CBSE Class 11 History Sample Paper 2025 - 1

 Page 1


Time Allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 80 
General Instructions:
1. Question paper comprises five Sections – A, B, C, D and E. There are 34 questions in the question paper. All
questions are compulsory.
2. Section A – Question 1 to 21 are MCQs of 1 mark each.
3. Section B – Question no. 22 to 27 are Short Answer Type Questions, carrying 3 marks each. Answer to each
question should not exceed 60-80 words.
4. Section C - Question no 28 to 30 are Long Answer Type Questions, carrying 8 marks each. Answer to each
question should not exceed 300-350 words.
5. Section D – Question no.31 to 33 are Source based questions with three sub questions and are of 4 marks each.
6. Section-E - Question no. 34 is Map based, carrying 5 marks that includes the identification and location of
significant test items. Attach the map with the answer book.
7. There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been provided in few questions.
Only one of the choices in such questions have to be attempted.
8. In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary.
Section A
a) Wheat b) Rice
c) Both Rice and Wheat d) Maize
1. Which is the main crop of Japan? [1]
a) No division of society b) Number of classes
c) Three classes d) Four classes
2. Mesopotamian society was consist of ________. [1]
a) 1860s b) 1850s
c) 1880s d) 1950s
3. When was cuneiform script deciphered? [1]
4. Identify the given image from the following options: [1]
Page 1 of 12
Page 2


Time Allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 80 
General Instructions:
1. Question paper comprises five Sections – A, B, C, D and E. There are 34 questions in the question paper. All
questions are compulsory.
2. Section A – Question 1 to 21 are MCQs of 1 mark each.
3. Section B – Question no. 22 to 27 are Short Answer Type Questions, carrying 3 marks each. Answer to each
question should not exceed 60-80 words.
4. Section C - Question no 28 to 30 are Long Answer Type Questions, carrying 8 marks each. Answer to each
question should not exceed 300-350 words.
5. Section D – Question no.31 to 33 are Source based questions with three sub questions and are of 4 marks each.
6. Section-E - Question no. 34 is Map based, carrying 5 marks that includes the identification and location of
significant test items. Attach the map with the answer book.
7. There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been provided in few questions.
Only one of the choices in such questions have to be attempted.
8. In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary.
Section A
a) Wheat b) Rice
c) Both Rice and Wheat d) Maize
1. Which is the main crop of Japan? [1]
a) No division of society b) Number of classes
c) Three classes d) Four classes
2. Mesopotamian society was consist of ________. [1]
a) 1860s b) 1850s
c) 1880s d) 1950s
3. When was cuneiform script deciphered? [1]
4. Identify the given image from the following options: [1]
Page 1 of 12
a) Shops in Forum Julium, Rome b) The Colosseum, built in 79 CE, where
gladiators fought wild beasts
c) Amphitheatre at the Roman cantonment
town of Vindonissa
d) Pont du Gard, near Nimes, France, first
century BCE
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.
5. Assertion (A): The third century of the Roman empire was also called the Early empire. 
Reason (R): The Roman Empire can broadly be divided into two phases, early and late, divided by the third
century as a sort of historical watershed between them.
[1]
a) 1199 b) 1229
c) 1206 d) 1198
6. When was Temujin bestowed with the title of Genghis Khan? [1]
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.
7. Assertion (A): Hundreds of tablets have been discovered in Mesopotamian sites. 
Reason (R): A separate writing tablet was required for each transaction.
[1]
a) John Marshall b) Karl Marx
c) Andrew Carnegie d) Andrew Jackson
8. Identify the US Chief Justice with the help of following information
In 1832, he announced an important judgment.
He said that the Cherokees were a distinct community, occupying its own territory in which the laws of
Georgia had no force.
[1]
a) Monasteries b) Abbeys
c) Benedictine monasteries d) Church
9. Cathedrals were [1]
10. Consider the following statements and select the correct from the following option:
i. In the north-east of Iraq lie green, undulating plains
ii. In the south of Iraq there is a stretch of upland called a steppe
[1]
Page 2 of 12
Page 3


Time Allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 80 
General Instructions:
1. Question paper comprises five Sections – A, B, C, D and E. There are 34 questions in the question paper. All
questions are compulsory.
2. Section A – Question 1 to 21 are MCQs of 1 mark each.
3. Section B – Question no. 22 to 27 are Short Answer Type Questions, carrying 3 marks each. Answer to each
question should not exceed 60-80 words.
4. Section C - Question no 28 to 30 are Long Answer Type Questions, carrying 8 marks each. Answer to each
question should not exceed 300-350 words.
5. Section D – Question no.31 to 33 are Source based questions with three sub questions and are of 4 marks each.
6. Section-E - Question no. 34 is Map based, carrying 5 marks that includes the identification and location of
significant test items. Attach the map with the answer book.
7. There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been provided in few questions.
Only one of the choices in such questions have to be attempted.
8. In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary.
Section A
a) Wheat b) Rice
c) Both Rice and Wheat d) Maize
1. Which is the main crop of Japan? [1]
a) No division of society b) Number of classes
c) Three classes d) Four classes
2. Mesopotamian society was consist of ________. [1]
a) 1860s b) 1850s
c) 1880s d) 1950s
3. When was cuneiform script deciphered? [1]
4. Identify the given image from the following options: [1]
Page 1 of 12
a) Shops in Forum Julium, Rome b) The Colosseum, built in 79 CE, where
gladiators fought wild beasts
c) Amphitheatre at the Roman cantonment
town of Vindonissa
d) Pont du Gard, near Nimes, France, first
century BCE
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.
5. Assertion (A): The third century of the Roman empire was also called the Early empire. 
Reason (R): The Roman Empire can broadly be divided into two phases, early and late, divided by the third
century as a sort of historical watershed between them.
[1]
a) 1199 b) 1229
c) 1206 d) 1198
6. When was Temujin bestowed with the title of Genghis Khan? [1]
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.
7. Assertion (A): Hundreds of tablets have been discovered in Mesopotamian sites. 
Reason (R): A separate writing tablet was required for each transaction.
[1]
a) John Marshall b) Karl Marx
c) Andrew Carnegie d) Andrew Jackson
8. Identify the US Chief Justice with the help of following information
In 1832, he announced an important judgment.
He said that the Cherokees were a distinct community, occupying its own territory in which the laws of
Georgia had no force.
[1]
a) Monasteries b) Abbeys
c) Benedictine monasteries d) Church
9. Cathedrals were [1]
10. Consider the following statements and select the correct from the following option:
i. In the north-east of Iraq lie green, undulating plains
ii. In the south of Iraq there is a stretch of upland called a steppe
[1]
Page 2 of 12
a) i, ii and iii b) i and ii
c) ii and iii d) i and iii
iii. To the east of Iraq tributaries of the Tigris provide routes of communication into the mountains of Iran
a) i, ii, iii, iv b) iv, ii, i, iii
c) iv, i, iii, ii d) ii, iii, iv, i
11. Find out the correct chronological order from the following options:
i. Portuguese mathematicians calculate latitude by observing the sun
ii. Leonardo da Vinci paints The Last Supper
iii. Columbus reaches America
iv. Gutenberg prints the Bible with movable type
[1]
a) Japan b) England
c) Russia d) China
12. Which country is called The Land of Rising Sun? [1]
a) Option (B) b) Option (A)
c) Option (D) d) Option (C)
13. Which among the following is Correctly matched?
List I List II
(A) Gerhardus Mercator Cylindrical map of the earth
(B) Pope Gregory XIII Principia Mathematica
(C) Martin Luther Gregorian calendar
(D) Thomas More On Anatomy
[1]
a) Taille b) Tithe
c) Fief d) Manor
14. Which of following tax is collected the directly by the church? [1]
a) 1905 b) 1943
c) 1911 d) 1947
15. When was Meiji Constitution of 1889 replaced by a new constitution? [1]
a) 94 CE b) 94 BCE
c) 54 CE d) 54 BCE
16. When did Nero become the Roman emperor? [1]
a) China b) Korea
c) Japan d) Southern India
17. Mongol rulers took keen interest in the region of ________. [1]
18. Assertion (A): Peasants did not have enough money to set up watermills and windmills. 
Reason (R): Some of the technological changes cost less money and the initiative was taken by the peasantry.
[1]
Page 3 of 12
Page 4


Time Allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 80 
General Instructions:
1. Question paper comprises five Sections – A, B, C, D and E. There are 34 questions in the question paper. All
questions are compulsory.
2. Section A – Question 1 to 21 are MCQs of 1 mark each.
3. Section B – Question no. 22 to 27 are Short Answer Type Questions, carrying 3 marks each. Answer to each
question should not exceed 60-80 words.
4. Section C - Question no 28 to 30 are Long Answer Type Questions, carrying 8 marks each. Answer to each
question should not exceed 300-350 words.
5. Section D – Question no.31 to 33 are Source based questions with three sub questions and are of 4 marks each.
6. Section-E - Question no. 34 is Map based, carrying 5 marks that includes the identification and location of
significant test items. Attach the map with the answer book.
7. There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been provided in few questions.
Only one of the choices in such questions have to be attempted.
8. In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary.
Section A
a) Wheat b) Rice
c) Both Rice and Wheat d) Maize
1. Which is the main crop of Japan? [1]
a) No division of society b) Number of classes
c) Three classes d) Four classes
2. Mesopotamian society was consist of ________. [1]
a) 1860s b) 1850s
c) 1880s d) 1950s
3. When was cuneiform script deciphered? [1]
4. Identify the given image from the following options: [1]
Page 1 of 12
a) Shops in Forum Julium, Rome b) The Colosseum, built in 79 CE, where
gladiators fought wild beasts
c) Amphitheatre at the Roman cantonment
town of Vindonissa
d) Pont du Gard, near Nimes, France, first
century BCE
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.
5. Assertion (A): The third century of the Roman empire was also called the Early empire. 
Reason (R): The Roman Empire can broadly be divided into two phases, early and late, divided by the third
century as a sort of historical watershed between them.
[1]
a) 1199 b) 1229
c) 1206 d) 1198
6. When was Temujin bestowed with the title of Genghis Khan? [1]
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.
7. Assertion (A): Hundreds of tablets have been discovered in Mesopotamian sites. 
Reason (R): A separate writing tablet was required for each transaction.
[1]
a) John Marshall b) Karl Marx
c) Andrew Carnegie d) Andrew Jackson
8. Identify the US Chief Justice with the help of following information
In 1832, he announced an important judgment.
He said that the Cherokees were a distinct community, occupying its own territory in which the laws of
Georgia had no force.
[1]
a) Monasteries b) Abbeys
c) Benedictine monasteries d) Church
9. Cathedrals were [1]
10. Consider the following statements and select the correct from the following option:
i. In the north-east of Iraq lie green, undulating plains
ii. In the south of Iraq there is a stretch of upland called a steppe
[1]
Page 2 of 12
a) i, ii and iii b) i and ii
c) ii and iii d) i and iii
iii. To the east of Iraq tributaries of the Tigris provide routes of communication into the mountains of Iran
a) i, ii, iii, iv b) iv, ii, i, iii
c) iv, i, iii, ii d) ii, iii, iv, i
11. Find out the correct chronological order from the following options:
i. Portuguese mathematicians calculate latitude by observing the sun
ii. Leonardo da Vinci paints The Last Supper
iii. Columbus reaches America
iv. Gutenberg prints the Bible with movable type
[1]
a) Japan b) England
c) Russia d) China
12. Which country is called The Land of Rising Sun? [1]
a) Option (B) b) Option (A)
c) Option (D) d) Option (C)
13. Which among the following is Correctly matched?
List I List II
(A) Gerhardus Mercator Cylindrical map of the earth
(B) Pope Gregory XIII Principia Mathematica
(C) Martin Luther Gregorian calendar
(D) Thomas More On Anatomy
[1]
a) Taille b) Tithe
c) Fief d) Manor
14. Which of following tax is collected the directly by the church? [1]
a) 1905 b) 1943
c) 1911 d) 1947
15. When was Meiji Constitution of 1889 replaced by a new constitution? [1]
a) 94 CE b) 94 BCE
c) 54 CE d) 54 BCE
16. When did Nero become the Roman emperor? [1]
a) China b) Korea
c) Japan d) Southern India
17. Mongol rulers took keen interest in the region of ________. [1]
18. Assertion (A): Peasants did not have enough money to set up watermills and windmills. 
Reason (R): Some of the technological changes cost less money and the initiative was taken by the peasantry.
[1]
Page 3 of 12
Section B
Section C
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.
a) Sculptor b) All of these
c) Painter d) Architect
19. Michelangelo Buonarroti was a ________. [1]
a) 1 - a, 2 - d, 3 - c, 4 - b b) 1 - b, 2 - c, 3 - d , 4 - a
c) 1 - d, 2 - a, 3 - b, 4 - c d) 1 - c, 2- b, 3 - d, 4- a
20. Match the following and select the correct option
List I List II
1. Three Principles A. National People’s Party
2. Guomindang B. Xiao shimin
3. Petty urbanites C. Su shaozhi
4. Ossified dogmas D. San min chui
[1]
a) Abrahim Lincoln b) George Washington
c) Thomas Jefferson d) George Bush
21. ________ was the third President of the U.S.A. [1]
22. Which rules were followed by the monks living in the St. Benedict Monastery? [3]
OR
Describe the life of a craftsman in a medieval French town.
23. Briefly discuss the contribution of Martin Luther to the Reformation Movement. [3]
24. Describe the methods of the management of labour in the Roman Empire. [3]
25. What was the importance of Chinese Revolution of 1911? [3]
26. What is the importance of division of labour in urban life? [3]
27. Give brief description of making of seals in Mesopotamia and their importance. [3]
OR
Write about the town planning of the Mesopotamian cities.
28. Describe the religious beliefs of Mongols. [8]
OR
Discuss the role of civil administration in Mongol administration.
29. Discuss the causes of the decline of the Shoguns. [8]
OR
Describe Japan’s progress as a world power from the last decade of 19th century till the end of First World War.
30. What do you know about the slavery system in the USA? How was it abolished? Discuss. [8]
OR
Why did the Europeans come to settle in America after the European traders? What policy did they follow towards
Page 4 of 12
Page 5


Time Allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 80 
General Instructions:
1. Question paper comprises five Sections – A, B, C, D and E. There are 34 questions in the question paper. All
questions are compulsory.
2. Section A – Question 1 to 21 are MCQs of 1 mark each.
3. Section B – Question no. 22 to 27 are Short Answer Type Questions, carrying 3 marks each. Answer to each
question should not exceed 60-80 words.
4. Section C - Question no 28 to 30 are Long Answer Type Questions, carrying 8 marks each. Answer to each
question should not exceed 300-350 words.
5. Section D – Question no.31 to 33 are Source based questions with three sub questions and are of 4 marks each.
6. Section-E - Question no. 34 is Map based, carrying 5 marks that includes the identification and location of
significant test items. Attach the map with the answer book.
7. There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been provided in few questions.
Only one of the choices in such questions have to be attempted.
8. In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary.
Section A
a) Wheat b) Rice
c) Both Rice and Wheat d) Maize
1. Which is the main crop of Japan? [1]
a) No division of society b) Number of classes
c) Three classes d) Four classes
2. Mesopotamian society was consist of ________. [1]
a) 1860s b) 1850s
c) 1880s d) 1950s
3. When was cuneiform script deciphered? [1]
4. Identify the given image from the following options: [1]
Page 1 of 12
a) Shops in Forum Julium, Rome b) The Colosseum, built in 79 CE, where
gladiators fought wild beasts
c) Amphitheatre at the Roman cantonment
town of Vindonissa
d) Pont du Gard, near Nimes, France, first
century BCE
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.
5. Assertion (A): The third century of the Roman empire was also called the Early empire. 
Reason (R): The Roman Empire can broadly be divided into two phases, early and late, divided by the third
century as a sort of historical watershed between them.
[1]
a) 1199 b) 1229
c) 1206 d) 1198
6. When was Temujin bestowed with the title of Genghis Khan? [1]
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.
7. Assertion (A): Hundreds of tablets have been discovered in Mesopotamian sites. 
Reason (R): A separate writing tablet was required for each transaction.
[1]
a) John Marshall b) Karl Marx
c) Andrew Carnegie d) Andrew Jackson
8. Identify the US Chief Justice with the help of following information
In 1832, he announced an important judgment.
He said that the Cherokees were a distinct community, occupying its own territory in which the laws of
Georgia had no force.
[1]
a) Monasteries b) Abbeys
c) Benedictine monasteries d) Church
9. Cathedrals were [1]
10. Consider the following statements and select the correct from the following option:
i. In the north-east of Iraq lie green, undulating plains
ii. In the south of Iraq there is a stretch of upland called a steppe
[1]
Page 2 of 12
a) i, ii and iii b) i and ii
c) ii and iii d) i and iii
iii. To the east of Iraq tributaries of the Tigris provide routes of communication into the mountains of Iran
a) i, ii, iii, iv b) iv, ii, i, iii
c) iv, i, iii, ii d) ii, iii, iv, i
11. Find out the correct chronological order from the following options:
i. Portuguese mathematicians calculate latitude by observing the sun
ii. Leonardo da Vinci paints The Last Supper
iii. Columbus reaches America
iv. Gutenberg prints the Bible with movable type
[1]
a) Japan b) England
c) Russia d) China
12. Which country is called The Land of Rising Sun? [1]
a) Option (B) b) Option (A)
c) Option (D) d) Option (C)
13. Which among the following is Correctly matched?
List I List II
(A) Gerhardus Mercator Cylindrical map of the earth
(B) Pope Gregory XIII Principia Mathematica
(C) Martin Luther Gregorian calendar
(D) Thomas More On Anatomy
[1]
a) Taille b) Tithe
c) Fief d) Manor
14. Which of following tax is collected the directly by the church? [1]
a) 1905 b) 1943
c) 1911 d) 1947
15. When was Meiji Constitution of 1889 replaced by a new constitution? [1]
a) 94 CE b) 94 BCE
c) 54 CE d) 54 BCE
16. When did Nero become the Roman emperor? [1]
a) China b) Korea
c) Japan d) Southern India
17. Mongol rulers took keen interest in the region of ________. [1]
18. Assertion (A): Peasants did not have enough money to set up watermills and windmills. 
Reason (R): Some of the technological changes cost less money and the initiative was taken by the peasantry.
[1]
Page 3 of 12
Section B
Section C
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.
a) Sculptor b) All of these
c) Painter d) Architect
19. Michelangelo Buonarroti was a ________. [1]
a) 1 - a, 2 - d, 3 - c, 4 - b b) 1 - b, 2 - c, 3 - d , 4 - a
c) 1 - d, 2 - a, 3 - b, 4 - c d) 1 - c, 2- b, 3 - d, 4- a
20. Match the following and select the correct option
List I List II
1. Three Principles A. National People’s Party
2. Guomindang B. Xiao shimin
3. Petty urbanites C. Su shaozhi
4. Ossified dogmas D. San min chui
[1]
a) Abrahim Lincoln b) George Washington
c) Thomas Jefferson d) George Bush
21. ________ was the third President of the U.S.A. [1]
22. Which rules were followed by the monks living in the St. Benedict Monastery? [3]
OR
Describe the life of a craftsman in a medieval French town.
23. Briefly discuss the contribution of Martin Luther to the Reformation Movement. [3]
24. Describe the methods of the management of labour in the Roman Empire. [3]
25. What was the importance of Chinese Revolution of 1911? [3]
26. What is the importance of division of labour in urban life? [3]
27. Give brief description of making of seals in Mesopotamia and their importance. [3]
OR
Write about the town planning of the Mesopotamian cities.
28. Describe the religious beliefs of Mongols. [8]
OR
Discuss the role of civil administration in Mongol administration.
29. Discuss the causes of the decline of the Shoguns. [8]
OR
Describe Japan’s progress as a world power from the last decade of 19th century till the end of First World War.
30. What do you know about the slavery system in the USA? How was it abolished? Discuss. [8]
OR
Why did the Europeans come to settle in America after the European traders? What policy did they follow towards
Page 4 of 12
Section D
the forests of the continent?
31. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow: 
This self-portrait is by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) who had an amazing range of interests from botany and
anatomy to mathematics and art. He painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, One of his dreams was to be
able to fly. 
He spent years observing birds in flight, and designed a flying machine. 
He signed his name ‘Leonardo da vinci, disciple of experiment’.
i. Who was Leonardo da Vinci? (1)
ii. Mention the names of two paintings made by Leonardo da Vinci. (1)
iii. What was the area of interest of Leonardo da Vinci? (2)
[4]
32. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow: 
The traditional religious culture of the classical world, both Greek and Roman, had been polytheist. That is, it
involved a multiplicity of cults that included both Roman/Italian gods like Jupiter, Juno, Minerva and Mars, as
well as numerous Greek and eastern deities worshipped in thousands of temples, shrines and sanctuaries
throughout the empire. Polytheists had no common name or label to describe themselves. The other great
religious tradition in the empire was Judaism. But Judaism was not a monolith either, and there was a great deal
of diversity within the Jewish communities of late antiquity. Thus, the Ghristianization of the empire in the
fourth and fifth centuries was a gradual and complex process. Polytheism did not disappear overnight, especially
in the western provinces, where the Christian bishops waged a running battle against beliefs and practices they
condemned more than the Christian laity did. The boundaries between religious communities were much more
fluid in the fourth century than they would become thanks to the repeated efforts of religious leaders, the
powerful bishops who now led the Church, to rein in their followers and enforce a more rigid set of beliefs and
practices.
i. What do you mean by Judaism? (1)
ii. What did the Christian bishops do? (1)
iii. Enlist the names of Roman gods who were worshipped in temples and shrines throughout the empire. (2)
[4]
33. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow: 
The Catholic Church had its own laws, owned lands given to it by rulers, and could levy taxes. It was thus a very
powerful institution which did not depend on the king. At the head of the western Church was the Pope. He lived
in Rome. The Christians in Europe were guided by bishops and clerics. Most villages had their own church,
where people assembled every Sunday to listen to the sermon by the priest and to pray together. Everyone could
not become a priest. Serfs were banned, as were the physically challenged. Women could not become priests.
Men who became priests could not marry. Bishops were the religious nobility. Like lords who owned vast landed
estates, the bishops also had the use of vast estates, and lived in grand palaces. The Church was entitled to a
tenth share of whatever the peasants produced from their land over the course of the year. Money also came in
the form of endowments made by the rich for their own welfare and the welfare of their deceased relatives in the
afterlife. Some of the important ceremonies conducted by the Church copied formal customs of the feudal elite.
The act of kneeling while praying, with hands clasped and head bowed, was an exact replica of the way in which
a knight conducted himself while taking vows of loyalty to his lord. Similarly, the use of the term ‘lord’ for God
was another example of feudal culture that found its way into the practices of the Church. Thus, the religious and
the lay worlds of feudalism shared many customs and symbols.
[4]
Page 5 of 12