Hand Written Notes: Chromosomes, Cell Cycle and Cell Division

 Page 1


ChxooosomesarecapobleafaSELE 
CENTROMEREOMO) 
SIMLARtal 
DIYISION 
the x ichaom Ome Tahela with he 
CHROMATID:One of he duplicatedparts 
shich212are)A GENETICALLY 
Eachachxomosome i consists2 of2) CHRoMATIDS 
thickhighly coiled 
(QUPLICATED) 
chaomatids 
Sistes 
4he 
wisi ble duing CEL! 
Pagel 
Date. 
LDUPLMCATION 
clASSMAte 
entoomete 
and Other 
Structuxe 
CHROM0soME : short 
1401IOA 
CHROMSOMES. 
An9 
RAOOSOMEK 
1 
Page 2


ChxooosomesarecapobleafaSELE 
CENTROMEREOMO) 
SIMLARtal 
DIYISION 
the x ichaom Ome Tahela with he 
CHROMATID:One of he duplicatedparts 
shich212are)A GENETICALLY 
Eachachxomosome i consists2 of2) CHRoMATIDS 
thickhighly coiled 
(QUPLICATED) 
chaomatids 
Sistes 
4he 
wisi ble duing CEL! 
Pagel 
Date. 
LDUPLMCATION 
clASSMAte 
entoomete 
and Other 
Structuxe 
CHROM0soME : short 
1401IOA 
CHROMSOMES. 
An9 
RAOOSOMEK 
1 
detemìne 
-ALTSOMESo hramosomesAhich rD 
4he 
SEX 
CHRODMOSOMESTK32 
14.412 
ALLOSoMESIdosEX k2 
an organiSm 
bAUTOSOMESchromoSomesowhich 
de 
te 
mine 
BODILY! 
CHARACTERISTICS 
in 
np11.1IAUTOSOMES ieiy 
1.1.1 
BASED 
ON EUNCTION 
CHROMOSOM ES 
1.1 CLASSIFICATION 
OF 
kiods of 
chomOSomes) 
QumbeT 
(containing 
1 
set 
ofi 
all 
the 
REPRoDUCTINE CELLS 
HAPLOD in 
Kinds 
chroma somes) 
numbe ( containg 
Sets 
SOMATIC 
CELLS40all the. 
DIPL O1D 
Org an ism. 
The 
specific 
Qumber 
Specific specieg of 
chrorDosomes/ ís 
CHROMATIN 
threaa-like 
NETWORK.. 
NON-DIVIDLNG 
stzuc óre alled 
CELL- itappears 
Page 12 
Page 3


ChxooosomesarecapobleafaSELE 
CENTROMEREOMO) 
SIMLARtal 
DIYISION 
the x ichaom Ome Tahela with he 
CHROMATID:One of he duplicatedparts 
shich212are)A GENETICALLY 
Eachachxomosome i consists2 of2) CHRoMATIDS 
thickhighly coiled 
(QUPLICATED) 
chaomatids 
Sistes 
4he 
wisi ble duing CEL! 
Pagel 
Date. 
LDUPLMCATION 
clASSMAte 
entoomete 
and Other 
Structuxe 
CHROM0soME : short 
1401IOA 
CHROMSOMES. 
An9 
RAOOSOMEK 
1 
detemìne 
-ALTSOMESo hramosomesAhich rD 
4he 
SEX 
CHRODMOSOMESTK32 
14.412 
ALLOSoMESIdosEX k2 
an organiSm 
bAUTOSOMESchromoSomesowhich 
de 
te 
mine 
BODILY! 
CHARACTERISTICS 
in 
np11.1IAUTOSOMES ieiy 
1.1.1 
BASED 
ON EUNCTION 
CHROMOSOM ES 
1.1 CLASSIFICATION 
OF 
kiods of 
chomOSomes) 
QumbeT 
(containing 
1 
set 
ofi 
all 
the 
REPRoDUCTINE CELLS 
HAPLOD in 
Kinds 
chroma somes) 
numbe ( containg 
Sets 
SOMATIC 
CELLS40all the. 
DIPL O1D 
Org an ism. 
The 
specific 
Qumber 
Specific specieg of 
chrorDosomes/ ís 
CHROMATIN 
threaa-like 
NETWORK.. 
NON-DIVIDLNG 
stzuc óre alled 
CELL- itappears 
Page 12 
Chromosome 
appears 
L-SHAPED 
of heChromsomevifc 
SGHTLY OFF he 
1cent e 
Centaromexe 
presenta 
12 2SUBMETACENTRIC 
Chromosone appeas 
V-sAPED 
chsomosome 
+he 
CentTe 
+he 
2Cntyonere iS pesent 
1.412:(4 METAcENTRIC0X 
CENTROMERE 
1.1.2 
BASED 
ON LOCATONOF 
allosomes1 
and 
i2ahoma 
somes 
(4paiz 
chaomosomes 
(22 paizsl 
autosSomes 
these chxo mosomes4 
chxomosomeSas23 paizSL 
In 
humans. 
oliploidlcells have 
Male 
X 
Fermale 
XX 
Date 
PageS 
elassMAte 
Page 4


ChxooosomesarecapobleafaSELE 
CENTROMEREOMO) 
SIMLARtal 
DIYISION 
the x ichaom Ome Tahela with he 
CHROMATID:One of he duplicatedparts 
shich212are)A GENETICALLY 
Eachachxomosome i consists2 of2) CHRoMATIDS 
thickhighly coiled 
(QUPLICATED) 
chaomatids 
Sistes 
4he 
wisi ble duing CEL! 
Pagel 
Date. 
LDUPLMCATION 
clASSMAte 
entoomete 
and Other 
Structuxe 
CHROM0soME : short 
1401IOA 
CHROMSOMES. 
An9 
RAOOSOMEK 
1 
detemìne 
-ALTSOMESo hramosomesAhich rD 
4he 
SEX 
CHRODMOSOMESTK32 
14.412 
ALLOSoMESIdosEX k2 
an organiSm 
bAUTOSOMESchromoSomesowhich 
de 
te 
mine 
BODILY! 
CHARACTERISTICS 
in 
np11.1IAUTOSOMES ieiy 
1.1.1 
BASED 
ON EUNCTION 
CHROMOSOM ES 
1.1 CLASSIFICATION 
OF 
kiods of 
chomOSomes) 
QumbeT 
(containing 
1 
set 
ofi 
all 
the 
REPRoDUCTINE CELLS 
HAPLOD in 
Kinds 
chroma somes) 
numbe ( containg 
Sets 
SOMATIC 
CELLS40all the. 
DIPL O1D 
Org an ism. 
The 
specific 
Qumber 
Specific specieg of 
chrorDosomes/ ís 
CHROMATIN 
threaa-like 
NETWORK.. 
NON-DIVIDLNG 
stzuc óre alled 
CELL- itappears 
Page 12 
Chromosome 
appears 
L-SHAPED 
of heChromsomevifc 
SGHTLY OFF he 
1cent e 
Centaromexe 
presenta 
12 2SUBMETACENTRIC 
Chromosone appeas 
V-sAPED 
chsomosome 
+he 
CentTe 
+he 
2Cntyonere iS pesent 
1.412:(4 METAcENTRIC0X 
CENTROMERE 
1.1.2 
BASED 
ON LOCATONOF 
allosomes1 
and 
i2ahoma 
somes 
(4paiz 
chaomosomes 
(22 paizsl 
autosSomes 
these chxo mosomes4 
chxomosomeSas23 paizSL 
In 
humans. 
oliploidlcells have 
Male 
X 
Fermale 
XX 
Date 
PageS 
elassMAte 
A.2.2DNA 
(DEOXYRIBONCElC AclD) 
734 
2 
COre 
histane 
proteiÓs 
The 
DNA 
Strandwinds 
arOuno 
a 
NUCLEOSOMES HISTONES: 
into structural unitsalle 
colLING 
Proteins 
that 
4.2.1 HISTONES 
anal 
Formeof 
DNA. 
23gúbstonces HLgTONES 
1.2 
CHROMATIN MATERAL 
Chaomoseme 
appears. 
i5lsHAPED1) 
+he 
chromosone 
BELOw 
+he 
TEAMINAL 
Centromere 
present 
END 
SLLGHTLY 
9 
112. 4 
AcROCENTRLc 
chiomosomeappeazst=SHAPED 
end 
thei ehromosome 
CentIOmee 
JSpesent 
at 
the 
1.4, 
2.3 
TELOENTR 
IC 
Page14 
Date 
nd 
PACKAGING ofDNAL 
help in 
Page 5


ChxooosomesarecapobleafaSELE 
CENTROMEREOMO) 
SIMLARtal 
DIYISION 
the x ichaom Ome Tahela with he 
CHROMATID:One of he duplicatedparts 
shich212are)A GENETICALLY 
Eachachxomosome i consists2 of2) CHRoMATIDS 
thickhighly coiled 
(QUPLICATED) 
chaomatids 
Sistes 
4he 
wisi ble duing CEL! 
Pagel 
Date. 
LDUPLMCATION 
clASSMAte 
entoomete 
and Other 
Structuxe 
CHROM0soME : short 
1401IOA 
CHROMSOMES. 
An9 
RAOOSOMEK 
1 
detemìne 
-ALTSOMESo hramosomesAhich rD 
4he 
SEX 
CHRODMOSOMESTK32 
14.412 
ALLOSoMESIdosEX k2 
an organiSm 
bAUTOSOMESchromoSomesowhich 
de 
te 
mine 
BODILY! 
CHARACTERISTICS 
in 
np11.1IAUTOSOMES ieiy 
1.1.1 
BASED 
ON EUNCTION 
CHROMOSOM ES 
1.1 CLASSIFICATION 
OF 
kiods of 
chomOSomes) 
QumbeT 
(containing 
1 
set 
ofi 
all 
the 
REPRoDUCTINE CELLS 
HAPLOD in 
Kinds 
chroma somes) 
numbe ( containg 
Sets 
SOMATIC 
CELLS40all the. 
DIPL O1D 
Org an ism. 
The 
specific 
Qumber 
Specific specieg of 
chrorDosomes/ ís 
CHROMATIN 
threaa-like 
NETWORK.. 
NON-DIVIDLNG 
stzuc óre alled 
CELL- itappears 
Page 12 
Chromosome 
appears 
L-SHAPED 
of heChromsomevifc 
SGHTLY OFF he 
1cent e 
Centaromexe 
presenta 
12 2SUBMETACENTRIC 
Chromosone appeas 
V-sAPED 
chsomosome 
+he 
CentTe 
+he 
2Cntyonere iS pesent 
1.412:(4 METAcENTRIC0X 
CENTROMERE 
1.1.2 
BASED 
ON LOCATONOF 
allosomes1 
and 
i2ahoma 
somes 
(4paiz 
chaomosomes 
(22 paizsl 
autosSomes 
these chxo mosomes4 
chxomosomeSas23 paizSL 
In 
humans. 
oliploidlcells have 
Male 
X 
Fermale 
XX 
Date 
PageS 
elassMAte 
A.2.2DNA 
(DEOXYRIBONCElC AclD) 
734 
2 
COre 
histane 
proteiÓs 
The 
DNA 
Strandwinds 
arOuno 
a 
NUCLEOSOMES HISTONES: 
into structural unitsalle 
colLING 
Proteins 
that 
4.2.1 HISTONES 
anal 
Formeof 
DNA. 
23gúbstonces HLgTONES 
1.2 
CHROMATIN MATERAL 
Chaomoseme 
appears. 
i5lsHAPED1) 
+he 
chromosone 
BELOw 
+he 
TEAMINAL 
Centromere 
present 
END 
SLLGHTLY 
9 
112. 4 
AcROCENTRLc 
chiomosomeappeazst=SHAPED 
end 
thei ehromosome 
CentIOmee 
JSpesent 
at 
the 
1.4, 
2.3 
TELOENTR 
IC 
Page14 
Date 
nd 
PACKAGING ofDNAL 
help in 
DNASmadeup..alongchain. 
NUCLEOTIDES 
The2s+rand 
HELICAL 
--andtwistaround.to.koma.3PIRAL 
STAIRCASE.._ThisicalleslpougLE. 
Eachoucleotide has 3part3 
A 
There 
A 
A.2.2.1 
base[: 
TARY 
STRUCTURE. 
back bone 
A PENTOSES UGAR. 
PHOSPHATEroupwhighis 4he 
NITROGENOUSBASE 
ADENNE t 
THYMINE 
Oucleohides.joln. 
CYTOSINE 
NITROGENOUSBASES. 
GiU¤NNE 
BASESOs 
guanine sna 
he bases 
Adenioe an1thymine are 
theDNAMOlecule. 
dlhssmata 
ofitzogeooS 
are cytasine 
BONDStre 
an4he iHELIX 
VcoMpLEMEN 
and 
GENES:Speci£ic sequencesof 
be tueen 
ormiog 
theStepg of4he) DNALADDER