cooperation. One of the arms-control treaties was the Nuclear Non-
proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968 to regulate the acquisition of nuclear 
weapons. 
ii) In traditional security, there is recognition that cooperation in limiting violence 
is possible. These limits relate both to the ends and the means of war. 
Contemporary threats to security require cooperation rather than military 
confrontation. 
(OR Any other relevant point) 
2 
14 i) The United States has had good relations with both India and Pakistan since 
the end of the Cold War and increasingly works as a moderator in India-
Pakistan relations. 
ii) The Economic reforms and liberal economic policies in both countries have 
greatly increased the depth of American participation in the region. 
iii) The large South Asian diasporas in the US and the huge size of the population 
and markets of the region also give America an added stake in the future of 
regional security and peace. 
(Any two OR Any other relevant point) 
2 
2 Political Science MS Class-XII 2024-25 
10 
15 i) It should primarily be for self-defense or to protect other people from 
genocide. For example, the worst humanitarian crisis in Darfur, Sudan. 
ii) War must also be limited in terms of the means that are used. Armies must 
avoid killing or hurting noncombatants as well as unarmed and surrendering 
combatants. 
iii) They should not be excessively violent. 
iv) Force must in any case be used only after all the alternatives have failed. 
(Any two points or other relevant example) 
 
2 
16 i) The Congress accommodated diversified interests, religions, beliefs, and 
aspirations to strengthen democracy. 
ii) By the time of independence, the Congress was transformed into a rainbow-
like social coalition broadly representing India’s diversity in terms of classes and 
castes, religions and languages, and various interests. 
iii) It accommodated the revolutionary and pacifist, conservative and radical, 
extremist, and moderate, and the right, left, and all shades of the centre. The 
inclusive character of the national movement led by the Congress enabled it to 
attract different sections, groups and interests, making it a broad-based social 
and ideological coalition. 
iv) Despite differences regarding the methods, specific programmes, and policies 
the party managed to contain if not resolve differences and build a consensus, 
there by strengthened the democratic nature of Indian politics. 
(Any two points) 
 
2 
17 i.  In 1967 elections, the opposition parties realised that the division of their 
votes kept the Congress in power. This led to formation of anti-Congress 
fronts and rise of ‘non- Congressism’ in Indian politics. This brought the 
opposition together. As a result of it, coalition governments were formed in 
eight states which included Punjab, Haryana. UP, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar 
and other states. 
ii. In the elections of Lok Sabha in 1971 and State Assembly elections in 1972, 
Congress achieved victories, but the Congress under Indira Gandhi did not 
have the capacity to absorb all tensions and conflicts that the ‘Congress 
system’ was known for. 
iii.  The declaration of emergency in 1975 once again brought the opposition 
together. Janata Party was formed and it came to power in 1977. Janata 
Party could not remain united. It lacked direction, leadership and a common 
programme. Congress once again won elections held in 1980 and 1984.The 
opposition parties too started to rely on Non-Congress 
iv.  In 1989 elections, the Congress was the largest party but it was in the 
opposition. The National Front government, an alliance of Janata Dal and 
some regional parties, was formed. The election of 1989 marked the end of 
Congress dominance and beginning of coalition governments because after 
this one or two parties never got most of the votes or seats. No single party 
secured a clear majority of seats in any Lok Sabha elections. This initiated 
an era of coalition government at the Centre in which regional parties played 
a crucial role in forming ruling alliance 
 (Any two points) 
2 
3 Political Science MS Class-XII 2024-25 
10 
18 
On the eve of Independence, India had before it, two models of modern 
development: the liberal-capitalist model as in much of Europe and the US and 
the socialist model as in the USSR. There were many in India then who were 
deeply impressed by the Soviet model of development. These included not just 
the leaders of the Communist Party of India, but also those of the Socialist Party 
and leaders like Nehru within the Congress.  
There were very few supporters of American-style capitalist development. This 
reflected a broad consensus that had developed during the national movement. 
The nationalist leaders were clear that the economic concerns of the government 
of free India would have to be different from the narrowly defined commercial 
functions of the colonial government. It was clear, moreover, that the task of 
poverty alleviation and social and economic redistribution was being seen 
primarily as the responsibility of the government. There were debates among 
them. For some, industrialization seemed to be the preferred path. For others, 
the development of agriculture and in particular alleviation of rural poverty was 
the priority. India adopted neither capitalistic model nor socialist model. India 
adopted 'Mixed Economy. 
 1+1= 2 
SECTION C (5x4=20 Marks) 
19 
Directive Principles of State Policy for the promotion of international peace and 
security: The state shall endeavour to: 
(i) Promote international peace and security. 
(ii) Maintain just and honourable relations between nation. 
(iii) Foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of 
organized people with one another. 
(iv) Encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration 
(Or Any other relevant point) 
 
4 
20 
The story of Sikkim from the time of India’s independence to its merger with 
India is as follows: 
i) At the time of independence, Sikkim was a protectorate of India. It meant that 
while it was not a part of India, it was also not a fully sovereign country. 
ii)  Sikkim’s monarch was Chogyal who was unable to deal with the 
democratic aspirations of the people. 
iii) The Chogyal was seen as perpetuating the rule of a small elite from the 
minority Lepcha, Bhutia community. The anti-Chogyal leaders of both 
communities sought and got support from the Government of India. 
iv) The first assembly of Sikkim which was elected in 1974 was swept by 
Sikkim Congress and it sought the status of associate state and in April 
1975 passed a resolution asking for full integration with India. After an 
organised referendum, 
Sikkim became the 22nd State of the Indian Union 
(All points) 
4 
21 A) 
i) The internal weaknesses of Soviet political and economic institutions failed to 
meet the aspirations of the people. 
ii) Economics tag nation for many years led to severe consumer shortages and 
a large section of Soviet society began to doubt and question the system and 
to do so openly. 
iii) The Soviet Union had become stagnant in an administrative and political 
sense as well. The Communist Party that had ruled the Soviet Union for over 
4 
Page 4


1 Political Science MS Class-XII 2024-25 
10 
MARKING SCHEME 
POLITICAL SCIENCE (028) 
CLASS-XII (2024-25) 
 
Time:3 hours Maximum Marks: 80 
 
Q. No Answers Marks 
SECTION A (12x1=12 Marks) 
1 
D) The Eastern capitalist states guided and controlled the development of the 
region. 
1 
2 
D) A is false, but R is true. 1 
3 
(A) I-(ii), II-(iv), III-(iii), IV-(i) 1 
4 
D) Sub-Saharan Africa 
1 
5 
A) Both Statement I and Statement II are true. 1 
  6 
C) (IV), (I), (III), (II) 
1 
7 
A) 1952 to1962 1 
8 
D) Acharya Narendra Dev-Founding President of the Communist Party of India. 
1 
9 
C) Bandung Conference 
1 
10 
A) Over Suez Canal issue 1 
11 B) Assam 1 
12  B) Sixth Schedule 1 
SECTION B (6x2=12 Marks) 
13 
i) Nuclear weapons have limited usage due to the arms-control method of 
cooperation. One of the arms-control treaties was the Nuclear Non-
proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968 to regulate the acquisition of nuclear 
weapons. 
ii) In traditional security, there is recognition that cooperation in limiting violence 
is possible. These limits relate both to the ends and the means of war. 
Contemporary threats to security require cooperation rather than military 
confrontation. 
(OR Any other relevant point) 
2 
14 i) The United States has had good relations with both India and Pakistan since 
the end of the Cold War and increasingly works as a moderator in India-
Pakistan relations. 
ii) The Economic reforms and liberal economic policies in both countries have 
greatly increased the depth of American participation in the region. 
iii) The large South Asian diasporas in the US and the huge size of the population 
and markets of the region also give America an added stake in the future of 
regional security and peace. 
(Any two OR Any other relevant point) 
2 
2 Political Science MS Class-XII 2024-25 
10 
15 i) It should primarily be for self-defense or to protect other people from 
genocide. For example, the worst humanitarian crisis in Darfur, Sudan. 
ii) War must also be limited in terms of the means that are used. Armies must 
avoid killing or hurting noncombatants as well as unarmed and surrendering 
combatants. 
iii) They should not be excessively violent. 
iv) Force must in any case be used only after all the alternatives have failed. 
(Any two points or other relevant example) 
 
2 
16 i) The Congress accommodated diversified interests, religions, beliefs, and 
aspirations to strengthen democracy. 
ii) By the time of independence, the Congress was transformed into a rainbow-
like social coalition broadly representing India’s diversity in terms of classes and 
castes, religions and languages, and various interests. 
iii) It accommodated the revolutionary and pacifist, conservative and radical, 
extremist, and moderate, and the right, left, and all shades of the centre. The 
inclusive character of the national movement led by the Congress enabled it to 
attract different sections, groups and interests, making it a broad-based social 
and ideological coalition. 
iv) Despite differences regarding the methods, specific programmes, and policies 
the party managed to contain if not resolve differences and build a consensus, 
there by strengthened the democratic nature of Indian politics. 
(Any two points) 
 
2 
17 i.  In 1967 elections, the opposition parties realised that the division of their 
votes kept the Congress in power. This led to formation of anti-Congress 
fronts and rise of ‘non- Congressism’ in Indian politics. This brought the 
opposition together. As a result of it, coalition governments were formed in 
eight states which included Punjab, Haryana. UP, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar 
and other states. 
ii. In the elections of Lok Sabha in 1971 and State Assembly elections in 1972, 
Congress achieved victories, but the Congress under Indira Gandhi did not 
have the capacity to absorb all tensions and conflicts that the ‘Congress 
system’ was known for. 
iii.  The declaration of emergency in 1975 once again brought the opposition 
together. Janata Party was formed and it came to power in 1977. Janata 
Party could not remain united. It lacked direction, leadership and a common 
programme. Congress once again won elections held in 1980 and 1984.The 
opposition parties too started to rely on Non-Congress 
iv.  In 1989 elections, the Congress was the largest party but it was in the 
opposition. The National Front government, an alliance of Janata Dal and 
some regional parties, was formed. The election of 1989 marked the end of 
Congress dominance and beginning of coalition governments because after 
this one or two parties never got most of the votes or seats. No single party 
secured a clear majority of seats in any Lok Sabha elections. This initiated 
an era of coalition government at the Centre in which regional parties played 
a crucial role in forming ruling alliance 
 (Any two points) 
2 
3 Political Science MS Class-XII 2024-25 
10 
18 
On the eve of Independence, India had before it, two models of modern 
development: the liberal-capitalist model as in much of Europe and the US and 
the socialist model as in the USSR. There were many in India then who were 
deeply impressed by the Soviet model of development. These included not just 
the leaders of the Communist Party of India, but also those of the Socialist Party 
and leaders like Nehru within the Congress.  
There were very few supporters of American-style capitalist development. This 
reflected a broad consensus that had developed during the national movement. 
The nationalist leaders were clear that the economic concerns of the government 
of free India would have to be different from the narrowly defined commercial 
functions of the colonial government. It was clear, moreover, that the task of 
poverty alleviation and social and economic redistribution was being seen 
primarily as the responsibility of the government. There were debates among 
them. For some, industrialization seemed to be the preferred path. For others, 
the development of agriculture and in particular alleviation of rural poverty was 
the priority. India adopted neither capitalistic model nor socialist model. India 
adopted 'Mixed Economy. 
 1+1= 2 
SECTION C (5x4=20 Marks) 
19 
Directive Principles of State Policy for the promotion of international peace and 
security: The state shall endeavour to: 
(i) Promote international peace and security. 
(ii) Maintain just and honourable relations between nation. 
(iii) Foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of 
organized people with one another. 
(iv) Encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration 
(Or Any other relevant point) 
 
4 
20 
The story of Sikkim from the time of India’s independence to its merger with 
India is as follows: 
i) At the time of independence, Sikkim was a protectorate of India. It meant that 
while it was not a part of India, it was also not a fully sovereign country. 
ii)  Sikkim’s monarch was Chogyal who was unable to deal with the 
democratic aspirations of the people. 
iii) The Chogyal was seen as perpetuating the rule of a small elite from the 
minority Lepcha, Bhutia community. The anti-Chogyal leaders of both 
communities sought and got support from the Government of India. 
iv) The first assembly of Sikkim which was elected in 1974 was swept by 
Sikkim Congress and it sought the status of associate state and in April 
1975 passed a resolution asking for full integration with India. After an 
organised referendum, 
Sikkim became the 22nd State of the Indian Union 
(All points) 
4 
21 A) 
i) The internal weaknesses of Soviet political and economic institutions failed to 
meet the aspirations of the people. 
ii) Economics tag nation for many years led to severe consumer shortages and 
a large section of Soviet society began to doubt and question the system and 
to do so openly. 
iii) The Soviet Union had become stagnant in an administrative and political 
sense as well. The Communist Party that had ruled the Soviet Union for over 
4 
4 Political Science MS Class-XII 2024-25 
10 
70 years was not accountable to the people. Ordinary people were alienated 
by slow and stifling administration, rampant corruption, the inability of the 
system to correct mistakes it had made, the unwillingness to allow more 
openness in government, and the centralisation of authority in a vast land. 
iv) The Soviet economy used much of its resources in maintaining a nuclear and 
military arsenal and the development of its satellite states in Eastern Europe 
and within the Soviet system. This led a huge economic burden that the 
system could not cope with. 
v) When Gorbachev became the President, he carried out reforms and 
loosened the system. He set in motion forces and expectations that few could 
have predicted and became virtually impossible to control. There were 
sections of Soviet society which felt that Gorbachev should have moved much 
faster and were disappointed and impatient with his methods. Others, 
especially members of the Communist Party and those who were served by 
the system, took exactly the opposite view. In this tug of war, Gorbachev lost 
support on all sides. 
vi) The rise of nationalism and the desire for sovereignty within various republics 
including Russia and the Baltic Republics, Ukraine, Georgia, and others 
proved to be the final and most immediate cause for the disintegration of the 
USSR. 
(Any four points/ Or Any other relevant point) 
OR 
B) 
I) Chechnya and Dagestan had violent secessionist movements. Moscow’s 
method of dealing with Chechen rebels and indiscriminate military bombings led 
to many human rights violations but failed to deter the aspirations for 
independence. 
II) In Central Asia: 
i) Tajikistan witnessed a civil war that went on for ten years till 2001. 
ii) In Azerbaijan’s provinces of Nagorno-Karabakh, some local Armenians want 
to secede and join Armenia. 
iii) In Georgia, the demand for independence came from two provinces result in a 
civil war. 
iv) There are still movements against the existing regimes in Ukraine, 
Kyrgyzstan and Georgia. 
v) Even countries and provinces are fighting over river water. 
(All points) 
 
22 A. Political Consequences: 
a) Globalization results in an erosion of state capacity. 
i) The old ‘welfare state’ is now giving way to a more minimalist state. 
ii) In place of the Welfare state, it is the market that becomes the prime 
determinant of economic and social priorities. The entry and the increased role 
of MNC all over the world leads to a reduction in the capacity of governments 
to take decisions on their own. 
b) Does not always reduce state capacity 
i) The state continues to discharge its essential functions like law and order. 
ii) State withdraws from certain domains from which it wishes to. 
4 
Page 5


1 Political Science MS Class-XII 2024-25 
10 
MARKING SCHEME 
POLITICAL SCIENCE (028) 
CLASS-XII (2024-25) 
 
Time:3 hours Maximum Marks: 80 
 
Q. No Answers Marks 
SECTION A (12x1=12 Marks) 
1 
D) The Eastern capitalist states guided and controlled the development of the 
region. 
1 
2 
D) A is false, but R is true. 1 
3 
(A) I-(ii), II-(iv), III-(iii), IV-(i) 1 
4 
D) Sub-Saharan Africa 
1 
5 
A) Both Statement I and Statement II are true. 1 
  6 
C) (IV), (I), (III), (II) 
1 
7 
A) 1952 to1962 1 
8 
D) Acharya Narendra Dev-Founding President of the Communist Party of India. 
1 
9 
C) Bandung Conference 
1 
10 
A) Over Suez Canal issue 1 
11 B) Assam 1 
12  B) Sixth Schedule 1 
SECTION B (6x2=12 Marks) 
13 
i) Nuclear weapons have limited usage due to the arms-control method of 
cooperation. One of the arms-control treaties was the Nuclear Non-
proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968 to regulate the acquisition of nuclear 
weapons. 
ii) In traditional security, there is recognition that cooperation in limiting violence 
is possible. These limits relate both to the ends and the means of war. 
Contemporary threats to security require cooperation rather than military 
confrontation. 
(OR Any other relevant point) 
2 
14 i) The United States has had good relations with both India and Pakistan since 
the end of the Cold War and increasingly works as a moderator in India-
Pakistan relations. 
ii) The Economic reforms and liberal economic policies in both countries have 
greatly increased the depth of American participation in the region. 
iii) The large South Asian diasporas in the US and the huge size of the population 
and markets of the region also give America an added stake in the future of 
regional security and peace. 
(Any two OR Any other relevant point) 
2 
2 Political Science MS Class-XII 2024-25 
10 
15 i) It should primarily be for self-defense or to protect other people from 
genocide. For example, the worst humanitarian crisis in Darfur, Sudan. 
ii) War must also be limited in terms of the means that are used. Armies must 
avoid killing or hurting noncombatants as well as unarmed and surrendering 
combatants. 
iii) They should not be excessively violent. 
iv) Force must in any case be used only after all the alternatives have failed. 
(Any two points or other relevant example) 
 
2 
16 i) The Congress accommodated diversified interests, religions, beliefs, and 
aspirations to strengthen democracy. 
ii) By the time of independence, the Congress was transformed into a rainbow-
like social coalition broadly representing India’s diversity in terms of classes and 
castes, religions and languages, and various interests. 
iii) It accommodated the revolutionary and pacifist, conservative and radical, 
extremist, and moderate, and the right, left, and all shades of the centre. The 
inclusive character of the national movement led by the Congress enabled it to 
attract different sections, groups and interests, making it a broad-based social 
and ideological coalition. 
iv) Despite differences regarding the methods, specific programmes, and policies 
the party managed to contain if not resolve differences and build a consensus, 
there by strengthened the democratic nature of Indian politics. 
(Any two points) 
 
2 
17 i.  In 1967 elections, the opposition parties realised that the division of their 
votes kept the Congress in power. This led to formation of anti-Congress 
fronts and rise of ‘non- Congressism’ in Indian politics. This brought the 
opposition together. As a result of it, coalition governments were formed in 
eight states which included Punjab, Haryana. UP, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar 
and other states. 
ii. In the elections of Lok Sabha in 1971 and State Assembly elections in 1972, 
Congress achieved victories, but the Congress under Indira Gandhi did not 
have the capacity to absorb all tensions and conflicts that the ‘Congress 
system’ was known for. 
iii.  The declaration of emergency in 1975 once again brought the opposition 
together. Janata Party was formed and it came to power in 1977. Janata 
Party could not remain united. It lacked direction, leadership and a common 
programme. Congress once again won elections held in 1980 and 1984.The 
opposition parties too started to rely on Non-Congress 
iv.  In 1989 elections, the Congress was the largest party but it was in the 
opposition. The National Front government, an alliance of Janata Dal and 
some regional parties, was formed. The election of 1989 marked the end of 
Congress dominance and beginning of coalition governments because after 
this one or two parties never got most of the votes or seats. No single party 
secured a clear majority of seats in any Lok Sabha elections. This initiated 
an era of coalition government at the Centre in which regional parties played 
a crucial role in forming ruling alliance 
 (Any two points) 
2 
3 Political Science MS Class-XII 2024-25 
10 
18 
On the eve of Independence, India had before it, two models of modern 
development: the liberal-capitalist model as in much of Europe and the US and 
the socialist model as in the USSR. There were many in India then who were 
deeply impressed by the Soviet model of development. These included not just 
the leaders of the Communist Party of India, but also those of the Socialist Party 
and leaders like Nehru within the Congress.  
There were very few supporters of American-style capitalist development. This 
reflected a broad consensus that had developed during the national movement. 
The nationalist leaders were clear that the economic concerns of the government 
of free India would have to be different from the narrowly defined commercial 
functions of the colonial government. It was clear, moreover, that the task of 
poverty alleviation and social and economic redistribution was being seen 
primarily as the responsibility of the government. There were debates among 
them. For some, industrialization seemed to be the preferred path. For others, 
the development of agriculture and in particular alleviation of rural poverty was 
the priority. India adopted neither capitalistic model nor socialist model. India 
adopted 'Mixed Economy. 
 1+1= 2 
SECTION C (5x4=20 Marks) 
19 
Directive Principles of State Policy for the promotion of international peace and 
security: The state shall endeavour to: 
(i) Promote international peace and security. 
(ii) Maintain just and honourable relations between nation. 
(iii) Foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of 
organized people with one another. 
(iv) Encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration 
(Or Any other relevant point) 
 
4 
20 
The story of Sikkim from the time of India’s independence to its merger with 
India is as follows: 
i) At the time of independence, Sikkim was a protectorate of India. It meant that 
while it was not a part of India, it was also not a fully sovereign country. 
ii)  Sikkim’s monarch was Chogyal who was unable to deal with the 
democratic aspirations of the people. 
iii) The Chogyal was seen as perpetuating the rule of a small elite from the 
minority Lepcha, Bhutia community. The anti-Chogyal leaders of both 
communities sought and got support from the Government of India. 
iv) The first assembly of Sikkim which was elected in 1974 was swept by 
Sikkim Congress and it sought the status of associate state and in April 
1975 passed a resolution asking for full integration with India. After an 
organised referendum, 
Sikkim became the 22nd State of the Indian Union 
(All points) 
4 
21 A) 
i) The internal weaknesses of Soviet political and economic institutions failed to 
meet the aspirations of the people. 
ii) Economics tag nation for many years led to severe consumer shortages and 
a large section of Soviet society began to doubt and question the system and 
to do so openly. 
iii) The Soviet Union had become stagnant in an administrative and political 
sense as well. The Communist Party that had ruled the Soviet Union for over 
4 
4 Political Science MS Class-XII 2024-25 
10 
70 years was not accountable to the people. Ordinary people were alienated 
by slow and stifling administration, rampant corruption, the inability of the 
system to correct mistakes it had made, the unwillingness to allow more 
openness in government, and the centralisation of authority in a vast land. 
iv) The Soviet economy used much of its resources in maintaining a nuclear and 
military arsenal and the development of its satellite states in Eastern Europe 
and within the Soviet system. This led a huge economic burden that the 
system could not cope with. 
v) When Gorbachev became the President, he carried out reforms and 
loosened the system. He set in motion forces and expectations that few could 
have predicted and became virtually impossible to control. There were 
sections of Soviet society which felt that Gorbachev should have moved much 
faster and were disappointed and impatient with his methods. Others, 
especially members of the Communist Party and those who were served by 
the system, took exactly the opposite view. In this tug of war, Gorbachev lost 
support on all sides. 
vi) The rise of nationalism and the desire for sovereignty within various republics 
including Russia and the Baltic Republics, Ukraine, Georgia, and others 
proved to be the final and most immediate cause for the disintegration of the 
USSR. 
(Any four points/ Or Any other relevant point) 
OR 
B) 
I) Chechnya and Dagestan had violent secessionist movements. Moscow’s 
method of dealing with Chechen rebels and indiscriminate military bombings led 
to many human rights violations but failed to deter the aspirations for 
independence. 
II) In Central Asia: 
i) Tajikistan witnessed a civil war that went on for ten years till 2001. 
ii) In Azerbaijan’s provinces of Nagorno-Karabakh, some local Armenians want 
to secede and join Armenia. 
iii) In Georgia, the demand for independence came from two provinces result in a 
civil war. 
iv) There are still movements against the existing regimes in Ukraine, 
Kyrgyzstan and Georgia. 
v) Even countries and provinces are fighting over river water. 
(All points) 
 
22 A. Political Consequences: 
a) Globalization results in an erosion of state capacity. 
i) The old ‘welfare state’ is now giving way to a more minimalist state. 
ii) In place of the Welfare state, it is the market that becomes the prime 
determinant of economic and social priorities. The entry and the increased role 
of MNC all over the world leads to a reduction in the capacity of governments 
to take decisions on their own. 
b) Does not always reduce state capacity 
i) The state continues to discharge its essential functions like law and order. 
ii) State withdraws from certain domains from which it wishes to. 
4 
5 Political Science MS Class-XII 2024-25 
10 
(c) State capacity has received a boost 
i) With enhanced technologies the state can collect information about its citizens. 
ii) States have become more powerful than they were earlier as an outcome of the 
new technology                                                 (Or any other relevant point/s) 
 
OR 
B) 
Resistance to globalization in India has come from different quarters: 
i) The left using protests to economic liberalization was voiced through political 
parties as well as through forums like the Indian Social Forum. 
ii) Trade Unions and farmers’ interests have also organized protests against 
MNCs. 
iii) The patenting of certain plants like Neem by American and European firms 
has also generated protests. 
iv) Resistance has come from political parties also in the form of objecting to 
various cultural influences like the availability of foreign T.V. channels provided 
by cable networks, and Westernization. 
(Or any other relevant point/s) 
 
4 
23 This period witnessed tensions in the relationship between the Parliament and 
the Judiciary. The major conflicts between the Parliament and Judiciary: 
 
i) On the issue of Fundamental Right and right to property, the Supreme Court 
denied the amendment to Constitution. While on the issue of Fundamental 
Right giving effect to Directive principles, Parliament amended the 
Constitution, but later Supreme Court rejected it. 
ii) Court gave a decision that there are some basic features of the Constitution, 
and the Parliament cannot amend these basic features. This created 
tension between parliament and judiciary. 
iii) Tension between judiciary and executive further expanded, when a 
vacancy arose of the post of Chief Justice of India. As per the constitutional 
rule, senior-most judge of the Supreme Court should be appointed as Chief 
Justice of India in case of vacancy. But in 1973 government ignored the 
seniority of three judges and appointed A.N Ray as Chief Justice of India. 
iv) Appointment became a topic of tension. Government’s decision was 
questioned by the three judges who were superseded. 
 People were talking about the need of a judiciary and bureaucracy which 
would be committed to the plan of executive and legislature.  
(All points) 
4 
 
SECTION-D (3x4=12 Marks) 
 
24 
I) A) The Earth being consumed as a source of fuel 
II) B) To show only humans are causing global warming 
III) C) The role of industrial pollution in global warming 
IV) A) only humans can stop pollution 
1+1+1+1 
 
Following questions are for the Visually Impaired candidates in lieu of 
question number 24: 
I) The principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities." 
II) The Kyoto Protocol primarily aims to set targets for industrialized countries to 
cut their greenhouse gas emissions. 
III) 1997 in Kyoto, Japan. 
IV) a comprehensive plan of action adopted at the Earth Summit in 1992, 
1+1+1+1