Page 1
MAIN COURSE BOOK
N
I
T
U
4
ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT
Introduction
Complete the following statements by choosing answers from the box given below
and check your awareness about environment.
1. This animal is hunted for its under wool, shahtoosh, which is used to make shawls
and scarves. This is the …………….
2. The key threat to tigers is…..............…..
3. The Sumatran Rhino is possibly the most critically endangered of the Asian
Rhinos. The rhinos are hunted primarily because of their horn, which is used in
...................….
4. The tiger has few enemies. The main predator of the tiger is the .............................
5. The largest endangered land mammal is the ………………….
6. The name given to the list of endangered/threatened species is….
7. The major environmental factor thought to cause the loss of habitat for the polar
bear is……………...
8. One of the reasons the WWF (World Wildlife Foundation) was created was to ……..
human being, traditional Asian medicine, , The Red List of Threatened
Species, Chiru/ Tibetan Antelope, global warming, loss of habitat, educate
and encourage conservation, , Asian elephant
A. TREADING THE GREEN PATH - TOWARDS PRESERVATION
A.1. Read about Romulus Earl Whitaker, a herpetologist, wildlife conservationist
and founder of the Madras Snake Park, The Andaman and Nicobar
Environment Trust, and the Madras Crocodile Bank Trust.
1. Romulus Whitaker, an American-born, 65-year-old Indian citizen, is a reptile
expert and environment film-maker. What drives him is a boundless enthusiasm
for the wonders of nature, and a determination to save them. "It is fascination with
121
Page 2
MAIN COURSE BOOK
N
I
T
U
4
ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT
Introduction
Complete the following statements by choosing answers from the box given below
and check your awareness about environment.
1. This animal is hunted for its under wool, shahtoosh, which is used to make shawls
and scarves. This is the …………….
2. The key threat to tigers is…..............…..
3. The Sumatran Rhino is possibly the most critically endangered of the Asian
Rhinos. The rhinos are hunted primarily because of their horn, which is used in
...................….
4. The tiger has few enemies. The main predator of the tiger is the .............................
5. The largest endangered land mammal is the ………………….
6. The name given to the list of endangered/threatened species is….
7. The major environmental factor thought to cause the loss of habitat for the polar
bear is……………...
8. One of the reasons the WWF (World Wildlife Foundation) was created was to ……..
human being, traditional Asian medicine, , The Red List of Threatened
Species, Chiru/ Tibetan Antelope, global warming, loss of habitat, educate
and encourage conservation, , Asian elephant
A. TREADING THE GREEN PATH - TOWARDS PRESERVATION
A.1. Read about Romulus Earl Whitaker, a herpetologist, wildlife conservationist
and founder of the Madras Snake Park, The Andaman and Nicobar
Environment Trust, and the Madras Crocodile Bank Trust.
1. Romulus Whitaker, an American-born, 65-year-old Indian citizen, is a reptile
expert and environment film-maker. What drives him is a boundless enthusiasm
for the wonders of nature, and a determination to save them. "It is fascination with
121
UNIT-4
MAIN COURSE BOOK
ENVIRONMENT
122
the endless natural mysteries, questions on why critters do what they do, and
empathy and sympathy in the face of the destruction all around," he explains from
his base in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. "I haven't had to do a nine-to-
five job ever in my life, and that is a very envious situation to be in if you like the
wild. Life has been much like a river in that it picks you up and carries you along. I
have got into things as they come towards me."
2. This seemingly relaxed attitude belies
the original thinking and careful and
considered planning behind his many
projects for wildlife, for forests and for
the people living in them. His current
ambition, for which he has been
selected as an Associate Laureate in
the 2008 Rolex Awards, is to create a
network of rainforest research
stations throughout India, part of a
vision he has been elaborating in his
mind for many years. "The idea of the
rainforest research stations has been with me absolutely forever, but I didn't have
the wherewithal to do anything about it. Then all these things started falling into
place over the last few years. I bought a block of land at Agumbe, in southern
India. Then the Whitley Award for Nature came along and helped set up the
Agumbe Rainforest Research Station and get it working really well."
3. A mother's tolerance for a small boy's fascination with snakes became the basis of
a notable career in herpetology for Whitaker. Author of eight books and over 150
articles, he served in key reptile posts and has inspired many with 23 acclaimed
environmental documentaries, such as the National Geographic film "King
Cobra". In 1984, for his project to help the indigenous Irula people of Tamil Nadu
make the transition from their old trade (catching snakes for the now-banned skin
trade) to collecting snake venom to produce life-saving anti-venom serum, he
received an Honourable Mention in the Rolex Awards for Enterprise.
Romulus Whitaker
Page 3
MAIN COURSE BOOK
N
I
T
U
4
ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT
Introduction
Complete the following statements by choosing answers from the box given below
and check your awareness about environment.
1. This animal is hunted for its under wool, shahtoosh, which is used to make shawls
and scarves. This is the …………….
2. The key threat to tigers is…..............…..
3. The Sumatran Rhino is possibly the most critically endangered of the Asian
Rhinos. The rhinos are hunted primarily because of their horn, which is used in
...................….
4. The tiger has few enemies. The main predator of the tiger is the .............................
5. The largest endangered land mammal is the ………………….
6. The name given to the list of endangered/threatened species is….
7. The major environmental factor thought to cause the loss of habitat for the polar
bear is……………...
8. One of the reasons the WWF (World Wildlife Foundation) was created was to ……..
human being, traditional Asian medicine, , The Red List of Threatened
Species, Chiru/ Tibetan Antelope, global warming, loss of habitat, educate
and encourage conservation, , Asian elephant
A. TREADING THE GREEN PATH - TOWARDS PRESERVATION
A.1. Read about Romulus Earl Whitaker, a herpetologist, wildlife conservationist
and founder of the Madras Snake Park, The Andaman and Nicobar
Environment Trust, and the Madras Crocodile Bank Trust.
1. Romulus Whitaker, an American-born, 65-year-old Indian citizen, is a reptile
expert and environment film-maker. What drives him is a boundless enthusiasm
for the wonders of nature, and a determination to save them. "It is fascination with
121
UNIT-4
MAIN COURSE BOOK
ENVIRONMENT
122
the endless natural mysteries, questions on why critters do what they do, and
empathy and sympathy in the face of the destruction all around," he explains from
his base in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. "I haven't had to do a nine-to-
five job ever in my life, and that is a very envious situation to be in if you like the
wild. Life has been much like a river in that it picks you up and carries you along. I
have got into things as they come towards me."
2. This seemingly relaxed attitude belies
the original thinking and careful and
considered planning behind his many
projects for wildlife, for forests and for
the people living in them. His current
ambition, for which he has been
selected as an Associate Laureate in
the 2008 Rolex Awards, is to create a
network of rainforest research
stations throughout India, part of a
vision he has been elaborating in his
mind for many years. "The idea of the
rainforest research stations has been with me absolutely forever, but I didn't have
the wherewithal to do anything about it. Then all these things started falling into
place over the last few years. I bought a block of land at Agumbe, in southern
India. Then the Whitley Award for Nature came along and helped set up the
Agumbe Rainforest Research Station and get it working really well."
3. A mother's tolerance for a small boy's fascination with snakes became the basis of
a notable career in herpetology for Whitaker. Author of eight books and over 150
articles, he served in key reptile posts and has inspired many with 23 acclaimed
environmental documentaries, such as the National Geographic film "King
Cobra". In 1984, for his project to help the indigenous Irula people of Tamil Nadu
make the transition from their old trade (catching snakes for the now-banned skin
trade) to collecting snake venom to produce life-saving anti-venom serum, he
received an Honourable Mention in the Rolex Awards for Enterprise.
Romulus Whitaker
UNIT-4
MAIN COURSE BOOK
ENVIRONMENT
123
4. Whitaker realized long ago that snakes and the other species he loves cannot
survive without their habitats. So, like many others, he has evolved from
naturalist to conservationist. "A lot of us get wrapped up in our own little special
animal and then we wake up and start thinking it has got to be habitat and it has
to be eco-development that involves people and, now, in my case, it has
crystallized into the whole idea of water resources.
5. "India has a history of droughts, floods and famines," Whitaker explains. "Food
production has been successfully tackled and dealt with, but we are now faced
with a water shortage that will dwarf any of the past problems faced by the people.
Owing to forest clearance and ill-advised dam projects, rivers are drying up,
ground water reserves are being used up faster than they can be replenished and
pollution is hitting most of our sources of drinking water. These are the obvious
problems, but there are other, possibly much more serious threats facing our
water regimes including climate change, which we must tackle on a war
footing."
6. Ironically, the water that Whitaker is intent on saving is - in the form of rain - one
of the major obstacles to conservation research in many parts of India. Despite
being recognized worldwide as biodiversity hotspots, relatively little is known
about India's dwindling rainforests and the many species for which they are home.
But monsoon downpours make it near-impossible for researchers to operate at
the very time the most scientifically interesting events are occurring in the
landscape and the lives of its inhabitants. At Agumbe, where Whitaker caught his
first king cobra back in 1971, annual rainfall of 10 metres or so condemns
outsiders not just to swarms of leeches, along with wet clothes and tents, but also
to guaranteed malfunction in all the equipment bound up in recording,
communicating and calculating.
7. Whitaker's base at Agumbe, constructed in 2005, and now a fully functioning
research, conservation and education centre, is the first of seven research stations
that will connect key remaining rainforest strongholds throughout India. Sita
Nadi, a river that has its source near the Agumbe Station, is a major focus for
Whitaker and his team, who have started a small but ambitious plan to clean up
and maintain the integrity of the river, using a three-pronged approach:
Page 4
MAIN COURSE BOOK
N
I
T
U
4
ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT
Introduction
Complete the following statements by choosing answers from the box given below
and check your awareness about environment.
1. This animal is hunted for its under wool, shahtoosh, which is used to make shawls
and scarves. This is the …………….
2. The key threat to tigers is…..............…..
3. The Sumatran Rhino is possibly the most critically endangered of the Asian
Rhinos. The rhinos are hunted primarily because of their horn, which is used in
...................….
4. The tiger has few enemies. The main predator of the tiger is the .............................
5. The largest endangered land mammal is the ………………….
6. The name given to the list of endangered/threatened species is….
7. The major environmental factor thought to cause the loss of habitat for the polar
bear is……………...
8. One of the reasons the WWF (World Wildlife Foundation) was created was to ……..
human being, traditional Asian medicine, , The Red List of Threatened
Species, Chiru/ Tibetan Antelope, global warming, loss of habitat, educate
and encourage conservation, , Asian elephant
A. TREADING THE GREEN PATH - TOWARDS PRESERVATION
A.1. Read about Romulus Earl Whitaker, a herpetologist, wildlife conservationist
and founder of the Madras Snake Park, The Andaman and Nicobar
Environment Trust, and the Madras Crocodile Bank Trust.
1. Romulus Whitaker, an American-born, 65-year-old Indian citizen, is a reptile
expert and environment film-maker. What drives him is a boundless enthusiasm
for the wonders of nature, and a determination to save them. "It is fascination with
121
UNIT-4
MAIN COURSE BOOK
ENVIRONMENT
122
the endless natural mysteries, questions on why critters do what they do, and
empathy and sympathy in the face of the destruction all around," he explains from
his base in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. "I haven't had to do a nine-to-
five job ever in my life, and that is a very envious situation to be in if you like the
wild. Life has been much like a river in that it picks you up and carries you along. I
have got into things as they come towards me."
2. This seemingly relaxed attitude belies
the original thinking and careful and
considered planning behind his many
projects for wildlife, for forests and for
the people living in them. His current
ambition, for which he has been
selected as an Associate Laureate in
the 2008 Rolex Awards, is to create a
network of rainforest research
stations throughout India, part of a
vision he has been elaborating in his
mind for many years. "The idea of the
rainforest research stations has been with me absolutely forever, but I didn't have
the wherewithal to do anything about it. Then all these things started falling into
place over the last few years. I bought a block of land at Agumbe, in southern
India. Then the Whitley Award for Nature came along and helped set up the
Agumbe Rainforest Research Station and get it working really well."
3. A mother's tolerance for a small boy's fascination with snakes became the basis of
a notable career in herpetology for Whitaker. Author of eight books and over 150
articles, he served in key reptile posts and has inspired many with 23 acclaimed
environmental documentaries, such as the National Geographic film "King
Cobra". In 1984, for his project to help the indigenous Irula people of Tamil Nadu
make the transition from their old trade (catching snakes for the now-banned skin
trade) to collecting snake venom to produce life-saving anti-venom serum, he
received an Honourable Mention in the Rolex Awards for Enterprise.
Romulus Whitaker
UNIT-4
MAIN COURSE BOOK
ENVIRONMENT
123
4. Whitaker realized long ago that snakes and the other species he loves cannot
survive without their habitats. So, like many others, he has evolved from
naturalist to conservationist. "A lot of us get wrapped up in our own little special
animal and then we wake up and start thinking it has got to be habitat and it has
to be eco-development that involves people and, now, in my case, it has
crystallized into the whole idea of water resources.
5. "India has a history of droughts, floods and famines," Whitaker explains. "Food
production has been successfully tackled and dealt with, but we are now faced
with a water shortage that will dwarf any of the past problems faced by the people.
Owing to forest clearance and ill-advised dam projects, rivers are drying up,
ground water reserves are being used up faster than they can be replenished and
pollution is hitting most of our sources of drinking water. These are the obvious
problems, but there are other, possibly much more serious threats facing our
water regimes including climate change, which we must tackle on a war
footing."
6. Ironically, the water that Whitaker is intent on saving is - in the form of rain - one
of the major obstacles to conservation research in many parts of India. Despite
being recognized worldwide as biodiversity hotspots, relatively little is known
about India's dwindling rainforests and the many species for which they are home.
But monsoon downpours make it near-impossible for researchers to operate at
the very time the most scientifically interesting events are occurring in the
landscape and the lives of its inhabitants. At Agumbe, where Whitaker caught his
first king cobra back in 1971, annual rainfall of 10 metres or so condemns
outsiders not just to swarms of leeches, along with wet clothes and tents, but also
to guaranteed malfunction in all the equipment bound up in recording,
communicating and calculating.
7. Whitaker's base at Agumbe, constructed in 2005, and now a fully functioning
research, conservation and education centre, is the first of seven research stations
that will connect key remaining rainforest strongholds throughout India. Sita
Nadi, a river that has its source near the Agumbe Station, is a major focus for
Whitaker and his team, who have started a small but ambitious plan to clean up
and maintain the integrity of the river, using a three-pronged approach:
UNIT-4
MAIN COURSE BOOK
ENVIRONMENT
evaluating the problems, involving the people and implementing a practical action
plan. Whitaker cannot emphasize enough the importance of the region's
rainforests for water resources. "The rainforests of India are the origin of all the
major rivers in the south and the north-east," he points out. "The rivers in the
Western Ghats [in India's south] provide the water for 350 to 400 million people,
about a third of India's population."
8. The Agumbe station itself consists of
living and working quarters purpose-
built to function during the monsoon
and to be self-sufficient in renewable
energy. It is strategically located on
about three hectares of land adjacent
to a wildlife sanctuary and a national
park so that field scientists have easy
access to the forest. The base has
hosted dozens of Indian researchers,
journalists and naturalists. But the station's mission extends beyond science. It is
a springboard for local conservation, including the sustainable use of minor forest
produce and medicinal plants. The station has educated hundreds of school
children about the forest. "Children are a bit shaky about going into the forest at
first, but fascination with what we show them soon gets them hooked," Whitaker
says.
9. The network of seven stations will produce vital information, building on
discoveries by Whitaker's colleagues of over 100 new species of frogs in the last
decade, and the study of crabs that live in trees. The network will allow immediate
exchange of expertise and research, creation of a comprehensive biodiversity
database, and expanded mobile educational programmes. Five of the stations in
the network, including Agumbe, will be located in the states that span the Western
Ghats. A sixth station will be located in the far north-eastern state of Assam, a vital
haven for large numbers of migratory birds and endangered mammals. The
seventh station is in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, situated 1,200 kilometres
The Agumbe station
124
Page 5
MAIN COURSE BOOK
N
I
T
U
4
ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT
Introduction
Complete the following statements by choosing answers from the box given below
and check your awareness about environment.
1. This animal is hunted for its under wool, shahtoosh, which is used to make shawls
and scarves. This is the …………….
2. The key threat to tigers is…..............…..
3. The Sumatran Rhino is possibly the most critically endangered of the Asian
Rhinos. The rhinos are hunted primarily because of their horn, which is used in
...................….
4. The tiger has few enemies. The main predator of the tiger is the .............................
5. The largest endangered land mammal is the ………………….
6. The name given to the list of endangered/threatened species is….
7. The major environmental factor thought to cause the loss of habitat for the polar
bear is……………...
8. One of the reasons the WWF (World Wildlife Foundation) was created was to ……..
human being, traditional Asian medicine, , The Red List of Threatened
Species, Chiru/ Tibetan Antelope, global warming, loss of habitat, educate
and encourage conservation, , Asian elephant
A. TREADING THE GREEN PATH - TOWARDS PRESERVATION
A.1. Read about Romulus Earl Whitaker, a herpetologist, wildlife conservationist
and founder of the Madras Snake Park, The Andaman and Nicobar
Environment Trust, and the Madras Crocodile Bank Trust.
1. Romulus Whitaker, an American-born, 65-year-old Indian citizen, is a reptile
expert and environment film-maker. What drives him is a boundless enthusiasm
for the wonders of nature, and a determination to save them. "It is fascination with
121
UNIT-4
MAIN COURSE BOOK
ENVIRONMENT
122
the endless natural mysteries, questions on why critters do what they do, and
empathy and sympathy in the face of the destruction all around," he explains from
his base in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. "I haven't had to do a nine-to-
five job ever in my life, and that is a very envious situation to be in if you like the
wild. Life has been much like a river in that it picks you up and carries you along. I
have got into things as they come towards me."
2. This seemingly relaxed attitude belies
the original thinking and careful and
considered planning behind his many
projects for wildlife, for forests and for
the people living in them. His current
ambition, for which he has been
selected as an Associate Laureate in
the 2008 Rolex Awards, is to create a
network of rainforest research
stations throughout India, part of a
vision he has been elaborating in his
mind for many years. "The idea of the
rainforest research stations has been with me absolutely forever, but I didn't have
the wherewithal to do anything about it. Then all these things started falling into
place over the last few years. I bought a block of land at Agumbe, in southern
India. Then the Whitley Award for Nature came along and helped set up the
Agumbe Rainforest Research Station and get it working really well."
3. A mother's tolerance for a small boy's fascination with snakes became the basis of
a notable career in herpetology for Whitaker. Author of eight books and over 150
articles, he served in key reptile posts and has inspired many with 23 acclaimed
environmental documentaries, such as the National Geographic film "King
Cobra". In 1984, for his project to help the indigenous Irula people of Tamil Nadu
make the transition from their old trade (catching snakes for the now-banned skin
trade) to collecting snake venom to produce life-saving anti-venom serum, he
received an Honourable Mention in the Rolex Awards for Enterprise.
Romulus Whitaker
UNIT-4
MAIN COURSE BOOK
ENVIRONMENT
123
4. Whitaker realized long ago that snakes and the other species he loves cannot
survive without their habitats. So, like many others, he has evolved from
naturalist to conservationist. "A lot of us get wrapped up in our own little special
animal and then we wake up and start thinking it has got to be habitat and it has
to be eco-development that involves people and, now, in my case, it has
crystallized into the whole idea of water resources.
5. "India has a history of droughts, floods and famines," Whitaker explains. "Food
production has been successfully tackled and dealt with, but we are now faced
with a water shortage that will dwarf any of the past problems faced by the people.
Owing to forest clearance and ill-advised dam projects, rivers are drying up,
ground water reserves are being used up faster than they can be replenished and
pollution is hitting most of our sources of drinking water. These are the obvious
problems, but there are other, possibly much more serious threats facing our
water regimes including climate change, which we must tackle on a war
footing."
6. Ironically, the water that Whitaker is intent on saving is - in the form of rain - one
of the major obstacles to conservation research in many parts of India. Despite
being recognized worldwide as biodiversity hotspots, relatively little is known
about India's dwindling rainforests and the many species for which they are home.
But monsoon downpours make it near-impossible for researchers to operate at
the very time the most scientifically interesting events are occurring in the
landscape and the lives of its inhabitants. At Agumbe, where Whitaker caught his
first king cobra back in 1971, annual rainfall of 10 metres or so condemns
outsiders not just to swarms of leeches, along with wet clothes and tents, but also
to guaranteed malfunction in all the equipment bound up in recording,
communicating and calculating.
7. Whitaker's base at Agumbe, constructed in 2005, and now a fully functioning
research, conservation and education centre, is the first of seven research stations
that will connect key remaining rainforest strongholds throughout India. Sita
Nadi, a river that has its source near the Agumbe Station, is a major focus for
Whitaker and his team, who have started a small but ambitious plan to clean up
and maintain the integrity of the river, using a three-pronged approach:
UNIT-4
MAIN COURSE BOOK
ENVIRONMENT
evaluating the problems, involving the people and implementing a practical action
plan. Whitaker cannot emphasize enough the importance of the region's
rainforests for water resources. "The rainforests of India are the origin of all the
major rivers in the south and the north-east," he points out. "The rivers in the
Western Ghats [in India's south] provide the water for 350 to 400 million people,
about a third of India's population."
8. The Agumbe station itself consists of
living and working quarters purpose-
built to function during the monsoon
and to be self-sufficient in renewable
energy. It is strategically located on
about three hectares of land adjacent
to a wildlife sanctuary and a national
park so that field scientists have easy
access to the forest. The base has
hosted dozens of Indian researchers,
journalists and naturalists. But the station's mission extends beyond science. It is
a springboard for local conservation, including the sustainable use of minor forest
produce and medicinal plants. The station has educated hundreds of school
children about the forest. "Children are a bit shaky about going into the forest at
first, but fascination with what we show them soon gets them hooked," Whitaker
says.
9. The network of seven stations will produce vital information, building on
discoveries by Whitaker's colleagues of over 100 new species of frogs in the last
decade, and the study of crabs that live in trees. The network will allow immediate
exchange of expertise and research, creation of a comprehensive biodiversity
database, and expanded mobile educational programmes. Five of the stations in
the network, including Agumbe, will be located in the states that span the Western
Ghats. A sixth station will be located in the far north-eastern state of Assam, a vital
haven for large numbers of migratory birds and endangered mammals. The
seventh station is in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, situated 1,200 kilometres
The Agumbe station
124
UNIT-4
MAIN COURSE BOOK
ENVIRONMENT
125
from the Indian mainland in the Bay of Bengal.
10. Six of the seven stations already exist in various stages of development and now
need vital new laboratory equipment and in some cases physical expansion to
bring them up to speed for the network. Whitaker will use the Rolex award to help
make this happen. Only one station, near the Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger
Reserve in the southern tip of India, needs to be built from the ground up. The
Rolex funds will also be used to fit out the bases with automatic weather stations.
"Climate change is tightly linked with the future of water resources and we need to
be monitoring it now," he says.
11. Whitaker puts his trust not just in his own skills, but also in the aspirations of
younger generations: "We are doing a lot of work with young people, bringing them
to the forest and showing them what happens here and why it matters. It can be
very difficult to change adult attitudes, but with the young, it is easier to get across
the knowledge that what we are doing to the forests, we are doing to ourselves."
A2. The author of the article had made the following sub headings, but they got
mixed up. Re-order them in the correct sequence, and write the number(s) of
the paragraphs that would come under each sub heading.
The network of rainforest research stations \
Whitaker's achievements \
People support \
Whitaker's love for nature, his vision and ambition \
The Agumbe station \
Water shortage and the need to save rainforests \
Becoming a conservationist \
A.3 On the basis of your reading of the above article choose the correct option to
complete the following statements:
1. Romulus Whitaker was able to pursue his dream because
a) he was determined
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