Hand Written Notes: Water Resources

 Page 1


WATER RESOURCES 
Water 
. 
Surface 
water: 
Seeps 
FROM 
underground 
9796 saltwater 
(oceans, seas) 
39% remaining 
Groundwater: Seeps TO 
underground 
Coastal 
water: Used for (1) 
fishing and (2) 
growing 
paddy 
REASONS 
TO 
CONSERVE WATER: 
" 
OBJECTIVES 
OF 
RAINWATER 
HARVESTING: 
HARVESTING: 
o 
Lowering 
watetable due to: 
teotee 
euoins 
s 
Overexploiting groundwateraobaiow ublesioa 
Loss of 
vegetationawenote 
hw bsn 
ie 
giato af 
"Population increaseameatavate sedoen 
o 
Irrigation uses 
90% 
freshwatertowwsn00cotelooe3 
o 
Pollution of 
waterbodies 
Def. 
rainwater 
harvesting: Process of-
increasing 
recharge 
of 
groundwater 
by 
capturing 
& 
storing 
rainwater locally in  
sub-surface 
reservoirs 
INDIA: 
Def. 
watershed 
management: 
Managing and 
conserving-(surface+ 
ground) 
water reservoirs 
o 
Stored water in (1) 
tanks, (2) 
waterbodies 
2.3% icecaps 
" 
NEED FOR 
RAINWATER 
HARVESTING IN 
intensity 
0.66% ground 
o 
Reducing: (1) 
surface runoff, (2) 
groundwater 
pollution, (3) 
soil 
erosion, (4) road flooding 
o 
increasing: (1) 
groundwater storage, (2) 
meeting 
increased water 
demand 
TRADITIONAL 
METHODS OF 
RAINWATER 
o 
Rainfall occurs in 
short 
spells of high 
0.03% fresh water 
water 
ao 
o 
Most 
rainwater flows away 
rapidly 
o Collected water from (1) rooftops, (2)MECH ANSMS 
Swollen streets, (3) flooded rivers 
o 
Nothing left for 
recharge of 
groundwater 
istnisoeiean 
A 
3URAHOA 
STORING 
JoNAD 
KEKe 
Page 2


WATER RESOURCES 
Water 
. 
Surface 
water: 
Seeps 
FROM 
underground 
9796 saltwater 
(oceans, seas) 
39% remaining 
Groundwater: Seeps TO 
underground 
Coastal 
water: Used for (1) 
fishing and (2) 
growing 
paddy 
REASONS 
TO 
CONSERVE WATER: 
" 
OBJECTIVES 
OF 
RAINWATER 
HARVESTING: 
HARVESTING: 
o 
Lowering 
watetable due to: 
teotee 
euoins 
s 
Overexploiting groundwateraobaiow ublesioa 
Loss of 
vegetationawenote 
hw bsn 
ie 
giato af 
"Population increaseameatavate sedoen 
o 
Irrigation uses 
90% 
freshwatertowwsn00cotelooe3 
o 
Pollution of 
waterbodies 
Def. 
rainwater 
harvesting: Process of-
increasing 
recharge 
of 
groundwater 
by 
capturing 
& 
storing 
rainwater locally in  
sub-surface 
reservoirs 
INDIA: 
Def. 
watershed 
management: 
Managing and 
conserving-(surface+ 
ground) 
water reservoirs 
o 
Stored water in (1) 
tanks, (2) 
waterbodies 
2.3% icecaps 
" 
NEED FOR 
RAINWATER 
HARVESTING IN 
intensity 
0.66% ground 
o 
Reducing: (1) 
surface runoff, (2) 
groundwater 
pollution, (3) 
soil 
erosion, (4) road flooding 
o 
increasing: (1) 
groundwater storage, (2) 
meeting 
increased water 
demand 
TRADITIONAL 
METHODS OF 
RAINWATER 
o 
Rainfall occurs in 
short 
spells of high 
0.03% fresh water 
water 
ao 
o 
Most 
rainwater flows away 
rapidly 
o Collected water from (1) rooftops, (2)MECH ANSMS 
Swollen streets, (3) flooded rivers 
o 
Nothing left for 
recharge of 
groundwater 
istnisoeiean 
A 
3URAHOA 
STORING 
JoNAD 
KEKe 
RAINWATER HARVESTING MECHANISMS: 
O 
Catchment: 
Surface 
receiving 
rainwater 
o Conduit: Pipelines 
carrying 
rainwater 
to 
system 
(note: 
made 
of 
PVC/galvanised iron) 
" 
MAKING WATER R 
USABLE IN 
ROOFTOP 
RAINWATER 
HARVESTING 
(DIRECT 
USE) 
o Mesh filter: Filters leaves 
o First flush: Provided before storage container 
o Sand filter 
o Disinfectant: Removes biological contamination 
" MODERN METHODS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING: 
O Der. aquifer: 
Groundwater stream - saturated with 
water-transmits Water 
o Borewells/dug wells: Collect rainwater - diverted to filtration tank 
o Recharge pit: Lined with stone wall -openings at regular intervals 
o Recharge trench: Filled with porous material (eg. pebbles) 
o Percolation pit: 30cm wide -3-10m deep 
o 
Pernmeable surfaces: grass patch 
o 
Porous tiles.: 
pavements 
Def. irrigation: Watering plants through artificial means 
" Ancient India: Grand Anicut dam - built across Kaveri- in Tamil Nadu 
" NEED FOR IRRIGATION: 
o Uncertain rainfall 
o Uneven rainfall 
o Crop requirement: 
Kharif: Don't need irrigation 
Rabi: Do need irrigation 
Zair/Summer crops: Exclusively grown - to meet growing population 
High-yielding crops and sugarcane: need more water 
o Nature of soil: 
Clayey soil: More 
moisture, less 
irrigation 
Sandy soil: Less moisture, more irrigation 
Lowlands: less water required 
Highlands: more water required 
o 
Utilising rainwater 
efficiently: South Indian rivers 
-seasonal- need 
irrigation 
sibodieisws 
o Maximising productivity 
Page 3


WATER RESOURCES 
Water 
. 
Surface 
water: 
Seeps 
FROM 
underground 
9796 saltwater 
(oceans, seas) 
39% remaining 
Groundwater: Seeps TO 
underground 
Coastal 
water: Used for (1) 
fishing and (2) 
growing 
paddy 
REASONS 
TO 
CONSERVE WATER: 
" 
OBJECTIVES 
OF 
RAINWATER 
HARVESTING: 
HARVESTING: 
o 
Lowering 
watetable due to: 
teotee 
euoins 
s 
Overexploiting groundwateraobaiow ublesioa 
Loss of 
vegetationawenote 
hw bsn 
ie 
giato af 
"Population increaseameatavate sedoen 
o 
Irrigation uses 
90% 
freshwatertowwsn00cotelooe3 
o 
Pollution of 
waterbodies 
Def. 
rainwater 
harvesting: Process of-
increasing 
recharge 
of 
groundwater 
by 
capturing 
& 
storing 
rainwater locally in  
sub-surface 
reservoirs 
INDIA: 
Def. 
watershed 
management: 
Managing and 
conserving-(surface+ 
ground) 
water reservoirs 
o 
Stored water in (1) 
tanks, (2) 
waterbodies 
2.3% icecaps 
" 
NEED FOR 
RAINWATER 
HARVESTING IN 
intensity 
0.66% ground 
o 
Reducing: (1) 
surface runoff, (2) 
groundwater 
pollution, (3) 
soil 
erosion, (4) road flooding 
o 
increasing: (1) 
groundwater storage, (2) 
meeting 
increased water 
demand 
TRADITIONAL 
METHODS OF 
RAINWATER 
o 
Rainfall occurs in 
short 
spells of high 
0.03% fresh water 
water 
ao 
o 
Most 
rainwater flows away 
rapidly 
o Collected water from (1) rooftops, (2)MECH ANSMS 
Swollen streets, (3) flooded rivers 
o 
Nothing left for 
recharge of 
groundwater 
istnisoeiean 
A 
3URAHOA 
STORING 
JoNAD 
KEKe 
RAINWATER HARVESTING MECHANISMS: 
O 
Catchment: 
Surface 
receiving 
rainwater 
o Conduit: Pipelines 
carrying 
rainwater 
to 
system 
(note: 
made 
of 
PVC/galvanised iron) 
" 
MAKING WATER R 
USABLE IN 
ROOFTOP 
RAINWATER 
HARVESTING 
(DIRECT 
USE) 
o Mesh filter: Filters leaves 
o First flush: Provided before storage container 
o Sand filter 
o Disinfectant: Removes biological contamination 
" MODERN METHODS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING: 
O Der. aquifer: 
Groundwater stream - saturated with 
water-transmits Water 
o Borewells/dug wells: Collect rainwater - diverted to filtration tank 
o Recharge pit: Lined with stone wall -openings at regular intervals 
o Recharge trench: Filled with porous material (eg. pebbles) 
o Percolation pit: 30cm wide -3-10m deep 
o 
Pernmeable surfaces: grass patch 
o 
Porous tiles.: 
pavements 
Def. irrigation: Watering plants through artificial means 
" Ancient India: Grand Anicut dam - built across Kaveri- in Tamil Nadu 
" NEED FOR IRRIGATION: 
o Uncertain rainfall 
o Uneven rainfall 
o Crop requirement: 
Kharif: Don't need irrigation 
Rabi: Do need irrigation 
Zair/Summer crops: Exclusively grown - to meet growing population 
High-yielding crops and sugarcane: need more water 
o Nature of soil: 
Clayey soil: More 
moisture, less 
irrigation 
Sandy soil: Less moisture, more irrigation 
Lowlands: less water required 
Highlands: more water required 
o 
Utilising rainwater 
efficiently: South Indian rivers 
-seasonal- need 
irrigation 
sibodieisws 
o Maximising productivity 
Tapping 
groundwater 
Wells 
Tanks 
Tapping 
Surface water 
Canals 
Dams 
Tubewells 
Ordinary 
Factor 
Porosity of rocks 
Amount of rain 
Proximity to waterbodies 
Natural 
Def. 
watertable: 
Collection of 
water 
underneath surface 
FACTORS AFFECTING WATERTABLE 
-Man-made 
Perennial 
Lined 
Unlined 
Inundated 
Relation 
Directly prop. 
Directly prop. 
Directly prop. 
-CONVENTIONAL MEANS OF IRRIGATION: REF. PRINTED TABLE 
Page 4


WATER RESOURCES 
Water 
. 
Surface 
water: 
Seeps 
FROM 
underground 
9796 saltwater 
(oceans, seas) 
39% remaining 
Groundwater: Seeps TO 
underground 
Coastal 
water: Used for (1) 
fishing and (2) 
growing 
paddy 
REASONS 
TO 
CONSERVE WATER: 
" 
OBJECTIVES 
OF 
RAINWATER 
HARVESTING: 
HARVESTING: 
o 
Lowering 
watetable due to: 
teotee 
euoins 
s 
Overexploiting groundwateraobaiow ublesioa 
Loss of 
vegetationawenote 
hw bsn 
ie 
giato af 
"Population increaseameatavate sedoen 
o 
Irrigation uses 
90% 
freshwatertowwsn00cotelooe3 
o 
Pollution of 
waterbodies 
Def. 
rainwater 
harvesting: Process of-
increasing 
recharge 
of 
groundwater 
by 
capturing 
& 
storing 
rainwater locally in  
sub-surface 
reservoirs 
INDIA: 
Def. 
watershed 
management: 
Managing and 
conserving-(surface+ 
ground) 
water reservoirs 
o 
Stored water in (1) 
tanks, (2) 
waterbodies 
2.3% icecaps 
" 
NEED FOR 
RAINWATER 
HARVESTING IN 
intensity 
0.66% ground 
o 
Reducing: (1) 
surface runoff, (2) 
groundwater 
pollution, (3) 
soil 
erosion, (4) road flooding 
o 
increasing: (1) 
groundwater storage, (2) 
meeting 
increased water 
demand 
TRADITIONAL 
METHODS OF 
RAINWATER 
o 
Rainfall occurs in 
short 
spells of high 
0.03% fresh water 
water 
ao 
o 
Most 
rainwater flows away 
rapidly 
o Collected water from (1) rooftops, (2)MECH ANSMS 
Swollen streets, (3) flooded rivers 
o 
Nothing left for 
recharge of 
groundwater 
istnisoeiean 
A 
3URAHOA 
STORING 
JoNAD 
KEKe 
RAINWATER HARVESTING MECHANISMS: 
O 
Catchment: 
Surface 
receiving 
rainwater 
o Conduit: Pipelines 
carrying 
rainwater 
to 
system 
(note: 
made 
of 
PVC/galvanised iron) 
" 
MAKING WATER R 
USABLE IN 
ROOFTOP 
RAINWATER 
HARVESTING 
(DIRECT 
USE) 
o Mesh filter: Filters leaves 
o First flush: Provided before storage container 
o Sand filter 
o Disinfectant: Removes biological contamination 
" MODERN METHODS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING: 
O Der. aquifer: 
Groundwater stream - saturated with 
water-transmits Water 
o Borewells/dug wells: Collect rainwater - diverted to filtration tank 
o Recharge pit: Lined with stone wall -openings at regular intervals 
o Recharge trench: Filled with porous material (eg. pebbles) 
o Percolation pit: 30cm wide -3-10m deep 
o 
Pernmeable surfaces: grass patch 
o 
Porous tiles.: 
pavements 
Def. irrigation: Watering plants through artificial means 
" Ancient India: Grand Anicut dam - built across Kaveri- in Tamil Nadu 
" NEED FOR IRRIGATION: 
o Uncertain rainfall 
o Uneven rainfall 
o Crop requirement: 
Kharif: Don't need irrigation 
Rabi: Do need irrigation 
Zair/Summer crops: Exclusively grown - to meet growing population 
High-yielding crops and sugarcane: need more water 
o Nature of soil: 
Clayey soil: More 
moisture, less 
irrigation 
Sandy soil: Less moisture, more irrigation 
Lowlands: less water required 
Highlands: more water required 
o 
Utilising rainwater 
efficiently: South Indian rivers 
-seasonal- need 
irrigation 
sibodieisws 
o Maximising productivity 
Tapping 
groundwater 
Wells 
Tanks 
Tapping 
Surface water 
Canals 
Dams 
Tubewells 
Ordinary 
Factor 
Porosity of rocks 
Amount of rain 
Proximity to waterbodies 
Natural 
Def. 
watertable: 
Collection of 
water 
underneath surface 
FACTORS AFFECTING WATERTABLE 
-Man-made 
Perennial 
Lined 
Unlined 
Inundated 
Relation 
Directly prop. 
Directly prop. 
Directly prop. 
-CONVENTIONAL MEANS OF IRRIGATION: REF. PRINTED TABLE 
Method ( 
Primitive/Modern 
Wells (P) 
(P) 
Tanks ( P) 
Inundation Canals 
e Tube wells (M) 
Perennial Canals 
( M) 
Prerequisites 
1.Sufficient availability of 
groundwater 
3.Soil is soft enough to allow 
digging 
1.The ground below the tank should 
be rocky and lined with 
non-porous 
rocks, to prevent percolation of 
water 
2.The rugged ,uneven 
topography 
provides wide pits that facilitates 
tank irrigation 
2.Places where groundwater level is 1Cheapest source of trtgation 
not very deep 3.Can be dug at any convenient 
place 
4.Independent source of irrigation 4. Well water may be brackish or 
saline 
A flooded river 
1. 
Groundwater must be available 
in plenty and must be close to the 
surface. 
2. Should have a regular supply of 
heap electricity. 
Advantages 
3. The region must be fertile and 
productive for the farmer to 
recover the cost of installation and 
operation. 
1,Simple and do not need major 
installations 
1.Simple and easy to build for 
farmers 
2.(Not an expens0ve mearns 
3.Allows surplus water during 
monsoons to be stored and used 
later 
Do not require any regulating 
systems 
1.Can irrigate a much larger area 
2.As they draw water from deep 
underneath and is advantageous 
during periods of drought when 
surface water and ordinary wells 
dry up. 
Can be dug in areas of flat level land 1.Are perennial so provide water 
and soft soil. for irrigation whenever needed. 
2.Canal water is drawn out of 
rivers so it is rich in sediments 
which add to the fertility of the 
fields 
Disadvantages 
3}Though initial costs açe high. iD 
s cheap in the long rup 
1.Wells dry up during 
summers 
2.A well can water only a limited 
amount of land 
3.It is 
time-consuming method of 
providing water 
1. Tanks Occupy large surface area 
which could have otherwise been 
used for cultivation 
2.Many tanks dry up during dry 
^eason 
3.Stilting of tanks is a frequent 
problem and destilting is required 
often 
Do not ensure steady supply 
throughout the year 
1.An expensive means of irrigation as 
it requires electricity 
2. Excessive exploitation of 
groundwater leads to its depletion 
1.Canal water can seep into soil and 
lead to water logging 
Distribution 
Punjab, Haryana, Utta 
Pradesh( Due to 
availability of high 
ground water and soft 
2. Marshy areas near canals become 
breeding ground for disease 
spreading mosquitoes. 
3.Harmful underground salts and 
alkalis come up to the surface due to 
waterlogging and decrease the soil 
fertility 
soil) 
Peninsular India- Andhra 
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, 
Karnataka 
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar 
Punjab 
Punjab, Haryana, Uttar 
Pradesh 
Page 5


WATER RESOURCES 
Water 
. 
Surface 
water: 
Seeps 
FROM 
underground 
9796 saltwater 
(oceans, seas) 
39% remaining 
Groundwater: Seeps TO 
underground 
Coastal 
water: Used for (1) 
fishing and (2) 
growing 
paddy 
REASONS 
TO 
CONSERVE WATER: 
" 
OBJECTIVES 
OF 
RAINWATER 
HARVESTING: 
HARVESTING: 
o 
Lowering 
watetable due to: 
teotee 
euoins 
s 
Overexploiting groundwateraobaiow ublesioa 
Loss of 
vegetationawenote 
hw bsn 
ie 
giato af 
"Population increaseameatavate sedoen 
o 
Irrigation uses 
90% 
freshwatertowwsn00cotelooe3 
o 
Pollution of 
waterbodies 
Def. 
rainwater 
harvesting: Process of-
increasing 
recharge 
of 
groundwater 
by 
capturing 
& 
storing 
rainwater locally in  
sub-surface 
reservoirs 
INDIA: 
Def. 
watershed 
management: 
Managing and 
conserving-(surface+ 
ground) 
water reservoirs 
o 
Stored water in (1) 
tanks, (2) 
waterbodies 
2.3% icecaps 
" 
NEED FOR 
RAINWATER 
HARVESTING IN 
intensity 
0.66% ground 
o 
Reducing: (1) 
surface runoff, (2) 
groundwater 
pollution, (3) 
soil 
erosion, (4) road flooding 
o 
increasing: (1) 
groundwater storage, (2) 
meeting 
increased water 
demand 
TRADITIONAL 
METHODS OF 
RAINWATER 
o 
Rainfall occurs in 
short 
spells of high 
0.03% fresh water 
water 
ao 
o 
Most 
rainwater flows away 
rapidly 
o Collected water from (1) rooftops, (2)MECH ANSMS 
Swollen streets, (3) flooded rivers 
o 
Nothing left for 
recharge of 
groundwater 
istnisoeiean 
A 
3URAHOA 
STORING 
JoNAD 
KEKe 
RAINWATER HARVESTING MECHANISMS: 
O 
Catchment: 
Surface 
receiving 
rainwater 
o Conduit: Pipelines 
carrying 
rainwater 
to 
system 
(note: 
made 
of 
PVC/galvanised iron) 
" 
MAKING WATER R 
USABLE IN 
ROOFTOP 
RAINWATER 
HARVESTING 
(DIRECT 
USE) 
o Mesh filter: Filters leaves 
o First flush: Provided before storage container 
o Sand filter 
o Disinfectant: Removes biological contamination 
" MODERN METHODS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING: 
O Der. aquifer: 
Groundwater stream - saturated with 
water-transmits Water 
o Borewells/dug wells: Collect rainwater - diverted to filtration tank 
o Recharge pit: Lined with stone wall -openings at regular intervals 
o Recharge trench: Filled with porous material (eg. pebbles) 
o Percolation pit: 30cm wide -3-10m deep 
o 
Pernmeable surfaces: grass patch 
o 
Porous tiles.: 
pavements 
Def. irrigation: Watering plants through artificial means 
" Ancient India: Grand Anicut dam - built across Kaveri- in Tamil Nadu 
" NEED FOR IRRIGATION: 
o Uncertain rainfall 
o Uneven rainfall 
o Crop requirement: 
Kharif: Don't need irrigation 
Rabi: Do need irrigation 
Zair/Summer crops: Exclusively grown - to meet growing population 
High-yielding crops and sugarcane: need more water 
o Nature of soil: 
Clayey soil: More 
moisture, less 
irrigation 
Sandy soil: Less moisture, more irrigation 
Lowlands: less water required 
Highlands: more water required 
o 
Utilising rainwater 
efficiently: South Indian rivers 
-seasonal- need 
irrigation 
sibodieisws 
o Maximising productivity 
Tapping 
groundwater 
Wells 
Tanks 
Tapping 
Surface water 
Canals 
Dams 
Tubewells 
Ordinary 
Factor 
Porosity of rocks 
Amount of rain 
Proximity to waterbodies 
Natural 
Def. 
watertable: 
Collection of 
water 
underneath surface 
FACTORS AFFECTING WATERTABLE 
-Man-made 
Perennial 
Lined 
Unlined 
Inundated 
Relation 
Directly prop. 
Directly prop. 
Directly prop. 
-CONVENTIONAL MEANS OF IRRIGATION: REF. PRINTED TABLE 
Method ( 
Primitive/Modern 
Wells (P) 
(P) 
Tanks ( P) 
Inundation Canals 
e Tube wells (M) 
Perennial Canals 
( M) 
Prerequisites 
1.Sufficient availability of 
groundwater 
3.Soil is soft enough to allow 
digging 
1.The ground below the tank should 
be rocky and lined with 
non-porous 
rocks, to prevent percolation of 
water 
2.The rugged ,uneven 
topography 
provides wide pits that facilitates 
tank irrigation 
2.Places where groundwater level is 1Cheapest source of trtgation 
not very deep 3.Can be dug at any convenient 
place 
4.Independent source of irrigation 4. Well water may be brackish or 
saline 
A flooded river 
1. 
Groundwater must be available 
in plenty and must be close to the 
surface. 
2. Should have a regular supply of 
heap electricity. 
Advantages 
3. The region must be fertile and 
productive for the farmer to 
recover the cost of installation and 
operation. 
1,Simple and do not need major 
installations 
1.Simple and easy to build for 
farmers 
2.(Not an expens0ve mearns 
3.Allows surplus water during 
monsoons to be stored and used 
later 
Do not require any regulating 
systems 
1.Can irrigate a much larger area 
2.As they draw water from deep 
underneath and is advantageous 
during periods of drought when 
surface water and ordinary wells 
dry up. 
Can be dug in areas of flat level land 1.Are perennial so provide water 
and soft soil. for irrigation whenever needed. 
2.Canal water is drawn out of 
rivers so it is rich in sediments 
which add to the fertility of the 
fields 
Disadvantages 
3}Though initial costs açe high. iD 
s cheap in the long rup 
1.Wells dry up during 
summers 
2.A well can water only a limited 
amount of land 
3.It is 
time-consuming method of 
providing water 
1. Tanks Occupy large surface area 
which could have otherwise been 
used for cultivation 
2.Many tanks dry up during dry 
^eason 
3.Stilting of tanks is a frequent 
problem and destilting is required 
often 
Do not ensure steady supply 
throughout the year 
1.An expensive means of irrigation as 
it requires electricity 
2. Excessive exploitation of 
groundwater leads to its depletion 
1.Canal water can seep into soil and 
lead to water logging 
Distribution 
Punjab, Haryana, Utta 
Pradesh( Due to 
availability of high 
ground water and soft 
2. Marshy areas near canals become 
breeding ground for disease 
spreading mosquitoes. 
3.Harmful underground salts and 
alkalis come up to the surface due to 
waterlogging and decrease the soil 
fertility 
soil) 
Peninsular India- Andhra 
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, 
Karnataka 
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar 
Punjab 
Punjab, Haryana, Uttar 
Pradesh 
rinklers (M) 
Mater is sprayed 
directly with a 
device consisting of 
pipes and nozzle 
e Drip (M) 
It is a system where 
pipes are placed 
between rows of 
crops and water is 
given directly to the 
crops. 
Spray (M) 
Water is released 
through spray guns 
Furrow (M) 
A type offlood 
irrigation where 
water poured on 
the field is directed 
to flow through 
narrow channels 
dug between the 
row of crops. 
Fertile large 
fields/ Large 
capital 
Cheap electricity 
Water must be easily available 
The furrows must be of equal 
dimension to ensure equal 
distribution 
1.Does not 
involve any loss of 
water by seepage 
2. No 
water is 
lost by 
evaporation 
3. 
Minimum wastage of 
water as 
water is 
supplied directly to the 
fields 
4. Avoids problem of over 
irrigation as water reaches every 
part of the field 
1.As water reaches the roots of 
crops in drops, it soaks into the 
soil 
before it can 
evaporate. 
2.lt is an expensive method but in 
the long run, it can be 
operated at! 
Wow costs. 
2. Since water trickles into the 
root zone ,it minimizes the 
possibility of leaching and also 
prevents loss of soil nutrients 
1.Utilizes water efficiently 
2.Reduces the amount of water 
needed for irrigation. 
1.New for 
farmers and 
also 
expensive 
2.In the 
absence of clean water ,the 
sprinkler nozzle may get 
regularly 
blocked 
3. Crops maybe coated with 
sediments in the absence of clean 
water 
1. Clogging up of pipes may occur if 
water is not filtered properly. 
2. Setting up of this irrigation may 
lead to high initial costs 
1.Expensive and needs complex 
machinery 
2.Water is lost in evaporation 
3.Causes diseases in plants due to 
water logging. 
Arid and 
semi-arid areas 
like Rajasthan and 
Haryana 
Maharashtra, 
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu