Syllabus: Biology for Class 12 | Biology Class 12 - NEET PDF Download

 Page 1


 
 
BIOLOGY (Code No. 044) 
Class X I I  (2024-25) 
 
The present curriculum provides the students with updated concepts along with an extended 
exposure to contemporary areas of the subject. The curriculum also aims at emphasizing the 
underlying principles that are common to animals, plants and microorganisms as well as 
highlighting the relationship of Biology with other areas of knowledge. The format allows a 
simple, clear, sequential flow of concepts. It relates the study of biology to real life through the 
developments in use of technology. It links the discoveries and innovations in biology to 
everyday life such as environment, industry, health and agriculture. The updated curriculum 
also focuses on understanding and application of scientific principles, while ensuring that 
ample opportunities and scope for learning and appreciating basic concepts continue to be 
available within its framework. The prescribed syllabus is expected to: 
? promote understanding of basic principles of Biology 
? encourage learning of emerging knowledge and its relevance to individual and 
society 
? promote rational/scientific attitude towards issues related to population, environment 
and development 
? enhance awareness about environmental issues, problems and their appropriate 
solutions 
? create awareness amongst the learners about diversity in the living organisms 
and developing respect for other living beings 
? appreciate that the most complex biological phenomena are built on essentially 
simple processes 
It is expected that the students would get an exposure to various branches of Biology in 
the curriculum in a more contextual and systematic manner as they study its various units. 
 
 
   
   
 
 
      
 
 
   
      
        
      
    
    
   
Page 2


 
 
BIOLOGY (Code No. 044) 
Class X I I  (2024-25) 
 
The present curriculum provides the students with updated concepts along with an extended 
exposure to contemporary areas of the subject. The curriculum also aims at emphasizing the 
underlying principles that are common to animals, plants and microorganisms as well as 
highlighting the relationship of Biology with other areas of knowledge. The format allows a 
simple, clear, sequential flow of concepts. It relates the study of biology to real life through the 
developments in use of technology. It links the discoveries and innovations in biology to 
everyday life such as environment, industry, health and agriculture. The updated curriculum 
also focuses on understanding and application of scientific principles, while ensuring that 
ample opportunities and scope for learning and appreciating basic concepts continue to be 
available within its framework. The prescribed syllabus is expected to: 
? promote understanding of basic principles of Biology 
? encourage learning of emerging knowledge and its relevance to individual and 
society 
? promote rational/scientific attitude towards issues related to population, environment 
and development 
? enhance awareness about environmental issues, problems and their appropriate 
solutions 
? create awareness amongst the learners about diversity in the living organisms 
and developing respect for other living beings 
? appreciate that the most complex biological phenomena are built on essentially 
simple processes 
It is expected that the students would get an exposure to various branches of Biology in 
the curriculum in a more contextual and systematic manner as they study its various units. 
 
 
   
   
 
 
      
 
 
   
      
        
      
    
    
   
 
 
CLASS XII (2024-25) 
(THEORY) 
Time: 03 Hours Max. Marks: 70 
 
 
Unit Title Marks 
VI Reproduction 16 
VII Genetics and Evolution 20 
VIII Biology and Human Welfare 12 
IX Biotechnology and its Applications 12 
X Ecology and Environment 10 
 Total 70 
Unit-VI Reproduction 
Chapter-2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 
Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination - types, agencies 
and examples; out breeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization; post 
fertilization events - development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and 
formation of fruit; special modes- apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of 
seed dispersal and fruit formation. 
Chapter-3: Human Reproduction 
Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; 
gametogenesis -spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo 
development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; pregnancy and placenta formation 
(elementary idea); parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea). 
Chapter-4: Reproductive Health 
Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); birth 
control - need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); 
amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies - IVF, ZIFT, GIFT 
(elementary idea for general awareness). 
Unit-VII Genetics and Evolution 
 Chapter-5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation 
Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism – incomplete 
dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; 
elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance; chromosomes 
and genes; Sex determination - in humans, birds and honey bee; linkage and crossing over; 
sex linked inheritance - haemophilia, colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans - 
thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans; Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's 
syndromes. 
 
Page 3


 
 
BIOLOGY (Code No. 044) 
Class X I I  (2024-25) 
 
The present curriculum provides the students with updated concepts along with an extended 
exposure to contemporary areas of the subject. The curriculum also aims at emphasizing the 
underlying principles that are common to animals, plants and microorganisms as well as 
highlighting the relationship of Biology with other areas of knowledge. The format allows a 
simple, clear, sequential flow of concepts. It relates the study of biology to real life through the 
developments in use of technology. It links the discoveries and innovations in biology to 
everyday life such as environment, industry, health and agriculture. The updated curriculum 
also focuses on understanding and application of scientific principles, while ensuring that 
ample opportunities and scope for learning and appreciating basic concepts continue to be 
available within its framework. The prescribed syllabus is expected to: 
? promote understanding of basic principles of Biology 
? encourage learning of emerging knowledge and its relevance to individual and 
society 
? promote rational/scientific attitude towards issues related to population, environment 
and development 
? enhance awareness about environmental issues, problems and their appropriate 
solutions 
? create awareness amongst the learners about diversity in the living organisms 
and developing respect for other living beings 
? appreciate that the most complex biological phenomena are built on essentially 
simple processes 
It is expected that the students would get an exposure to various branches of Biology in 
the curriculum in a more contextual and systematic manner as they study its various units. 
 
 
   
   
 
 
      
 
 
   
      
        
      
    
    
   
 
 
CLASS XII (2024-25) 
(THEORY) 
Time: 03 Hours Max. Marks: 70 
 
 
Unit Title Marks 
VI Reproduction 16 
VII Genetics and Evolution 20 
VIII Biology and Human Welfare 12 
IX Biotechnology and its Applications 12 
X Ecology and Environment 10 
 Total 70 
Unit-VI Reproduction 
Chapter-2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 
Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination - types, agencies 
and examples; out breeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization; post 
fertilization events - development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and 
formation of fruit; special modes- apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of 
seed dispersal and fruit formation. 
Chapter-3: Human Reproduction 
Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; 
gametogenesis -spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo 
development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; pregnancy and placenta formation 
(elementary idea); parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea). 
Chapter-4: Reproductive Health 
Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); birth 
control - need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); 
amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies - IVF, ZIFT, GIFT 
(elementary idea for general awareness). 
Unit-VII Genetics and Evolution 
 Chapter-5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation 
Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism – incomplete 
dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; 
elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance; chromosomes 
and genes; Sex determination - in humans, birds and honey bee; linkage and crossing over; 
sex linked inheritance - haemophilia, colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans - 
thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans; Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's 
syndromes. 
 
 
 
 
Chapter-6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance 
Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA 
packaging; DNA replication; Central Dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene 
expression and regulation - lac operon; Genome, Human and rice genome projects; DNA 
fingerprinting. 
Chapter-7: Evolution 
Origin of life; biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (paleontology, 
comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidences); Darwin's contribution, modern 
synthetic theory of evolution; mechanism of evolution - variation (mutation and recombination) 
and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; 
Hardy- Weinberg's principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution. 
Unit-VIII: Biology and Human Welfare 
Chapter-8: Human Health and Diseases 
Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, 
ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm) and their control; 
Basic concepts of immunology - vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence - drug and 
alcohol abuse. 
 
Chapter-10: Microbes in Human Welfare 
Microbes in food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and 
microbes as bio-control agents and bio-fertilizers. Antibiotics; production and judicioususe. 
Unit-IX Biotechnology and its Applications 
Chapter-11: Biotechnology - Principles and Processes 
Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology). 
 
Chapter-12: Biotechnology and its Applications 
Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, 
stem cell technology, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms - Bt crops; transgenic 
animals; biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents. 
Unit-X Ecology and Environment 
Chapter-13: Organisms and Populations 
Population interactions - mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes - 
growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution. (Topics excluded: Organism and its 
Environment, Major Aboitic Factors, Responses to Abioitic Factors, Adaptations) 
Chapter-14: Ecosystem 
Ecosystems: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of 
number, biomass, energy (Topics excluded: Ecological Succession and Nutrient Cycles). 
Page 4


 
 
BIOLOGY (Code No. 044) 
Class X I I  (2024-25) 
 
The present curriculum provides the students with updated concepts along with an extended 
exposure to contemporary areas of the subject. The curriculum also aims at emphasizing the 
underlying principles that are common to animals, plants and microorganisms as well as 
highlighting the relationship of Biology with other areas of knowledge. The format allows a 
simple, clear, sequential flow of concepts. It relates the study of biology to real life through the 
developments in use of technology. It links the discoveries and innovations in biology to 
everyday life such as environment, industry, health and agriculture. The updated curriculum 
also focuses on understanding and application of scientific principles, while ensuring that 
ample opportunities and scope for learning and appreciating basic concepts continue to be 
available within its framework. The prescribed syllabus is expected to: 
? promote understanding of basic principles of Biology 
? encourage learning of emerging knowledge and its relevance to individual and 
society 
? promote rational/scientific attitude towards issues related to population, environment 
and development 
? enhance awareness about environmental issues, problems and their appropriate 
solutions 
? create awareness amongst the learners about diversity in the living organisms 
and developing respect for other living beings 
? appreciate that the most complex biological phenomena are built on essentially 
simple processes 
It is expected that the students would get an exposure to various branches of Biology in 
the curriculum in a more contextual and systematic manner as they study its various units. 
 
 
   
   
 
 
      
 
 
   
      
        
      
    
    
   
 
 
CLASS XII (2024-25) 
(THEORY) 
Time: 03 Hours Max. Marks: 70 
 
 
Unit Title Marks 
VI Reproduction 16 
VII Genetics and Evolution 20 
VIII Biology and Human Welfare 12 
IX Biotechnology and its Applications 12 
X Ecology and Environment 10 
 Total 70 
Unit-VI Reproduction 
Chapter-2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 
Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination - types, agencies 
and examples; out breeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization; post 
fertilization events - development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and 
formation of fruit; special modes- apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of 
seed dispersal and fruit formation. 
Chapter-3: Human Reproduction 
Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; 
gametogenesis -spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo 
development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; pregnancy and placenta formation 
(elementary idea); parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea). 
Chapter-4: Reproductive Health 
Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); birth 
control - need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); 
amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies - IVF, ZIFT, GIFT 
(elementary idea for general awareness). 
Unit-VII Genetics and Evolution 
 Chapter-5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation 
Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism – incomplete 
dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; 
elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance; chromosomes 
and genes; Sex determination - in humans, birds and honey bee; linkage and crossing over; 
sex linked inheritance - haemophilia, colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans - 
thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans; Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's 
syndromes. 
 
 
 
 
Chapter-6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance 
Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA 
packaging; DNA replication; Central Dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene 
expression and regulation - lac operon; Genome, Human and rice genome projects; DNA 
fingerprinting. 
Chapter-7: Evolution 
Origin of life; biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (paleontology, 
comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidences); Darwin's contribution, modern 
synthetic theory of evolution; mechanism of evolution - variation (mutation and recombination) 
and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; 
Hardy- Weinberg's principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution. 
Unit-VIII: Biology and Human Welfare 
Chapter-8: Human Health and Diseases 
Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, 
ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm) and their control; 
Basic concepts of immunology - vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence - drug and 
alcohol abuse. 
 
Chapter-10: Microbes in Human Welfare 
Microbes in food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and 
microbes as bio-control agents and bio-fertilizers. Antibiotics; production and judicioususe. 
Unit-IX Biotechnology and its Applications 
Chapter-11: Biotechnology - Principles and Processes 
Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology). 
 
Chapter-12: Biotechnology and its Applications 
Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, 
stem cell technology, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms - Bt crops; transgenic 
animals; biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents. 
Unit-X Ecology and Environment 
Chapter-13: Organisms and Populations 
Population interactions - mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes - 
growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution. (Topics excluded: Organism and its 
Environment, Major Aboitic Factors, Responses to Abioitic Factors, Adaptations) 
Chapter-14: Ecosystem 
Ecosystems: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of 
number, biomass, energy (Topics excluded: Ecological Succession and Nutrient Cycles). 
 
 
 
Chapter-15: Biodiversity and its Conservation 
Biodiversity-Concept, patterns, importance; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; 
hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, Sacred Groves, biosphere 
reserves, national parks, wildlife, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites. 
 
 
PRACTICALS 
Time allowed: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 30 
 
 
Evaluation Scheme Marks 
One Major Experiment  5  5 
One Minor Experiment      2 & 3 4 
Slide Preparation 1 & 4  5 
Spotting 7 
Practical Record + Viva Voce 
(Credit to the student’s 
work over the academic 
session may be given) 
4 
Investigatory Project and its 
Project Record + Viva Voce 
5 
Total 30 
 
A. List of Experiments 
 
1. Prepare a temporary mount to observe pollen germination. 
2. Study the plant population density by quadrat method. 
3. Study the plant population frequency by quadrat method. 
4. Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis. 
5. Isolate DNA from available plant material such as spinach, green pea seeds, 
papaya, etc. 
 
B. Study and observer the following (Spotting): 
 
1. Flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insects, birds). 
2. Pollen germination on stigma through a permanent slide or scanning electron 
micrograph. 
3. Identification of stages of gamete development, i.e., T.S. of testis and 
T.S. of ovary through permanent slides (from grasshopper/mice). 
4. Meiosis in onion bud cell or grasshopper testis through permanent slides. 
5. T.S. of blastula through permanent slides (Mammalian). 
6. Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colour/sizes of any plant. 
7. Prepared pedigree charts of any one of the genetic traits such as 
rolling of tongue, blood groups, ear lobes, widow's peak and colour 
blindness. 
Page 5


 
 
BIOLOGY (Code No. 044) 
Class X I I  (2024-25) 
 
The present curriculum provides the students with updated concepts along with an extended 
exposure to contemporary areas of the subject. The curriculum also aims at emphasizing the 
underlying principles that are common to animals, plants and microorganisms as well as 
highlighting the relationship of Biology with other areas of knowledge. The format allows a 
simple, clear, sequential flow of concepts. It relates the study of biology to real life through the 
developments in use of technology. It links the discoveries and innovations in biology to 
everyday life such as environment, industry, health and agriculture. The updated curriculum 
also focuses on understanding and application of scientific principles, while ensuring that 
ample opportunities and scope for learning and appreciating basic concepts continue to be 
available within its framework. The prescribed syllabus is expected to: 
? promote understanding of basic principles of Biology 
? encourage learning of emerging knowledge and its relevance to individual and 
society 
? promote rational/scientific attitude towards issues related to population, environment 
and development 
? enhance awareness about environmental issues, problems and their appropriate 
solutions 
? create awareness amongst the learners about diversity in the living organisms 
and developing respect for other living beings 
? appreciate that the most complex biological phenomena are built on essentially 
simple processes 
It is expected that the students would get an exposure to various branches of Biology in 
the curriculum in a more contextual and systematic manner as they study its various units. 
 
 
   
   
 
 
      
 
 
   
      
        
      
    
    
   
 
 
CLASS XII (2024-25) 
(THEORY) 
Time: 03 Hours Max. Marks: 70 
 
 
Unit Title Marks 
VI Reproduction 16 
VII Genetics and Evolution 20 
VIII Biology and Human Welfare 12 
IX Biotechnology and its Applications 12 
X Ecology and Environment 10 
 Total 70 
Unit-VI Reproduction 
Chapter-2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 
Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination - types, agencies 
and examples; out breeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization; post 
fertilization events - development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and 
formation of fruit; special modes- apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of 
seed dispersal and fruit formation. 
Chapter-3: Human Reproduction 
Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; 
gametogenesis -spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo 
development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; pregnancy and placenta formation 
(elementary idea); parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea). 
Chapter-4: Reproductive Health 
Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); birth 
control - need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); 
amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies - IVF, ZIFT, GIFT 
(elementary idea for general awareness). 
Unit-VII Genetics and Evolution 
 Chapter-5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation 
Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism – incomplete 
dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; 
elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance; chromosomes 
and genes; Sex determination - in humans, birds and honey bee; linkage and crossing over; 
sex linked inheritance - haemophilia, colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans - 
thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans; Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's 
syndromes. 
 
 
 
 
Chapter-6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance 
Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA 
packaging; DNA replication; Central Dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene 
expression and regulation - lac operon; Genome, Human and rice genome projects; DNA 
fingerprinting. 
Chapter-7: Evolution 
Origin of life; biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (paleontology, 
comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidences); Darwin's contribution, modern 
synthetic theory of evolution; mechanism of evolution - variation (mutation and recombination) 
and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; 
Hardy- Weinberg's principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution. 
Unit-VIII: Biology and Human Welfare 
Chapter-8: Human Health and Diseases 
Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, 
ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm) and their control; 
Basic concepts of immunology - vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence - drug and 
alcohol abuse. 
 
Chapter-10: Microbes in Human Welfare 
Microbes in food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and 
microbes as bio-control agents and bio-fertilizers. Antibiotics; production and judicioususe. 
Unit-IX Biotechnology and its Applications 
Chapter-11: Biotechnology - Principles and Processes 
Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology). 
 
Chapter-12: Biotechnology and its Applications 
Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, 
stem cell technology, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms - Bt crops; transgenic 
animals; biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents. 
Unit-X Ecology and Environment 
Chapter-13: Organisms and Populations 
Population interactions - mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes - 
growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution. (Topics excluded: Organism and its 
Environment, Major Aboitic Factors, Responses to Abioitic Factors, Adaptations) 
Chapter-14: Ecosystem 
Ecosystems: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of 
number, biomass, energy (Topics excluded: Ecological Succession and Nutrient Cycles). 
 
 
 
Chapter-15: Biodiversity and its Conservation 
Biodiversity-Concept, patterns, importance; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; 
hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, Sacred Groves, biosphere 
reserves, national parks, wildlife, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites. 
 
 
PRACTICALS 
Time allowed: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 30 
 
 
Evaluation Scheme Marks 
One Major Experiment  5  5 
One Minor Experiment      2 & 3 4 
Slide Preparation 1 & 4  5 
Spotting 7 
Practical Record + Viva Voce 
(Credit to the student’s 
work over the academic 
session may be given) 
4 
Investigatory Project and its 
Project Record + Viva Voce 
5 
Total 30 
 
A. List of Experiments 
 
1. Prepare a temporary mount to observe pollen germination. 
2. Study the plant population density by quadrat method. 
3. Study the plant population frequency by quadrat method. 
4. Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis. 
5. Isolate DNA from available plant material such as spinach, green pea seeds, 
papaya, etc. 
 
B. Study and observer the following (Spotting): 
 
1. Flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insects, birds). 
2. Pollen germination on stigma through a permanent slide or scanning electron 
micrograph. 
3. Identification of stages of gamete development, i.e., T.S. of testis and 
T.S. of ovary through permanent slides (from grasshopper/mice). 
4. Meiosis in onion bud cell or grasshopper testis through permanent slides. 
5. T.S. of blastula through permanent slides (Mammalian). 
6. Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colour/sizes of any plant. 
7. Prepared pedigree charts of any one of the genetic traits such as 
rolling of tongue, blood groups, ear lobes, widow's peak and colour 
blindness. 
 
 
8. Controlled pollination - emasculation, tagging andbagging. 
9. Common disease causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, 
Plasmodium, any fungus causing ringworm through permanent slides, 
models or virtual images or specimens. Comment on symptoms of 
diseases that they cause. 
10. Models specimen showing symbolic association in root modules of 
leguminous plants, Cuscuta on host, lichens. 
11. Flash cards models showing examples of homologous and analogous organs. 
 
 
Practical Examination for Visually Impaired Students of Classes XI and XII 
Evaluation Scheme 
 
Time: 02 Hours Max. Marks: 30 
 
Topic Marks 
Identification/Familiarity with the apparatus 5 
Written test (Based on given / prescribed practicals) 10 
Practical Records 5 
Viva 10 
Total 30 
 
General Guidelines 
? The practical examination will be of two hour duration. A separate list of 
ten experiments is included here. 
? The written examination in practicals for these students will be 
conducted at the time of practical examination of all other students. 
? The written test will be of 30 minutes duration. 
? The question paper given to the students should be legibly typed. It 
should contain a total of 15 practical skill based very short answer type 
questions. A student would be required to answer any 10 questions. 
? A writer may be allowed to such students as per CBSE examination rules. 
? All questions included in the question paper should be related to the listed 
practicals. Every question should require about two minutes to be 
answered. 
? These students are also required to maintain a practical file. A student is 
expected to record at least five of the listed experiments as per the specific 
instructions for each subject. These practicals should be duly checked and 
signed by the internal examiner. 
? The format of writing any experiment in the practical file should include 
aim, apparatus required, simple theory, procedure, related practical skills, 
precautions etc.