Textbook Solutions: Physiography and Drainage

 Page 1


3. Physiography and Drainage
Exercise
1 A. Question
Complete the sentences by choosing the right option:
Brazil is covered mainly by..............
A. Highlands.
B. Plains.
C. Mountainous region.
D. Dissected hills.
Answer
Brazil has an extensive network of highlands in the region. They make up more than half of the country's
landmass and are the main source of the nation's abundant mineral resource. They are recognized for their
diversity.
1 B. Question
Complete the sentences by choosing the right option:
Like Brazil, India too has.................
A. high mountains.
B. ancient plateau.
C. west-flowing rivers.
D. snow-capped mountains.
Answer
India is covered by a dense network of the Himalayas which extend towards Tajikistan in the East. Brazil,
too, has an extensive network of highlands in the region. They make up more than half of the country's
landmass and are the main source of the nation's abundant mineral resource
1 C. Question
Complete the sentences by choosing the right option:
The Amazon Basin is mainly...........
A. characterized by droughts.
B. filled by swamps.
C. covered by dense forests.
D. fertile.
Answer
The Amazon basin is the largest tropical rainforest in the world. Most of it has dense tropical rainforests
which are largely inaccessible because of frequent flooding and dense undergrowth. They are often called
“lungs of the world” as they provide extensive ecological services for the planet.
1 D. Question
Complete the sentences by choosing the right option:
Amazon is a large river in the world. Near its mouth................
A. deltaic regions are found.
B. no deltas are found.
Page 2


3. Physiography and Drainage
Exercise
1 A. Question
Complete the sentences by choosing the right option:
Brazil is covered mainly by..............
A. Highlands.
B. Plains.
C. Mountainous region.
D. Dissected hills.
Answer
Brazil has an extensive network of highlands in the region. They make up more than half of the country's
landmass and are the main source of the nation's abundant mineral resource. They are recognized for their
diversity.
1 B. Question
Complete the sentences by choosing the right option:
Like Brazil, India too has.................
A. high mountains.
B. ancient plateau.
C. west-flowing rivers.
D. snow-capped mountains.
Answer
India is covered by a dense network of the Himalayas which extend towards Tajikistan in the East. Brazil,
too, has an extensive network of highlands in the region. They make up more than half of the country's
landmass and are the main source of the nation's abundant mineral resource
1 C. Question
Complete the sentences by choosing the right option:
The Amazon Basin is mainly...........
A. characterized by droughts.
B. filled by swamps.
C. covered by dense forests.
D. fertile.
Answer
The Amazon basin is the largest tropical rainforest in the world. Most of it has dense tropical rainforests
which are largely inaccessible because of frequent flooding and dense undergrowth. They are often called
“lungs of the world” as they provide extensive ecological services for the planet.
1 D. Question
Complete the sentences by choosing the right option:
Amazon is a large river in the world. Near its mouth................
A. deltaic regions are found.
B. no deltas are found.
C. deposition of sediments occurs.
D. fishing is done.
Answer
Since Amazon washes off the load supplied to it from the catchment, sediments do not deposit at the mouth.
The Amazon basin is the largest tropical rainforest in the world. Most of it has dense tropical rainforests
which are largely inaccessible because of frequent flooding and dense undergrowth. They are often called
“lungs of the world” as they provide extensive ecological services for the planet.
1 E. Question
Complete the sentences by choosing the right option:
The Lakshadweep Islands of Arabian Sea is.....
A. made from the part separated from the mainland.
B. coral islands.
C. volcanic islands.
D. continental islands.
Answer
Lakshadweep is a uni-district Union Territory and is comprised of 12 atolls, three reefs, five submerged
banks, and ten inhabited islands. These are coral atoll group situated at a distance of 200-300km from the
West Coast of India.
Note:
Volcanic islands: Under the sea, volcanoes erupt, building land until they break the surface as a new island.
Layers of lava build up until a ridge breaks the sea's surface to form an island. E.g., Southeast Asia;
Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, the Philippine Islands.
Continental islands: Continental islands are bodies of land that lie on the continental shelf of a continent.
Examples include Borneo,Java, and Sumatra off Asia.
1 F. Question
Complete the sentences by choosing the right option:
To the foot hills of The Aravalis ...... .
A. lies the Bundelkhand Plateau.
B. lies the Mewad Plateau.
C. lies the Malwa Plateau.
D. lies the Deccan Plateau.
Answer
Malwa Plateau lies between the Aravali and Vindhya ranges. It is of volcanic origin, which is located in central
North India. It is bounded by the Madhya Bharat Plateau and Bundelkhand Upland to the north, the Vindhya
Range to the east and south, and the Gujarat Plains to the west.
2 A. Question
Answer the following questions:
Differentiate between the physiography of Brazil and India.
Answer
Page 3


3. Physiography and Drainage
Exercise
1 A. Question
Complete the sentences by choosing the right option:
Brazil is covered mainly by..............
A. Highlands.
B. Plains.
C. Mountainous region.
D. Dissected hills.
Answer
Brazil has an extensive network of highlands in the region. They make up more than half of the country's
landmass and are the main source of the nation's abundant mineral resource. They are recognized for their
diversity.
1 B. Question
Complete the sentences by choosing the right option:
Like Brazil, India too has.................
A. high mountains.
B. ancient plateau.
C. west-flowing rivers.
D. snow-capped mountains.
Answer
India is covered by a dense network of the Himalayas which extend towards Tajikistan in the East. Brazil,
too, has an extensive network of highlands in the region. They make up more than half of the country's
landmass and are the main source of the nation's abundant mineral resource
1 C. Question
Complete the sentences by choosing the right option:
The Amazon Basin is mainly...........
A. characterized by droughts.
B. filled by swamps.
C. covered by dense forests.
D. fertile.
Answer
The Amazon basin is the largest tropical rainforest in the world. Most of it has dense tropical rainforests
which are largely inaccessible because of frequent flooding and dense undergrowth. They are often called
“lungs of the world” as they provide extensive ecological services for the planet.
1 D. Question
Complete the sentences by choosing the right option:
Amazon is a large river in the world. Near its mouth................
A. deltaic regions are found.
B. no deltas are found.
C. deposition of sediments occurs.
D. fishing is done.
Answer
Since Amazon washes off the load supplied to it from the catchment, sediments do not deposit at the mouth.
The Amazon basin is the largest tropical rainforest in the world. Most of it has dense tropical rainforests
which are largely inaccessible because of frequent flooding and dense undergrowth. They are often called
“lungs of the world” as they provide extensive ecological services for the planet.
1 E. Question
Complete the sentences by choosing the right option:
The Lakshadweep Islands of Arabian Sea is.....
A. made from the part separated from the mainland.
B. coral islands.
C. volcanic islands.
D. continental islands.
Answer
Lakshadweep is a uni-district Union Territory and is comprised of 12 atolls, three reefs, five submerged
banks, and ten inhabited islands. These are coral atoll group situated at a distance of 200-300km from the
West Coast of India.
Note:
Volcanic islands: Under the sea, volcanoes erupt, building land until they break the surface as a new island.
Layers of lava build up until a ridge breaks the sea's surface to form an island. E.g., Southeast Asia;
Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, the Philippine Islands.
Continental islands: Continental islands are bodies of land that lie on the continental shelf of a continent.
Examples include Borneo,Java, and Sumatra off Asia.
1 F. Question
Complete the sentences by choosing the right option:
To the foot hills of The Aravalis ...... .
A. lies the Bundelkhand Plateau.
B. lies the Mewad Plateau.
C. lies the Malwa Plateau.
D. lies the Deccan Plateau.
Answer
Malwa Plateau lies between the Aravali and Vindhya ranges. It is of volcanic origin, which is located in central
North India. It is bounded by the Madhya Bharat Plateau and Bundelkhand Upland to the north, the Vindhya
Range to the east and south, and the Gujarat Plains to the west.
2 A. Question
Answer the following questions:
Differentiate between the physiography of Brazil and India.
Answer
2 B. Question
Answer the following questions:
What measures are being taken to control pollution in the rivers of India?
Answer
India has a large network of rivers, but to increasing industrialization, urbanisation, etc., the pollution in
these rivers has increased greatly. Following measures have been adopted to control river pollution:
* Proper treatment of sewage and management
* Installation of monitoring systems to keep a direct check on the effluent discharge in the rivers
* Rigorous assessment of water quality through monitoring systems
2 C. Question
Answer the following questions:
Explain the characteristics of the North Indian Plains.
Answer
Characteristics of the North Indian Plains:
* This division lies between the Himalaya Mountains in the north and
the Peninsula in the south, extending from Rajasthan and Punjab in the west to Assam in the east. It is
mostly a flat, low-lying area.
* The North Indian Plains are divided into two parts. The part lying to the east of the Aravalis is the basin of
the river Ganga and is therefore known as the Ganga Plains. It slopes eastward. The western part of the
North Indian Plains is occupied by desert, known as the Thar Desert or Marusthali. Most of Rajasthan is
occupied by this desert.
* The plains of Punjab lie to the north of the Thar desert. This region is spread to the west of Aravalis and
Delhi ranges which have formed as a result of the depositional work by river Sutlej and its tributaries. The
slope of the plains is towards the west.
Since the soil here is very fertile, agriculture is largely practised in this region.
2 D. Question
Answer the following questions:
What could be the reasons behind the formation of swamps in the extensive continental location of Pantanal?
Answer
Pantanal is one of the largest wetlands in the world, lying towards the southwest part of the highland areas.
It is a region of swamps and marshes in northwestern Mato Grosso do Sul in Brazil and, extending into
Argentina too. It is a very precious resource of Brazil, home to an array of plant- and animal species.
Water from the Planalto highlands flows into the gradually-sloped, large depression of Pantanal. From there,
Page 4


3. Physiography and Drainage
Exercise
1 A. Question
Complete the sentences by choosing the right option:
Brazil is covered mainly by..............
A. Highlands.
B. Plains.
C. Mountainous region.
D. Dissected hills.
Answer
Brazil has an extensive network of highlands in the region. They make up more than half of the country's
landmass and are the main source of the nation's abundant mineral resource. They are recognized for their
diversity.
1 B. Question
Complete the sentences by choosing the right option:
Like Brazil, India too has.................
A. high mountains.
B. ancient plateau.
C. west-flowing rivers.
D. snow-capped mountains.
Answer
India is covered by a dense network of the Himalayas which extend towards Tajikistan in the East. Brazil,
too, has an extensive network of highlands in the region. They make up more than half of the country's
landmass and are the main source of the nation's abundant mineral resource
1 C. Question
Complete the sentences by choosing the right option:
The Amazon Basin is mainly...........
A. characterized by droughts.
B. filled by swamps.
C. covered by dense forests.
D. fertile.
Answer
The Amazon basin is the largest tropical rainforest in the world. Most of it has dense tropical rainforests
which are largely inaccessible because of frequent flooding and dense undergrowth. They are often called
“lungs of the world” as they provide extensive ecological services for the planet.
1 D. Question
Complete the sentences by choosing the right option:
Amazon is a large river in the world. Near its mouth................
A. deltaic regions are found.
B. no deltas are found.
C. deposition of sediments occurs.
D. fishing is done.
Answer
Since Amazon washes off the load supplied to it from the catchment, sediments do not deposit at the mouth.
The Amazon basin is the largest tropical rainforest in the world. Most of it has dense tropical rainforests
which are largely inaccessible because of frequent flooding and dense undergrowth. They are often called
“lungs of the world” as they provide extensive ecological services for the planet.
1 E. Question
Complete the sentences by choosing the right option:
The Lakshadweep Islands of Arabian Sea is.....
A. made from the part separated from the mainland.
B. coral islands.
C. volcanic islands.
D. continental islands.
Answer
Lakshadweep is a uni-district Union Territory and is comprised of 12 atolls, three reefs, five submerged
banks, and ten inhabited islands. These are coral atoll group situated at a distance of 200-300km from the
West Coast of India.
Note:
Volcanic islands: Under the sea, volcanoes erupt, building land until they break the surface as a new island.
Layers of lava build up until a ridge breaks the sea's surface to form an island. E.g., Southeast Asia;
Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, the Philippine Islands.
Continental islands: Continental islands are bodies of land that lie on the continental shelf of a continent.
Examples include Borneo,Java, and Sumatra off Asia.
1 F. Question
Complete the sentences by choosing the right option:
To the foot hills of The Aravalis ...... .
A. lies the Bundelkhand Plateau.
B. lies the Mewad Plateau.
C. lies the Malwa Plateau.
D. lies the Deccan Plateau.
Answer
Malwa Plateau lies between the Aravali and Vindhya ranges. It is of volcanic origin, which is located in central
North India. It is bounded by the Madhya Bharat Plateau and Bundelkhand Upland to the north, the Vindhya
Range to the east and south, and the Gujarat Plains to the west.
2 A. Question
Answer the following questions:
Differentiate between the physiography of Brazil and India.
Answer
2 B. Question
Answer the following questions:
What measures are being taken to control pollution in the rivers of India?
Answer
India has a large network of rivers, but to increasing industrialization, urbanisation, etc., the pollution in
these rivers has increased greatly. Following measures have been adopted to control river pollution:
* Proper treatment of sewage and management
* Installation of monitoring systems to keep a direct check on the effluent discharge in the rivers
* Rigorous assessment of water quality through monitoring systems
2 C. Question
Answer the following questions:
Explain the characteristics of the North Indian Plains.
Answer
Characteristics of the North Indian Plains:
* This division lies between the Himalaya Mountains in the north and
the Peninsula in the south, extending from Rajasthan and Punjab in the west to Assam in the east. It is
mostly a flat, low-lying area.
* The North Indian Plains are divided into two parts. The part lying to the east of the Aravalis is the basin of
the river Ganga and is therefore known as the Ganga Plains. It slopes eastward. The western part of the
North Indian Plains is occupied by desert, known as the Thar Desert or Marusthali. Most of Rajasthan is
occupied by this desert.
* The plains of Punjab lie to the north of the Thar desert. This region is spread to the west of Aravalis and
Delhi ranges which have formed as a result of the depositional work by river Sutlej and its tributaries. The
slope of the plains is towards the west.
Since the soil here is very fertile, agriculture is largely practised in this region.
2 D. Question
Answer the following questions:
What could be the reasons behind the formation of swamps in the extensive continental location of Pantanal?
Answer
Pantanal is one of the largest wetlands in the world, lying towards the southwest part of the highland areas.
It is a region of swamps and marshes in northwestern Mato Grosso do Sul in Brazil and, extending into
Argentina too. It is a very precious resource of Brazil, home to an array of plant- and animal species.
Water from the Planalto highlands flows into the gradually-sloped, large depression of Pantanal. From there,
the water flows out as the Paraguay River and its tributaries. The Pantanal forms a vast swampy area as a
result of deposits from the several rivers and water systems flowing into it.
2 E. Question
Answer the following questions:
Which are the major water divides of India giving examples?
Answer
Major water divides of India-
* Sindhu river system – comprises the main Indus and its major tributaries - Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Satluj.
* Ganga river system – its tributaries include Yamuna, Brahmaputra, Chambal, Ken, Betwa, Son, Damodar. It
is 2525 km long; rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand and empties in the Bay of
Bengal.
* Tapi and Narmada are among the few Indian rivers which flow towards the Arabian sea. It is because they
don’t form valleys, and instead they flow through faults (linear rift, rift valley, trough) created due to the
bending of the northern peninsula during the formation process of Himalayas.
* Mahi river flows from North East to South West direction, and Sabarmati flows in the North-South direction.
* Important river systems towards the Bay of Bengal include Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri.
3 A. Question
Write notes on:
Amazon River basin
Answer
Amazon River Basin
Amazon collects its headwaters from the eastern slopes of Andes Mountains in Peru. It receives a huge
discharge, about 2 lakh m3/s . As a result, Amazon washes off the load supplied to it from the catchment.
Consequently, sediments are not deposited even at the mouth. A dense network of distributaries, which is a
characteristic feature of river mouth areas, is by and large absent in the mouth region of Amazon. Instead, a
series of islands developed along the mouth of Amazon beyond the coastline into the Atlantic Ocean can be
found. Most of the course of the Amazon river is suitable for navigation.
3 B. Question
Write notes on:
Himalayas
Answer
Himalayas – The Himalayas are one of the young fold mountains in the world, extending from the Pamir
Knot in Tajikistan to the east. It is a major mountain system of the Asian continent. In India, it extends from
Jammu and Kashmir to Arunachal
Pradesh. The Himalayas is not a single mountain range, but there are many parallel ranges in the system.
The southernmost is known as Siwaliks, the youngest range. Next to Siwaliks are Lesser Himalayas, Greater
Himalayas (Himadri) and Trans Himalayan range from south to north. These ranges are young to old
respectively. These mountain ranges are also divided
into Western Himalayas (or Kashmir Himalayas), Central Himalayas (or Kumaun Himalayas) and Eastern
Himalayas (or Assam Himalayas).
3 C. Question
Write notes on:
The coasts of Brazil
Answer
The coasts of Brazil – Brazil has a coastline of about 7400 km. It can be divided into two parts namely the
Page 5


3. Physiography and Drainage
Exercise
1 A. Question
Complete the sentences by choosing the right option:
Brazil is covered mainly by..............
A. Highlands.
B. Plains.
C. Mountainous region.
D. Dissected hills.
Answer
Brazil has an extensive network of highlands in the region. They make up more than half of the country's
landmass and are the main source of the nation's abundant mineral resource. They are recognized for their
diversity.
1 B. Question
Complete the sentences by choosing the right option:
Like Brazil, India too has.................
A. high mountains.
B. ancient plateau.
C. west-flowing rivers.
D. snow-capped mountains.
Answer
India is covered by a dense network of the Himalayas which extend towards Tajikistan in the East. Brazil,
too, has an extensive network of highlands in the region. They make up more than half of the country's
landmass and are the main source of the nation's abundant mineral resource
1 C. Question
Complete the sentences by choosing the right option:
The Amazon Basin is mainly...........
A. characterized by droughts.
B. filled by swamps.
C. covered by dense forests.
D. fertile.
Answer
The Amazon basin is the largest tropical rainforest in the world. Most of it has dense tropical rainforests
which are largely inaccessible because of frequent flooding and dense undergrowth. They are often called
“lungs of the world” as they provide extensive ecological services for the planet.
1 D. Question
Complete the sentences by choosing the right option:
Amazon is a large river in the world. Near its mouth................
A. deltaic regions are found.
B. no deltas are found.
C. deposition of sediments occurs.
D. fishing is done.
Answer
Since Amazon washes off the load supplied to it from the catchment, sediments do not deposit at the mouth.
The Amazon basin is the largest tropical rainforest in the world. Most of it has dense tropical rainforests
which are largely inaccessible because of frequent flooding and dense undergrowth. They are often called
“lungs of the world” as they provide extensive ecological services for the planet.
1 E. Question
Complete the sentences by choosing the right option:
The Lakshadweep Islands of Arabian Sea is.....
A. made from the part separated from the mainland.
B. coral islands.
C. volcanic islands.
D. continental islands.
Answer
Lakshadweep is a uni-district Union Territory and is comprised of 12 atolls, three reefs, five submerged
banks, and ten inhabited islands. These are coral atoll group situated at a distance of 200-300km from the
West Coast of India.
Note:
Volcanic islands: Under the sea, volcanoes erupt, building land until they break the surface as a new island.
Layers of lava build up until a ridge breaks the sea's surface to form an island. E.g., Southeast Asia;
Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, the Philippine Islands.
Continental islands: Continental islands are bodies of land that lie on the continental shelf of a continent.
Examples include Borneo,Java, and Sumatra off Asia.
1 F. Question
Complete the sentences by choosing the right option:
To the foot hills of The Aravalis ...... .
A. lies the Bundelkhand Plateau.
B. lies the Mewad Plateau.
C. lies the Malwa Plateau.
D. lies the Deccan Plateau.
Answer
Malwa Plateau lies between the Aravali and Vindhya ranges. It is of volcanic origin, which is located in central
North India. It is bounded by the Madhya Bharat Plateau and Bundelkhand Upland to the north, the Vindhya
Range to the east and south, and the Gujarat Plains to the west.
2 A. Question
Answer the following questions:
Differentiate between the physiography of Brazil and India.
Answer
2 B. Question
Answer the following questions:
What measures are being taken to control pollution in the rivers of India?
Answer
India has a large network of rivers, but to increasing industrialization, urbanisation, etc., the pollution in
these rivers has increased greatly. Following measures have been adopted to control river pollution:
* Proper treatment of sewage and management
* Installation of monitoring systems to keep a direct check on the effluent discharge in the rivers
* Rigorous assessment of water quality through monitoring systems
2 C. Question
Answer the following questions:
Explain the characteristics of the North Indian Plains.
Answer
Characteristics of the North Indian Plains:
* This division lies between the Himalaya Mountains in the north and
the Peninsula in the south, extending from Rajasthan and Punjab in the west to Assam in the east. It is
mostly a flat, low-lying area.
* The North Indian Plains are divided into two parts. The part lying to the east of the Aravalis is the basin of
the river Ganga and is therefore known as the Ganga Plains. It slopes eastward. The western part of the
North Indian Plains is occupied by desert, known as the Thar Desert or Marusthali. Most of Rajasthan is
occupied by this desert.
* The plains of Punjab lie to the north of the Thar desert. This region is spread to the west of Aravalis and
Delhi ranges which have formed as a result of the depositional work by river Sutlej and its tributaries. The
slope of the plains is towards the west.
Since the soil here is very fertile, agriculture is largely practised in this region.
2 D. Question
Answer the following questions:
What could be the reasons behind the formation of swamps in the extensive continental location of Pantanal?
Answer
Pantanal is one of the largest wetlands in the world, lying towards the southwest part of the highland areas.
It is a region of swamps and marshes in northwestern Mato Grosso do Sul in Brazil and, extending into
Argentina too. It is a very precious resource of Brazil, home to an array of plant- and animal species.
Water from the Planalto highlands flows into the gradually-sloped, large depression of Pantanal. From there,
the water flows out as the Paraguay River and its tributaries. The Pantanal forms a vast swampy area as a
result of deposits from the several rivers and water systems flowing into it.
2 E. Question
Answer the following questions:
Which are the major water divides of India giving examples?
Answer
Major water divides of India-
* Sindhu river system – comprises the main Indus and its major tributaries - Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Satluj.
* Ganga river system – its tributaries include Yamuna, Brahmaputra, Chambal, Ken, Betwa, Son, Damodar. It
is 2525 km long; rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand and empties in the Bay of
Bengal.
* Tapi and Narmada are among the few Indian rivers which flow towards the Arabian sea. It is because they
don’t form valleys, and instead they flow through faults (linear rift, rift valley, trough) created due to the
bending of the northern peninsula during the formation process of Himalayas.
* Mahi river flows from North East to South West direction, and Sabarmati flows in the North-South direction.
* Important river systems towards the Bay of Bengal include Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri.
3 A. Question
Write notes on:
Amazon River basin
Answer
Amazon River Basin
Amazon collects its headwaters from the eastern slopes of Andes Mountains in Peru. It receives a huge
discharge, about 2 lakh m3/s . As a result, Amazon washes off the load supplied to it from the catchment.
Consequently, sediments are not deposited even at the mouth. A dense network of distributaries, which is a
characteristic feature of river mouth areas, is by and large absent in the mouth region of Amazon. Instead, a
series of islands developed along the mouth of Amazon beyond the coastline into the Atlantic Ocean can be
found. Most of the course of the Amazon river is suitable for navigation.
3 B. Question
Write notes on:
Himalayas
Answer
Himalayas – The Himalayas are one of the young fold mountains in the world, extending from the Pamir
Knot in Tajikistan to the east. It is a major mountain system of the Asian continent. In India, it extends from
Jammu and Kashmir to Arunachal
Pradesh. The Himalayas is not a single mountain range, but there are many parallel ranges in the system.
The southernmost is known as Siwaliks, the youngest range. Next to Siwaliks are Lesser Himalayas, Greater
Himalayas (Himadri) and Trans Himalayan range from south to north. These ranges are young to old
respectively. These mountain ranges are also divided
into Western Himalayas (or Kashmir Himalayas), Central Himalayas (or Kumaun Himalayas) and Eastern
Himalayas (or Assam Himalayas).
3 C. Question
Write notes on:
The coasts of Brazil
Answer
The coasts of Brazil – Brazil has a coastline of about 7400 km. It can be divided into two parts namely the
northern and eastern coast.
1. The northern coast extends from Amapa province in the north to Rio de Grande de Norte in the east. It can
be called as the North Atlantic coast.
2. From there, the eastern coast extends towards the south. The northern coast is characterized by mouths
of many rivers including the Amazon. Therefore this region is a low-lying region.
3. On this coast lie the Marajo island, Marajo and Sao Marcos Bays. Marajo is a large coastal island located
between the mouths of River Amazon and River Tocantins.
4. The eastern coast receives a large number of smaller rivers. The only major river which meets the Atlantic
Ocean here is Sao Francisco.
5. The Brazilian coast is characterized by a large number of beaches and sand dune complexes. It is also
protected in some areas by coral reefs and atoll islands.
3 D. Question
Write notes on:
The Indian peninsula
Answer
The Indian peninsula – The area lying to the south of North Indian Plains and tapering towards the Indian
Ocean is called the Indian Peninsula. It consists of many plateaus and hill ranges. The Aravalis in the north is
the oldest fold mountains here which include a series of plateaus bordering the Plains, Vindhyas and Satpuda
ranges in the central part and the hilly regions of Western and Eastern Ghats.
3 E. Question
Write notes on:
The Great Escarpment
Answer
The Great Escarpment – The Great Escarpment, although, occupies a very small area, the nature of its
slope and the effect it has on the climate makes it a separate physiographic region. The eastern side of the
Highlands is demarcated because of the escarpment. In this region, the altitude of the escarpment is 790m.
In some regions, the height decreases gradually. The escarpment is very steep particularly from Sao Paulo to
Porto Alegre. The escarpment act as a barrier to the Southeast Trade winds giving rise to the rain- -shadow
area in the northeastern part of the highlands. The region to the north of this area is called ‘Drought
Quadrilateral.’
4 A. Question
Write geographical reasons.
There are no west-flowing rivers in Brazil.
Answer
A number of rivers take off from the terminal portion of the highlands and flow northwards to meet the
Atlantic Ocean which lies on the eastern border of Brazil. Some major rivers like Uruguay, Paraguay, and
Parana originate from the southern slopes of the highlands and enter Argentina. The highlands gradually
slope towards north which appears in the form of an escarpment. Hence, there are no west-flowing rivers in
Brazil.
4 B. Question
Write geographical reasons.
There are dissimilarities between the eastern and western coasts of India.
Answer
The western coast borders the Arabian Sea. It is by and large a rocky coast. At places, spurs taking off from
the Western Ghats have extended right up to the coast. Its width is also less compared to the east coast.
Rivers originating from the Western Ghats are short and swift, and hence they form estuaries and not deltas.