Textbook Solutions: Climate

 Page 1


4. Climate
Exercise
1. Question
Write the names of the States/Regions inappropriate columns:
Bihar, Tocantins, Pernambuco, Alagoas Eastern Maharastra, Western part of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Rio Grande
Do Norte,Paraiba, Western Ghats, Eastern Himalayas, Western Andhra Pradesh, Roroima, Amazon, West
Bengal, RioGrande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Goa
(Note: Can you think of an easier method of answering this question?)
Answer
2. Question
State whether right or wrong. Rewrite the wrong sentences.
(a) The fact that Brazil lies on the equator affects its climate in a big way.
(b) India and Brazil have the same seasons at the same time.
(c) India faces tropical cyclones frequently.
(d) Brazil gets a lot of rainfall because of the southwest monsoon winds.
Answer
(a) The fact that Brazil lies on the equator affects its climate in a big way – Right
The temperature in Brazil is generally high due to this and rainforests are also present because of the
equatorial line passing through it.
(b) India and Brazil have the same seasons at the same time – Wrong.
India lies in the northern hemisphere and Brazil in the southern hemisphere. The seasons in the Northern
Hemisphere are the opposite of those in the Southern Hemisphere.
(c) India faces tropical cyclones frequently – Right
The eastern coast is more prone to cyclones, and about 80 percent of the total cyclones generated in the
Indian Ocean strike the east coast of India. There are two probable reasons for it: The Western Disturbances
and the tropical cyclones originating in the Andaman Sea travelling N.W. and reaching the Indian
Coromandel Coast.
(d) Brazil gets a lot of rainfall because of the southwest monsoon winds – Wrong
Brazil gets rainfall because of the South East trade winds and the North East trade winds.
3 A. Question
Give geographical reasons:
Page 2


4. Climate
Exercise
1. Question
Write the names of the States/Regions inappropriate columns:
Bihar, Tocantins, Pernambuco, Alagoas Eastern Maharastra, Western part of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Rio Grande
Do Norte,Paraiba, Western Ghats, Eastern Himalayas, Western Andhra Pradesh, Roroima, Amazon, West
Bengal, RioGrande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Goa
(Note: Can you think of an easier method of answering this question?)
Answer
2. Question
State whether right or wrong. Rewrite the wrong sentences.
(a) The fact that Brazil lies on the equator affects its climate in a big way.
(b) India and Brazil have the same seasons at the same time.
(c) India faces tropical cyclones frequently.
(d) Brazil gets a lot of rainfall because of the southwest monsoon winds.
Answer
(a) The fact that Brazil lies on the equator affects its climate in a big way – Right
The temperature in Brazil is generally high due to this and rainforests are also present because of the
equatorial line passing through it.
(b) India and Brazil have the same seasons at the same time – Wrong.
India lies in the northern hemisphere and Brazil in the southern hemisphere. The seasons in the Northern
Hemisphere are the opposite of those in the Southern Hemisphere.
(c) India faces tropical cyclones frequently – Right
The eastern coast is more prone to cyclones, and about 80 percent of the total cyclones generated in the
Indian Ocean strike the east coast of India. There are two probable reasons for it: The Western Disturbances
and the tropical cyclones originating in the Andaman Sea travelling N.W. and reaching the Indian
Coromandel Coast.
(d) Brazil gets a lot of rainfall because of the southwest monsoon winds – Wrong
Brazil gets rainfall because of the South East trade winds and the North East trade winds.
3 A. Question
Give geographical reasons:
The northeastern part of the Brazilian Highlands receives very less rainfall.
Answer
Parts of the Brazilian highlands extend upto the northern coast and forms an escarpment. The escarpments
act as an obstruction to the winds coming from the sea and cause the orographic type of rainfall in the
coastal region. Beyond the highlands, the effect of these winds gets reduced. As a result, the rainfall is
minimal.
3 B. Question
Give geographical reasons:
Snowfall doesn’t always occur in Brazil.
Answer
Most of the part of Brazil lies in the tropical zone. The equator passes through the northern part of the
country, and the temperature is high in this region. The average temperature in the Amazon valley is 25 ° -
28° C. The climate is cooler in the Highlands. Because of the proximity to the sea, the coasts experience mild
and humid climate.
3 C. Question
Give geographical reasons:
Convectional type of rainfall is not prominent in India.
Answer
Convectional type of rainfall is the type of rainfall in which the warm air rises up and expands then, reaches a
cooler layer and saturates, then condenses mainly in the form of cumulus or cumulonimbus clouds. It mostly
occurs in the equatorial regions. Rainfall in India is mostly brought by the southwest monsoon winds.
3 D. Question
Give geographical reasons:
Tropical cyclones occur rarely in Brazil.
Answer
Tropical cyclones are localized, very intense low-pressure wind system, forming over tropical cyclones. In the
coastal regions near the equator in Brazil, differences in temperatures are negligible. The winds move in the
vertical direction in this region. Similarly, the convergence zone of the trade winds is weak here. These are a
few conditions which need to be fulfilled for the formation of tropical cyclones, and since they are not
fulfilled, tropical cyclones rarely visit the coasts of Brazil.
3 E. Question
Give geographical reasons:
There is not much difference in the range of temperature in Manaus.
Answer
Manaus lies in the northern region of Brazil. The equator passes through this part of the country. Regions
near the equator experience a small range of temperatures. The average temperature in the Amazon valley
is 25 ° - 28° C. The summer tends to be a little cooler due to the precipitation.
3 F. Question
Give geographical reasons:
India receives precipitation from the North-East Monsoon winds too.
Answer
Very cold winds blowing from the north are obstructed by the Himalayas. Similarly, the South–West
Monsoons retreat from the Shiwalik and Himachal ranges of the Himalayas. Because of the obstruction
caused by the Eastern and Western Ghats, it rains more in the coastal areas. The rainfall reduces in the
leeward side
Page 3


4. Climate
Exercise
1. Question
Write the names of the States/Regions inappropriate columns:
Bihar, Tocantins, Pernambuco, Alagoas Eastern Maharastra, Western part of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Rio Grande
Do Norte,Paraiba, Western Ghats, Eastern Himalayas, Western Andhra Pradesh, Roroima, Amazon, West
Bengal, RioGrande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Goa
(Note: Can you think of an easier method of answering this question?)
Answer
2. Question
State whether right or wrong. Rewrite the wrong sentences.
(a) The fact that Brazil lies on the equator affects its climate in a big way.
(b) India and Brazil have the same seasons at the same time.
(c) India faces tropical cyclones frequently.
(d) Brazil gets a lot of rainfall because of the southwest monsoon winds.
Answer
(a) The fact that Brazil lies on the equator affects its climate in a big way – Right
The temperature in Brazil is generally high due to this and rainforests are also present because of the
equatorial line passing through it.
(b) India and Brazil have the same seasons at the same time – Wrong.
India lies in the northern hemisphere and Brazil in the southern hemisphere. The seasons in the Northern
Hemisphere are the opposite of those in the Southern Hemisphere.
(c) India faces tropical cyclones frequently – Right
The eastern coast is more prone to cyclones, and about 80 percent of the total cyclones generated in the
Indian Ocean strike the east coast of India. There are two probable reasons for it: The Western Disturbances
and the tropical cyclones originating in the Andaman Sea travelling N.W. and reaching the Indian
Coromandel Coast.
(d) Brazil gets a lot of rainfall because of the southwest monsoon winds – Wrong
Brazil gets rainfall because of the South East trade winds and the North East trade winds.
3 A. Question
Give geographical reasons:
The northeastern part of the Brazilian Highlands receives very less rainfall.
Answer
Parts of the Brazilian highlands extend upto the northern coast and forms an escarpment. The escarpments
act as an obstruction to the winds coming from the sea and cause the orographic type of rainfall in the
coastal region. Beyond the highlands, the effect of these winds gets reduced. As a result, the rainfall is
minimal.
3 B. Question
Give geographical reasons:
Snowfall doesn’t always occur in Brazil.
Answer
Most of the part of Brazil lies in the tropical zone. The equator passes through the northern part of the
country, and the temperature is high in this region. The average temperature in the Amazon valley is 25 ° -
28° C. The climate is cooler in the Highlands. Because of the proximity to the sea, the coasts experience mild
and humid climate.
3 C. Question
Give geographical reasons:
Convectional type of rainfall is not prominent in India.
Answer
Convectional type of rainfall is the type of rainfall in which the warm air rises up and expands then, reaches a
cooler layer and saturates, then condenses mainly in the form of cumulus or cumulonimbus clouds. It mostly
occurs in the equatorial regions. Rainfall in India is mostly brought by the southwest monsoon winds.
3 D. Question
Give geographical reasons:
Tropical cyclones occur rarely in Brazil.
Answer
Tropical cyclones are localized, very intense low-pressure wind system, forming over tropical cyclones. In the
coastal regions near the equator in Brazil, differences in temperatures are negligible. The winds move in the
vertical direction in this region. Similarly, the convergence zone of the trade winds is weak here. These are a
few conditions which need to be fulfilled for the formation of tropical cyclones, and since they are not
fulfilled, tropical cyclones rarely visit the coasts of Brazil.
3 E. Question
Give geographical reasons:
There is not much difference in the range of temperature in Manaus.
Answer
Manaus lies in the northern region of Brazil. The equator passes through this part of the country. Regions
near the equator experience a small range of temperatures. The average temperature in the Amazon valley
is 25 ° - 28° C. The summer tends to be a little cooler due to the precipitation.
3 F. Question
Give geographical reasons:
India receives precipitation from the North-East Monsoon winds too.
Answer
Very cold winds blowing from the north are obstructed by the Himalayas. Similarly, the South–West
Monsoons retreat from the Shiwalik and Himachal ranges of the Himalayas. Because of the obstruction
caused by the Eastern and Western Ghats, it rains more in the coastal areas. The rainfall reduces in the
leeward side
of the hills. Orographic type of rainfall occurs because of the natural obstruction of the Himalayas. These
winds return from the Himalayan ranges, and their retreating journey starts. While blowing from the north-
east towards the Indian Ocean, these winds bring rainfall again to some parts of the Peninsula. This is the
Retreating Monsoon season in India.
4 A. Question
Answer the following questions:
Describe in brief the changes occurring in the climatic conditions of India while going from south to north.
Answer
Very cold winds blowing from the north are obstructed by the Himalayas. Similarly, the South–West
Monsoons retreat from the Shiwalik and Himachal ranges of the Himalayas. Because of high temperatures in
summers, low-pressure areas develop in Punjab plains and the Thar desert of Rajasthan. This attracts winds
coming from the high-pressure region in the Indian Ocean which starts blowing towards the mainland of
India. These moisture-laden winds bring rainfall. Because of the obstruction caused by the Eastern and
Western Ghats, it rains more in the coastal areas. The rainfall reduces in the leeward side of the hills. These
winds blow parallel to the Aravalis. As a result, rainfall is low in parts of Gujarat and Rajasthan. Later, these
winds move towards the Himalayas. Their moisture- -carrying capacity increases. Orographic type of rainfall
occurs because of the natural obstruction of the Himalayas. These winds return from the Himalayan ranges,
and their retreating journey starts. While blowing from the north-east towards the Indian Ocean, these winds
bring rainfall again to some parts of the Peninsula. This is the Retreating Monsoon season in India. In general,
the climate of India is hot throughout the year.
4 B. Question
Answer the following questions:
Explain the importance of the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean with respect to the climate of India.
Answer
Very cold winds blowing from the north are obstructed by the Himalayas. Similarly, the South–West
Monsoons retreat from the Shiwalik and Himachal ranges of the Himalayas. Because of high temperatures in
summers, low-pressure areas develop in Punjab plains and the Thar desert of Rajasthan. This attracts winds
coming from the high-pressure region in the Indian Ocean which starts blowing towards the mainland of
India. These moisture-laden winds bring rainfall. Because of the obstruction caused by the Eastern and
Western Ghats, it rains more in the coastal areas. The rainfall reduces in the leeward side of the hills. These
winds blow parallel to the Aravalis. As a result, rainfall is low in parts of Gujarat and Rajasthan. Later, these
winds move towards the Himalayas. Their moisture- -carrying capacity increases. Orographic type of rainfall
occurs because of the natural obstruction of the Himalayas. These winds return from the Himalayan ranges,
and their retreating journey starts. While blowing from the north-east towards the Indian Ocean, these winds
bring rainfall again to some parts of the Peninsula. This is the Retreating Monsoon season in India. In general,
the climate of India is hot throughout the year.
4 C. Question
Answer the following questions:
Discuss the factors affecting the climate of Brazil.
Answer
Considering the temperatures in Brazil, the northern part of Brazil is hot while the temperatures in the
southern part are comparatively lower. Seasonal variations are found in this pattern. The factors affecting
Brazil are temperature, rainfall, winds, atmospheric pressure, etc. Altitude, latitude, relief characteristics,
vegetation, and continentality also affect the climate of Brazil. Near the equator on the Brazilian coast,
temperature does not vary much. The average temperature in the Amazon valley is 25 ° - 28° C. The climate
is cooler in the Highlands. Because of the proximity to the sea, the coasts experience mild and humid
climate.
4 D. Question
Answer the following questions:
Compare the climates of Brazil and India.
Answer
Because of the vast latitudinal extent of Brazil, it experiences a wide range of climatic variations in climate.
Page 4


4. Climate
Exercise
1. Question
Write the names of the States/Regions inappropriate columns:
Bihar, Tocantins, Pernambuco, Alagoas Eastern Maharastra, Western part of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Rio Grande
Do Norte,Paraiba, Western Ghats, Eastern Himalayas, Western Andhra Pradesh, Roroima, Amazon, West
Bengal, RioGrande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Goa
(Note: Can you think of an easier method of answering this question?)
Answer
2. Question
State whether right or wrong. Rewrite the wrong sentences.
(a) The fact that Brazil lies on the equator affects its climate in a big way.
(b) India and Brazil have the same seasons at the same time.
(c) India faces tropical cyclones frequently.
(d) Brazil gets a lot of rainfall because of the southwest monsoon winds.
Answer
(a) The fact that Brazil lies on the equator affects its climate in a big way – Right
The temperature in Brazil is generally high due to this and rainforests are also present because of the
equatorial line passing through it.
(b) India and Brazil have the same seasons at the same time – Wrong.
India lies in the northern hemisphere and Brazil in the southern hemisphere. The seasons in the Northern
Hemisphere are the opposite of those in the Southern Hemisphere.
(c) India faces tropical cyclones frequently – Right
The eastern coast is more prone to cyclones, and about 80 percent of the total cyclones generated in the
Indian Ocean strike the east coast of India. There are two probable reasons for it: The Western Disturbances
and the tropical cyclones originating in the Andaman Sea travelling N.W. and reaching the Indian
Coromandel Coast.
(d) Brazil gets a lot of rainfall because of the southwest monsoon winds – Wrong
Brazil gets rainfall because of the South East trade winds and the North East trade winds.
3 A. Question
Give geographical reasons:
The northeastern part of the Brazilian Highlands receives very less rainfall.
Answer
Parts of the Brazilian highlands extend upto the northern coast and forms an escarpment. The escarpments
act as an obstruction to the winds coming from the sea and cause the orographic type of rainfall in the
coastal region. Beyond the highlands, the effect of these winds gets reduced. As a result, the rainfall is
minimal.
3 B. Question
Give geographical reasons:
Snowfall doesn’t always occur in Brazil.
Answer
Most of the part of Brazil lies in the tropical zone. The equator passes through the northern part of the
country, and the temperature is high in this region. The average temperature in the Amazon valley is 25 ° -
28° C. The climate is cooler in the Highlands. Because of the proximity to the sea, the coasts experience mild
and humid climate.
3 C. Question
Give geographical reasons:
Convectional type of rainfall is not prominent in India.
Answer
Convectional type of rainfall is the type of rainfall in which the warm air rises up and expands then, reaches a
cooler layer and saturates, then condenses mainly in the form of cumulus or cumulonimbus clouds. It mostly
occurs in the equatorial regions. Rainfall in India is mostly brought by the southwest monsoon winds.
3 D. Question
Give geographical reasons:
Tropical cyclones occur rarely in Brazil.
Answer
Tropical cyclones are localized, very intense low-pressure wind system, forming over tropical cyclones. In the
coastal regions near the equator in Brazil, differences in temperatures are negligible. The winds move in the
vertical direction in this region. Similarly, the convergence zone of the trade winds is weak here. These are a
few conditions which need to be fulfilled for the formation of tropical cyclones, and since they are not
fulfilled, tropical cyclones rarely visit the coasts of Brazil.
3 E. Question
Give geographical reasons:
There is not much difference in the range of temperature in Manaus.
Answer
Manaus lies in the northern region of Brazil. The equator passes through this part of the country. Regions
near the equator experience a small range of temperatures. The average temperature in the Amazon valley
is 25 ° - 28° C. The summer tends to be a little cooler due to the precipitation.
3 F. Question
Give geographical reasons:
India receives precipitation from the North-East Monsoon winds too.
Answer
Very cold winds blowing from the north are obstructed by the Himalayas. Similarly, the South–West
Monsoons retreat from the Shiwalik and Himachal ranges of the Himalayas. Because of the obstruction
caused by the Eastern and Western Ghats, it rains more in the coastal areas. The rainfall reduces in the
leeward side
of the hills. Orographic type of rainfall occurs because of the natural obstruction of the Himalayas. These
winds return from the Himalayan ranges, and their retreating journey starts. While blowing from the north-
east towards the Indian Ocean, these winds bring rainfall again to some parts of the Peninsula. This is the
Retreating Monsoon season in India.
4 A. Question
Answer the following questions:
Describe in brief the changes occurring in the climatic conditions of India while going from south to north.
Answer
Very cold winds blowing from the north are obstructed by the Himalayas. Similarly, the South–West
Monsoons retreat from the Shiwalik and Himachal ranges of the Himalayas. Because of high temperatures in
summers, low-pressure areas develop in Punjab plains and the Thar desert of Rajasthan. This attracts winds
coming from the high-pressure region in the Indian Ocean which starts blowing towards the mainland of
India. These moisture-laden winds bring rainfall. Because of the obstruction caused by the Eastern and
Western Ghats, it rains more in the coastal areas. The rainfall reduces in the leeward side of the hills. These
winds blow parallel to the Aravalis. As a result, rainfall is low in parts of Gujarat and Rajasthan. Later, these
winds move towards the Himalayas. Their moisture- -carrying capacity increases. Orographic type of rainfall
occurs because of the natural obstruction of the Himalayas. These winds return from the Himalayan ranges,
and their retreating journey starts. While blowing from the north-east towards the Indian Ocean, these winds
bring rainfall again to some parts of the Peninsula. This is the Retreating Monsoon season in India. In general,
the climate of India is hot throughout the year.
4 B. Question
Answer the following questions:
Explain the importance of the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean with respect to the climate of India.
Answer
Very cold winds blowing from the north are obstructed by the Himalayas. Similarly, the South–West
Monsoons retreat from the Shiwalik and Himachal ranges of the Himalayas. Because of high temperatures in
summers, low-pressure areas develop in Punjab plains and the Thar desert of Rajasthan. This attracts winds
coming from the high-pressure region in the Indian Ocean which starts blowing towards the mainland of
India. These moisture-laden winds bring rainfall. Because of the obstruction caused by the Eastern and
Western Ghats, it rains more in the coastal areas. The rainfall reduces in the leeward side of the hills. These
winds blow parallel to the Aravalis. As a result, rainfall is low in parts of Gujarat and Rajasthan. Later, these
winds move towards the Himalayas. Their moisture- -carrying capacity increases. Orographic type of rainfall
occurs because of the natural obstruction of the Himalayas. These winds return from the Himalayan ranges,
and their retreating journey starts. While blowing from the north-east towards the Indian Ocean, these winds
bring rainfall again to some parts of the Peninsula. This is the Retreating Monsoon season in India. In general,
the climate of India is hot throughout the year.
4 C. Question
Answer the following questions:
Discuss the factors affecting the climate of Brazil.
Answer
Considering the temperatures in Brazil, the northern part of Brazil is hot while the temperatures in the
southern part are comparatively lower. Seasonal variations are found in this pattern. The factors affecting
Brazil are temperature, rainfall, winds, atmospheric pressure, etc. Altitude, latitude, relief characteristics,
vegetation, and continentality also affect the climate of Brazil. Near the equator on the Brazilian coast,
temperature does not vary much. The average temperature in the Amazon valley is 25 ° - 28° C. The climate
is cooler in the Highlands. Because of the proximity to the sea, the coasts experience mild and humid
climate.
4 D. Question
Answer the following questions:
Compare the climates of Brazil and India.
Answer
Because of the vast latitudinal extent of Brazil, it experiences a wide range of climatic variations in climate.
For example, near the equator, it is hot while the temperate type of climate is found near Tropic of Capricorn.
The average temperature in the Amazon valley is 25 ° - 28° C. The climate is cooler in the Highlands.
Because of the proximity to the sea, the coasts experience mild and humid climate.
India's climate is 'monsoon' type. The sunrays are perpendicular upto the Tropic of Cancer, which passes
through the middle of the country. As a result, average temperatures are higher throughout the year. Also,
temperatures increase towards the south. In winters, the temperatures drop to - 40° Celsius in Jammu and
Kashmir and parts of mountainous regions of Himalayas. The diversity in climatic conditions of India is due to
the latitudinal location and altitude of the place. The Indian Ocean and the Himalayan ranges exert a great
influence on the climate of India and the origin of Monsoons.
5. Question
With the help of the internet, obtain information regarding the annual average temperatures of the
continental location of Brasilia and Bhopal and explain it with the help of a graph.
Answer
Following is the average monthly temperature for Brasilia -
January28° / 18°14
February28° / 18°
March28° / 18°
April28° / 17°
May27° / 15°
June26° / 12°
July26° / 12°
August28° / 13°
September30° / 16°
October29° / 18°
November28° / 18°
December28° / 18°
Following is the average monthly temperature for Bhopal –
January25° / 11°
February28° / 13°
March34° / 18°
April38° / 22°
May41° / 26°
June37° / 26°
July30° / 24°
August29° / 23°
September31° / 22°
October32° / 19°
November29° / 15°
December26° / 12°
The above-mentioned data mentions high/low temperatures for both the places.
Page 5


4. Climate
Exercise
1. Question
Write the names of the States/Regions inappropriate columns:
Bihar, Tocantins, Pernambuco, Alagoas Eastern Maharastra, Western part of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Rio Grande
Do Norte,Paraiba, Western Ghats, Eastern Himalayas, Western Andhra Pradesh, Roroima, Amazon, West
Bengal, RioGrande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Goa
(Note: Can you think of an easier method of answering this question?)
Answer
2. Question
State whether right or wrong. Rewrite the wrong sentences.
(a) The fact that Brazil lies on the equator affects its climate in a big way.
(b) India and Brazil have the same seasons at the same time.
(c) India faces tropical cyclones frequently.
(d) Brazil gets a lot of rainfall because of the southwest monsoon winds.
Answer
(a) The fact that Brazil lies on the equator affects its climate in a big way – Right
The temperature in Brazil is generally high due to this and rainforests are also present because of the
equatorial line passing through it.
(b) India and Brazil have the same seasons at the same time – Wrong.
India lies in the northern hemisphere and Brazil in the southern hemisphere. The seasons in the Northern
Hemisphere are the opposite of those in the Southern Hemisphere.
(c) India faces tropical cyclones frequently – Right
The eastern coast is more prone to cyclones, and about 80 percent of the total cyclones generated in the
Indian Ocean strike the east coast of India. There are two probable reasons for it: The Western Disturbances
and the tropical cyclones originating in the Andaman Sea travelling N.W. and reaching the Indian
Coromandel Coast.
(d) Brazil gets a lot of rainfall because of the southwest monsoon winds – Wrong
Brazil gets rainfall because of the South East trade winds and the North East trade winds.
3 A. Question
Give geographical reasons:
The northeastern part of the Brazilian Highlands receives very less rainfall.
Answer
Parts of the Brazilian highlands extend upto the northern coast and forms an escarpment. The escarpments
act as an obstruction to the winds coming from the sea and cause the orographic type of rainfall in the
coastal region. Beyond the highlands, the effect of these winds gets reduced. As a result, the rainfall is
minimal.
3 B. Question
Give geographical reasons:
Snowfall doesn’t always occur in Brazil.
Answer
Most of the part of Brazil lies in the tropical zone. The equator passes through the northern part of the
country, and the temperature is high in this region. The average temperature in the Amazon valley is 25 ° -
28° C. The climate is cooler in the Highlands. Because of the proximity to the sea, the coasts experience mild
and humid climate.
3 C. Question
Give geographical reasons:
Convectional type of rainfall is not prominent in India.
Answer
Convectional type of rainfall is the type of rainfall in which the warm air rises up and expands then, reaches a
cooler layer and saturates, then condenses mainly in the form of cumulus or cumulonimbus clouds. It mostly
occurs in the equatorial regions. Rainfall in India is mostly brought by the southwest monsoon winds.
3 D. Question
Give geographical reasons:
Tropical cyclones occur rarely in Brazil.
Answer
Tropical cyclones are localized, very intense low-pressure wind system, forming over tropical cyclones. In the
coastal regions near the equator in Brazil, differences in temperatures are negligible. The winds move in the
vertical direction in this region. Similarly, the convergence zone of the trade winds is weak here. These are a
few conditions which need to be fulfilled for the formation of tropical cyclones, and since they are not
fulfilled, tropical cyclones rarely visit the coasts of Brazil.
3 E. Question
Give geographical reasons:
There is not much difference in the range of temperature in Manaus.
Answer
Manaus lies in the northern region of Brazil. The equator passes through this part of the country. Regions
near the equator experience a small range of temperatures. The average temperature in the Amazon valley
is 25 ° - 28° C. The summer tends to be a little cooler due to the precipitation.
3 F. Question
Give geographical reasons:
India receives precipitation from the North-East Monsoon winds too.
Answer
Very cold winds blowing from the north are obstructed by the Himalayas. Similarly, the South–West
Monsoons retreat from the Shiwalik and Himachal ranges of the Himalayas. Because of the obstruction
caused by the Eastern and Western Ghats, it rains more in the coastal areas. The rainfall reduces in the
leeward side
of the hills. Orographic type of rainfall occurs because of the natural obstruction of the Himalayas. These
winds return from the Himalayan ranges, and their retreating journey starts. While blowing from the north-
east towards the Indian Ocean, these winds bring rainfall again to some parts of the Peninsula. This is the
Retreating Monsoon season in India.
4 A. Question
Answer the following questions:
Describe in brief the changes occurring in the climatic conditions of India while going from south to north.
Answer
Very cold winds blowing from the north are obstructed by the Himalayas. Similarly, the South–West
Monsoons retreat from the Shiwalik and Himachal ranges of the Himalayas. Because of high temperatures in
summers, low-pressure areas develop in Punjab plains and the Thar desert of Rajasthan. This attracts winds
coming from the high-pressure region in the Indian Ocean which starts blowing towards the mainland of
India. These moisture-laden winds bring rainfall. Because of the obstruction caused by the Eastern and
Western Ghats, it rains more in the coastal areas. The rainfall reduces in the leeward side of the hills. These
winds blow parallel to the Aravalis. As a result, rainfall is low in parts of Gujarat and Rajasthan. Later, these
winds move towards the Himalayas. Their moisture- -carrying capacity increases. Orographic type of rainfall
occurs because of the natural obstruction of the Himalayas. These winds return from the Himalayan ranges,
and their retreating journey starts. While blowing from the north-east towards the Indian Ocean, these winds
bring rainfall again to some parts of the Peninsula. This is the Retreating Monsoon season in India. In general,
the climate of India is hot throughout the year.
4 B. Question
Answer the following questions:
Explain the importance of the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean with respect to the climate of India.
Answer
Very cold winds blowing from the north are obstructed by the Himalayas. Similarly, the South–West
Monsoons retreat from the Shiwalik and Himachal ranges of the Himalayas. Because of high temperatures in
summers, low-pressure areas develop in Punjab plains and the Thar desert of Rajasthan. This attracts winds
coming from the high-pressure region in the Indian Ocean which starts blowing towards the mainland of
India. These moisture-laden winds bring rainfall. Because of the obstruction caused by the Eastern and
Western Ghats, it rains more in the coastal areas. The rainfall reduces in the leeward side of the hills. These
winds blow parallel to the Aravalis. As a result, rainfall is low in parts of Gujarat and Rajasthan. Later, these
winds move towards the Himalayas. Their moisture- -carrying capacity increases. Orographic type of rainfall
occurs because of the natural obstruction of the Himalayas. These winds return from the Himalayan ranges,
and their retreating journey starts. While blowing from the north-east towards the Indian Ocean, these winds
bring rainfall again to some parts of the Peninsula. This is the Retreating Monsoon season in India. In general,
the climate of India is hot throughout the year.
4 C. Question
Answer the following questions:
Discuss the factors affecting the climate of Brazil.
Answer
Considering the temperatures in Brazil, the northern part of Brazil is hot while the temperatures in the
southern part are comparatively lower. Seasonal variations are found in this pattern. The factors affecting
Brazil are temperature, rainfall, winds, atmospheric pressure, etc. Altitude, latitude, relief characteristics,
vegetation, and continentality also affect the climate of Brazil. Near the equator on the Brazilian coast,
temperature does not vary much. The average temperature in the Amazon valley is 25 ° - 28° C. The climate
is cooler in the Highlands. Because of the proximity to the sea, the coasts experience mild and humid
climate.
4 D. Question
Answer the following questions:
Compare the climates of Brazil and India.
Answer
Because of the vast latitudinal extent of Brazil, it experiences a wide range of climatic variations in climate.
For example, near the equator, it is hot while the temperate type of climate is found near Tropic of Capricorn.
The average temperature in the Amazon valley is 25 ° - 28° C. The climate is cooler in the Highlands.
Because of the proximity to the sea, the coasts experience mild and humid climate.
India's climate is 'monsoon' type. The sunrays are perpendicular upto the Tropic of Cancer, which passes
through the middle of the country. As a result, average temperatures are higher throughout the year. Also,
temperatures increase towards the south. In winters, the temperatures drop to - 40° Celsius in Jammu and
Kashmir and parts of mountainous regions of Himalayas. The diversity in climatic conditions of India is due to
the latitudinal location and altitude of the place. The Indian Ocean and the Himalayan ranges exert a great
influence on the climate of India and the origin of Monsoons.
5. Question
With the help of the internet, obtain information regarding the annual average temperatures of the
continental location of Brasilia and Bhopal and explain it with the help of a graph.
Answer
Following is the average monthly temperature for Brasilia -
January28° / 18°14
February28° / 18°
March28° / 18°
April28° / 17°
May27° / 15°
June26° / 12°
July26° / 12°
August28° / 13°
September30° / 16°
October29° / 18°
November28° / 18°
December28° / 18°
Following is the average monthly temperature for Bhopal –
January25° / 11°
February28° / 13°
March34° / 18°
April38° / 22°
May41° / 26°
June37° / 26°
July30° / 24°
August29° / 23°
September31° / 22°
October32° / 19°
November29° / 15°
December26° / 12°
The above-mentioned data mentions high/low temperatures for both the places.
Bhopal:
* Tropical climate
* Driest month – April
* Most precipitation – August
* Warmest month – May
* Average temperature – around 25 degree Celsius
Brasilia:
* Tropical climate
* Driest month – June
* Most precipitation – January
* Warmest month – September
* Average temperature – around 25 degree Celsius
Intext Questions
1. Question
Study the graphs given in fig 4.4 and answer the following questions.
(i) In which month is the highest temperature found in all the four cities?
(ii) In which month does it rain the most in the given cities?
(iii) When does Brazil have its rainy season?
(iv) Which city has the maximum range of temperature? How much is it?
(v) What type of climate will be found in Rio De Janeiro?
Answer
(i) The highest temperature in:
a. Manaus: August-October
b. Belem: June- December
c. Porto Alegre: January- February
d. Rio de Janeiro: February
(ii) The highest rainfall in: