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NCERT Textbook: Empires and Kingdoms- 6th to 10th Centuries
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Page 1 Empires and Kingdoms: 6th to 10th Centuries CHAPTER 3 India never spoke her last word. In all things, she continues, survives and renews herself. — Louis Renou and Jean Filliozat (French Indologists) 1. What major changes characterised this period? 2. How did the political, cultural, and religious developments shape India during this period? 3. What was the impact of foreign invasions and interactions on Indian society and polity during this period? The Big Questions Fig. 3.1. The Shore Temple at Mamallapuram, built during the reign of Narasimhavarman II of the Pallava dynasty. Chapter 3.indd 61 Chapter 3.indd 61 11/27/2025 12:27:04 PM 11/27/2025 12:27:04 PM Page 2 Empires and Kingdoms: 6th to 10th Centuries CHAPTER 3 India never spoke her last word. In all things, she continues, survives and renews herself. — Louis Renou and Jean Filliozat (French Indologists) 1. What major changes characterised this period? 2. How did the political, cultural, and religious developments shape India during this period? 3. What was the impact of foreign invasions and interactions on Indian society and polity during this period? The Big Questions Fig. 3.1. The Shore Temple at Mamallapuram, built during the reign of Narasimhavarman II of the Pallava dynasty. Chapter 3.indd 61 Chapter 3.indd 61 11/27/2025 12:27:04 PM 11/27/2025 12:27:04 PM 62 Exploring Society: India and Beyond | Grade 7 Part 2 This chapter and the next together survey the scene in India from the end of the Gupta era about 600 CE to about 1200 CE. These six centuries together have received several names — ‘post-classical’, ‘late classical’ and ‘early medieval’ among others. We need not use any of those terms here, as long as we keep the broad chronology in mind. In Grade 8, we will explore the next centuries, leading up to the colonial era, dominated by British rule in India, and, ultimately, the struggle for freedom from the colonial rule, culminating in India’s independence. Imagine you are in north India some 1,500 years ago. The mighty Gupta Empire (see the chapter on the ‘Gupta Era’ in Part 1 of this textbook) has lost its dominance. You are a young traveller setting off on an adventure across the subcontinent. Your first stop is Kannauj, a city by River Ganga where a powerful king hosts poets and scholars. A few weeks later, you reach the Chalukya kingdom in the Deccan, where you see magnificent temples and lively cities. In the far south, the Pallavas are carving entire temples out of rock at Mamallapuram (also known as Mahabalipuram), while in Bengal, the Palas are supporting great universities such as Vikramashila. You don’t see large empires in India now, but Fig. 3.2. 6 th 7 th 8 th 9 th 9th century: The Cholas emerge as a dominant power 630–644: Xuanzang’s travels in India 712: Arabs conquer Sindh after several attempts 8th–9th centuries: Tripartite Struggle over Kannauj 637: First Arab naval attack repulsed at Thana 650: Start of the Bhakti tradition in south India 6th century: Rise of the Chalukya dynasty 606: Har?havardhana’s rule begins at Kannauj 750: Rise of the Pala dynasty 6th to 8th century Pallava-Chalukya struggle Chapter 3.indd 62 Chapter 3.indd 62 11/27/2025 12:27:04 PM 11/27/2025 12:27:04 PM Page 3 Empires and Kingdoms: 6th to 10th Centuries CHAPTER 3 India never spoke her last word. In all things, she continues, survives and renews herself. — Louis Renou and Jean Filliozat (French Indologists) 1. What major changes characterised this period? 2. How did the political, cultural, and religious developments shape India during this period? 3. What was the impact of foreign invasions and interactions on Indian society and polity during this period? The Big Questions Fig. 3.1. The Shore Temple at Mamallapuram, built during the reign of Narasimhavarman II of the Pallava dynasty. Chapter 3.indd 61 Chapter 3.indd 61 11/27/2025 12:27:04 PM 11/27/2025 12:27:04 PM 62 Exploring Society: India and Beyond | Grade 7 Part 2 This chapter and the next together survey the scene in India from the end of the Gupta era about 600 CE to about 1200 CE. These six centuries together have received several names — ‘post-classical’, ‘late classical’ and ‘early medieval’ among others. We need not use any of those terms here, as long as we keep the broad chronology in mind. In Grade 8, we will explore the next centuries, leading up to the colonial era, dominated by British rule in India, and, ultimately, the struggle for freedom from the colonial rule, culminating in India’s independence. Imagine you are in north India some 1,500 years ago. The mighty Gupta Empire (see the chapter on the ‘Gupta Era’ in Part 1 of this textbook) has lost its dominance. You are a young traveller setting off on an adventure across the subcontinent. Your first stop is Kannauj, a city by River Ganga where a powerful king hosts poets and scholars. A few weeks later, you reach the Chalukya kingdom in the Deccan, where you see magnificent temples and lively cities. In the far south, the Pallavas are carving entire temples out of rock at Mamallapuram (also known as Mahabalipuram), while in Bengal, the Palas are supporting great universities such as Vikramashila. You don’t see large empires in India now, but Fig. 3.2. 6 th 7 th 8 th 9 th 9th century: The Cholas emerge as a dominant power 630–644: Xuanzang’s travels in India 712: Arabs conquer Sindh after several attempts 8th–9th centuries: Tripartite Struggle over Kannauj 637: First Arab naval attack repulsed at Thana 650: Start of the Bhakti tradition in south India 6th century: Rise of the Chalukya dynasty 606: Har?havardhana’s rule begins at Kannauj 750: Rise of the Pala dynasty 6th to 8th century Pallava-Chalukya struggle Chapter 3.indd 62 Chapter 3.indd 62 11/27/2025 12:27:04 PM 11/27/2025 12:27:04 PM 63 Tapestry of the Past 3 – Empires and Kingdoms: 6th to 10th Centuries many strong kingdoms. Some call it a time of political rivalry and disorder, but as you travel, you see something different — a land buzzing with new ideas, art, and culture, different in each region, yet all part of one India. Is this really the end of an age of powerful empires … or the dawn of a new era? Let’s step back in time and see. As you can see on the map (Fig. 3.3), the Guptas are gone, but the land is still dynamic and vibrant with activity. Several regional powers have emerged. The ‘Great King of Kings’ As we look at northern India at this time, we find a remarkable ruler, Har?havardhana, ascending the throne in 606 CE at Kannauj. He belonged to the Pu?hyabhuti (or Vardhana) dynasty, whose earlier capital was Sthaneshvara (present-day Thanesar in Haryana). Fig. 3.3. A simpli??ed map of a few dynasties in north and peninsular India from the 7th century onward. 20°N 25°N 30°N 35°N Manyakhe?a ARABIAN SEA BAY OF BENGAL Krishna Krishna Godavari Mahanadi Tapti Narmada Betwa Son Chambal Yamuna Indus Indus Jhelum Chenab Ravi Beas Sutlej Sutlej Ganga Gomti Ghaghara Gandak Ganga Kosi Brahmaputra Sthaneshvara Kanyakubja Prayaga Ujjayini Kashi RA?H?RAKU?AS PALAS N S E W GURJARA- PRA TIHARAS 70°E 75°E 85°E 80°E 90°E 95°E 70°E 75°E 85°E 80°E 90°E 95°E 30°N 35°N 25°N 20°N PU ?HYABH UTIS VARMANS Chapter 3.indd 63 Chapter 3.indd 63 11/27/2025 12:27:05 PM 11/27/2025 12:27:05 PM Page 4 Empires and Kingdoms: 6th to 10th Centuries CHAPTER 3 India never spoke her last word. In all things, she continues, survives and renews herself. — Louis Renou and Jean Filliozat (French Indologists) 1. What major changes characterised this period? 2. How did the political, cultural, and religious developments shape India during this period? 3. What was the impact of foreign invasions and interactions on Indian society and polity during this period? The Big Questions Fig. 3.1. The Shore Temple at Mamallapuram, built during the reign of Narasimhavarman II of the Pallava dynasty. Chapter 3.indd 61 Chapter 3.indd 61 11/27/2025 12:27:04 PM 11/27/2025 12:27:04 PM 62 Exploring Society: India and Beyond | Grade 7 Part 2 This chapter and the next together survey the scene in India from the end of the Gupta era about 600 CE to about 1200 CE. These six centuries together have received several names — ‘post-classical’, ‘late classical’ and ‘early medieval’ among others. We need not use any of those terms here, as long as we keep the broad chronology in mind. In Grade 8, we will explore the next centuries, leading up to the colonial era, dominated by British rule in India, and, ultimately, the struggle for freedom from the colonial rule, culminating in India’s independence. Imagine you are in north India some 1,500 years ago. The mighty Gupta Empire (see the chapter on the ‘Gupta Era’ in Part 1 of this textbook) has lost its dominance. You are a young traveller setting off on an adventure across the subcontinent. Your first stop is Kannauj, a city by River Ganga where a powerful king hosts poets and scholars. A few weeks later, you reach the Chalukya kingdom in the Deccan, where you see magnificent temples and lively cities. In the far south, the Pallavas are carving entire temples out of rock at Mamallapuram (also known as Mahabalipuram), while in Bengal, the Palas are supporting great universities such as Vikramashila. You don’t see large empires in India now, but Fig. 3.2. 6 th 7 th 8 th 9 th 9th century: The Cholas emerge as a dominant power 630–644: Xuanzang’s travels in India 712: Arabs conquer Sindh after several attempts 8th–9th centuries: Tripartite Struggle over Kannauj 637: First Arab naval attack repulsed at Thana 650: Start of the Bhakti tradition in south India 6th century: Rise of the Chalukya dynasty 606: Har?havardhana’s rule begins at Kannauj 750: Rise of the Pala dynasty 6th to 8th century Pallava-Chalukya struggle Chapter 3.indd 62 Chapter 3.indd 62 11/27/2025 12:27:04 PM 11/27/2025 12:27:04 PM 63 Tapestry of the Past 3 – Empires and Kingdoms: 6th to 10th Centuries many strong kingdoms. Some call it a time of political rivalry and disorder, but as you travel, you see something different — a land buzzing with new ideas, art, and culture, different in each region, yet all part of one India. Is this really the end of an age of powerful empires … or the dawn of a new era? Let’s step back in time and see. As you can see on the map (Fig. 3.3), the Guptas are gone, but the land is still dynamic and vibrant with activity. Several regional powers have emerged. The ‘Great King of Kings’ As we look at northern India at this time, we find a remarkable ruler, Har?havardhana, ascending the throne in 606 CE at Kannauj. He belonged to the Pu?hyabhuti (or Vardhana) dynasty, whose earlier capital was Sthaneshvara (present-day Thanesar in Haryana). Fig. 3.3. A simpli??ed map of a few dynasties in north and peninsular India from the 7th century onward. 20°N 25°N 30°N 35°N Manyakhe?a ARABIAN SEA BAY OF BENGAL Krishna Krishna Godavari Mahanadi Tapti Narmada Betwa Son Chambal Yamuna Indus Indus Jhelum Chenab Ravi Beas Sutlej Sutlej Ganga Gomti Ghaghara Gandak Ganga Kosi Brahmaputra Sthaneshvara Kanyakubja Prayaga Ujjayini Kashi RA?H?RAKU?AS PALAS N S E W GURJARA- PRA TIHARAS 70°E 75°E 85°E 80°E 90°E 95°E 70°E 75°E 85°E 80°E 90°E 95°E 30°N 35°N 25°N 20°N PU ?HYABH UTIS VARMANS Chapter 3.indd 63 Chapter 3.indd 63 11/27/2025 12:27:05 PM 11/27/2025 12:27:05 PM 64 Exploring Society: India and Beyond | Grade 7 Part 2 LET’S EXPLORE Do you recall where the capital of the earlier Maurya and Gupta empires was located? How do you think this shift may have shaped the sub-continent’s politics in the years to come? Fig. 3.4. A coin depicting King Har?ha, and on the reverse side, a peacock fanning its tail. Ruling from Kannauj (or Kanauj, anciently known as Kanyakubja, in present-day Uttar Pradesh), Har?havardhana expanded his empire over large parts of northern and eastern India, although its precise extent is not known with certainty. Fig. 3.5. A detail of a copper plate inscription (found at Banskhera in Uttar Pradesh) in Nagari script, a precursor to Devanagari. It reads, ‘svahasto mama maharajadhiraja shri har?hasya’, that is, ‘By my own hand, the great king of kings, Shri Har?ha’. LET’S EXPLORE If you know the Devanagari script, with the help of your teacher try to identify some of the letters in Har?ha’s signature (Fig. 3.5). Har?ha (as he is also known) was a fine poet and dramatist; he is assumed to be the author of three plays composed in classical Sanskrit, which weave love stories with courtly life, or themes of sacrifice and other high ethical values. While these are ‘stories’, historians use such literature to extract interesting details about the culture and society of those times — from systems of governance to social diversity, technologies, foods, and clothing. Har?ha also patronised scholars like Ba?abha??a (also known Chapter 3.indd 64 Chapter 3.indd 64 11/27/2025 12:27:06 PM 11/27/2025 12:27:06 PM Page 5 Empires and Kingdoms: 6th to 10th Centuries CHAPTER 3 India never spoke her last word. In all things, she continues, survives and renews herself. — Louis Renou and Jean Filliozat (French Indologists) 1. What major changes characterised this period? 2. How did the political, cultural, and religious developments shape India during this period? 3. What was the impact of foreign invasions and interactions on Indian society and polity during this period? The Big Questions Fig. 3.1. The Shore Temple at Mamallapuram, built during the reign of Narasimhavarman II of the Pallava dynasty. Chapter 3.indd 61 Chapter 3.indd 61 11/27/2025 12:27:04 PM 11/27/2025 12:27:04 PM 62 Exploring Society: India and Beyond | Grade 7 Part 2 This chapter and the next together survey the scene in India from the end of the Gupta era about 600 CE to about 1200 CE. These six centuries together have received several names — ‘post-classical’, ‘late classical’ and ‘early medieval’ among others. We need not use any of those terms here, as long as we keep the broad chronology in mind. In Grade 8, we will explore the next centuries, leading up to the colonial era, dominated by British rule in India, and, ultimately, the struggle for freedom from the colonial rule, culminating in India’s independence. Imagine you are in north India some 1,500 years ago. The mighty Gupta Empire (see the chapter on the ‘Gupta Era’ in Part 1 of this textbook) has lost its dominance. You are a young traveller setting off on an adventure across the subcontinent. Your first stop is Kannauj, a city by River Ganga where a powerful king hosts poets and scholars. A few weeks later, you reach the Chalukya kingdom in the Deccan, where you see magnificent temples and lively cities. In the far south, the Pallavas are carving entire temples out of rock at Mamallapuram (also known as Mahabalipuram), while in Bengal, the Palas are supporting great universities such as Vikramashila. You don’t see large empires in India now, but Fig. 3.2. 6 th 7 th 8 th 9 th 9th century: The Cholas emerge as a dominant power 630–644: Xuanzang’s travels in India 712: Arabs conquer Sindh after several attempts 8th–9th centuries: Tripartite Struggle over Kannauj 637: First Arab naval attack repulsed at Thana 650: Start of the Bhakti tradition in south India 6th century: Rise of the Chalukya dynasty 606: Har?havardhana’s rule begins at Kannauj 750: Rise of the Pala dynasty 6th to 8th century Pallava-Chalukya struggle Chapter 3.indd 62 Chapter 3.indd 62 11/27/2025 12:27:04 PM 11/27/2025 12:27:04 PM 63 Tapestry of the Past 3 – Empires and Kingdoms: 6th to 10th Centuries many strong kingdoms. Some call it a time of political rivalry and disorder, but as you travel, you see something different — a land buzzing with new ideas, art, and culture, different in each region, yet all part of one India. Is this really the end of an age of powerful empires … or the dawn of a new era? Let’s step back in time and see. As you can see on the map (Fig. 3.3), the Guptas are gone, but the land is still dynamic and vibrant with activity. Several regional powers have emerged. The ‘Great King of Kings’ As we look at northern India at this time, we find a remarkable ruler, Har?havardhana, ascending the throne in 606 CE at Kannauj. He belonged to the Pu?hyabhuti (or Vardhana) dynasty, whose earlier capital was Sthaneshvara (present-day Thanesar in Haryana). Fig. 3.3. A simpli??ed map of a few dynasties in north and peninsular India from the 7th century onward. 20°N 25°N 30°N 35°N Manyakhe?a ARABIAN SEA BAY OF BENGAL Krishna Krishna Godavari Mahanadi Tapti Narmada Betwa Son Chambal Yamuna Indus Indus Jhelum Chenab Ravi Beas Sutlej Sutlej Ganga Gomti Ghaghara Gandak Ganga Kosi Brahmaputra Sthaneshvara Kanyakubja Prayaga Ujjayini Kashi RA?H?RAKU?AS PALAS N S E W GURJARA- PRA TIHARAS 70°E 75°E 85°E 80°E 90°E 95°E 70°E 75°E 85°E 80°E 90°E 95°E 30°N 35°N 25°N 20°N PU ?HYABH UTIS VARMANS Chapter 3.indd 63 Chapter 3.indd 63 11/27/2025 12:27:05 PM 11/27/2025 12:27:05 PM 64 Exploring Society: India and Beyond | Grade 7 Part 2 LET’S EXPLORE Do you recall where the capital of the earlier Maurya and Gupta empires was located? How do you think this shift may have shaped the sub-continent’s politics in the years to come? Fig. 3.4. A coin depicting King Har?ha, and on the reverse side, a peacock fanning its tail. Ruling from Kannauj (or Kanauj, anciently known as Kanyakubja, in present-day Uttar Pradesh), Har?havardhana expanded his empire over large parts of northern and eastern India, although its precise extent is not known with certainty. Fig. 3.5. A detail of a copper plate inscription (found at Banskhera in Uttar Pradesh) in Nagari script, a precursor to Devanagari. It reads, ‘svahasto mama maharajadhiraja shri har?hasya’, that is, ‘By my own hand, the great king of kings, Shri Har?ha’. LET’S EXPLORE If you know the Devanagari script, with the help of your teacher try to identify some of the letters in Har?ha’s signature (Fig. 3.5). Har?ha (as he is also known) was a fine poet and dramatist; he is assumed to be the author of three plays composed in classical Sanskrit, which weave love stories with courtly life, or themes of sacrifice and other high ethical values. While these are ‘stories’, historians use such literature to extract interesting details about the culture and society of those times — from systems of governance to social diversity, technologies, foods, and clothing. Har?ha also patronised scholars like Ba?abha??a (also known Chapter 3.indd 64 Chapter 3.indd 64 11/27/2025 12:27:06 PM 11/27/2025 12:27:06 PM 65 Tapestry of the Past 3 – Empires and Kingdoms: 6th to 10th Centuries as Ba?a), who wrote Kadambari, a beautiful literary work and one of the world’s first novels. Ba?a also composed a biography of Har?ha titled Har?hacharita. Inscriptions depict Har?ha as a devotee of Shiva; according to other sources, he was also deeply attached to Buddhism, while showing respect for all schools of thought and belief. DON’T MISS OUT The 7th-century novel Kadambari has a very elaborate and complex plot. It tells of the love story between a prince from Ujjayini, and Kadambari, a celestial being. Their romance runs across di??erent births, dreams, and divine worlds, with a story often told within another story. On the way, we get glimpses of courtly life, philosophy, nature and aesthetics. Ba?a died before completing the novel; it was completed by his son, and is regarded as a masterpiece of classical Indian literature. Apart from several inscriptions, an important historical source for the period is the travelogue kept by yet another Chinese pilgrim to India. Remember, in Part 1 of this textbook we met Faxian, who in the 5th century left a valuable account of the Gupta era. Now, two centuries later, Xuanzang (his name was earlier transcribed as Hsuan Tsang or Hiuen Tsang) set out on his journey to India and travelled around the subcontinent between 630 and 644. (We met him briefly in the chapter ‘The Story of Indian Farming’ in this textbook, and earlier in ‘India, That Is Bharat’ in Grade 6.) Just as Faxian, his motivation for undertaking such a long and difficult journey was to visit sacred Buddhist sites and learn doctrines from Indian teachers; he brought back to China more than 600 manuscripts of Buddhist texts in Sanskrit (carried by 20 horses!) and set about translating them into Chinese. He also left a meticulous account of his Fig. 3.6. A statue of Xuanzang, carrying his travel pack, at the Longmen Caves of eastern China (a cave complex with many Buddhist statues and carvings) Chapter 3.indd 65 Chapter 3.indd 65 11/27/2025 12:27:06 PM 11/27/2025 12:27:06 PMRead More
FAQs on NCERT Textbook: Empires and Kingdoms- 6th to 10th Centuries
| 1. What were the main features of empires and kingdoms during the 6th to 10th centuries in India? |  |
Ans. During the 6th to 10th centuries, Indian empires and kingdoms were characterised by significant political decentralisation, the rise of regional powers, and the establishment of trade routes. Notable empires included the Gupta Empire, which promoted art and learning, and the Harsha Empire, known for its administration and cultural advancements. This period also saw the emergence of various local kingdoms, each with distinct cultures and governance structures.
| 2. How did trade influence the kingdoms and empires of this period? | |
Ans. Trade played a crucial role in the prosperity of kingdoms and empires during this period. It facilitated cultural exchanges and economic growth, as goods such as spices, textiles, and precious metals were exchanged with other regions, including Southeast Asia and the Middle East. The establishment of trade routes enhanced the wealth of local rulers and contributed to the development of urban centres, where trade and commerce thrived.
| 3. What role did religion play in the governance of empires and kingdoms during the 6th to 10th centuries? | |
Ans. Religion was integral to governance during this period, as rulers often used religious legitimacy to consolidate power. Many kings patronised Hindu temples and Buddhist monasteries, which helped to enhance their authority and foster loyalty among subjects. The spread of Buddhism and the support for Brahmanical traditions by various rulers also shaped the cultural and political landscape, leading to a fusion of spiritual and political power.
| 4. Who were some of the notable rulers of this period and what were their contributions? | |
Ans. Notable rulers included Samudragupta, known for his military conquests and patronage of arts, and Harsha, who was known for his administrative reforms and cultural contributions. Another significant figure was Bhoja of the Paramara dynasty, who made advancements in literature and architecture. These rulers not only expanded their territories but also left a lasting impact on Indian culture through their support of the arts and education.
| 5. What were the reasons for the decline of some empires and kingdoms during this time? | |
Ans. The decline of empires and kingdoms during the 6th to 10th centuries can be attributed to several factors, including internal strife, succession disputes, and economic challenges. Additionally, external pressures from invading forces and rival kingdoms weakened central authority. Changes in trade routes and the rise of new powers further contributed to the fragmentation of larger empires, leading to a more decentralised political landscape.
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