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Goyal Brothers Textbook Solutions: Nuclear Physics
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Page 1 https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com Nuclear Physics Exercise-1 Question 1. Give at least two differences between a chemical change and nuclear change. Answer: Chemical change 1. Change in number of orbital electrons takes place. 2. Requires energy of few eV for a chemical reaction to take place. 3. Number of atoms of each kind is conserved in reactants and products Nuclear change 1. Change in number of nucleons takes place. 2. Nuclear change require much higher energy of the order of 10 6 times as compared to chemical change. 3. Atomic number and mass number is conserved. Question 2. State Rutherford and Soddy’s Laws of natural radioactive decay for (1) alpha emission (2) beta emission. Answer: (1) Rutherford and Soddy’s Law of Alpha Emission : “When a radio-active nuclide ejects on alpha particle (a) i.e. 4 2H, its mass number decreases by 4 and atomic number decreases by 2 such that the position of daughter nuclide is two places behind in the predictable as compared to the parent nuclide ? (2) Rutherford and Soddy’s Law of Beta Emission : “When a radio-active nuclide ejects a beta particle, its mass number remain Unaffected but Atomic Number Increases by one such that the position of the daughter nuclide is one place Ahead in the periodic table as compared to the parent nuclei.” The daughter product is Isobar. Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/ Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/ Page 2 https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com Nuclear Physics Exercise-1 Question 1. Give at least two differences between a chemical change and nuclear change. Answer: Chemical change 1. Change in number of orbital electrons takes place. 2. Requires energy of few eV for a chemical reaction to take place. 3. Number of atoms of each kind is conserved in reactants and products Nuclear change 1. Change in number of nucleons takes place. 2. Nuclear change require much higher energy of the order of 10 6 times as compared to chemical change. 3. Atomic number and mass number is conserved. Question 2. State Rutherford and Soddy’s Laws of natural radioactive decay for (1) alpha emission (2) beta emission. Answer: (1) Rutherford and Soddy’s Law of Alpha Emission : “When a radio-active nuclide ejects on alpha particle (a) i.e. 4 2H, its mass number decreases by 4 and atomic number decreases by 2 such that the position of daughter nuclide is two places behind in the predictable as compared to the parent nuclide ? (2) Rutherford and Soddy’s Law of Beta Emission : “When a radio-active nuclide ejects a beta particle, its mass number remain Unaffected but Atomic Number Increases by one such that the position of the daughter nuclide is one place Ahead in the periodic table as compared to the parent nuclei.” The daughter product is Isobar. Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/ Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/ https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com Question 3. Thorium isotope 223 90Th undergoes two successive ß-decays. Find the mass number and atom C number after the decay. Also represent the above decays in the form of a nuclear equation. Answer: After first p decay mass number remains same i.e. 223 but Atomic number increases by 1 and becomes 91 Two successive P radiations cannot take place. He a radiation takes place which does not change mass number or atomic number. Now second ß decay mass number remains 223 atomic number becomes 92. Question 4. How is the ionising and penetrating powers of a, ß and ? radiations compared with each other ? Answer: Comparison of Ionising power of a, ß,? Heavier particle has high ionising power. a ? 10,000 times of a and 100 times of ß P ? 100 times of a ? Maximum ionising power a, minimum ionising power ?. Comparison of Penetrating power of a, ß and ? Light particle has maximum speed hence maximum penetrating power. a has very large penetrating power up to a few hundred meter in air. a has small penetrating power (being very heavy) 3 to 8 cm in air ß- has large penerating power up to few meter in air a < ß < ?. Question 5. When does the nucleus of an atom tend to be radioactive? Answer: Nucleus of an atom become radio-active when increase in nuclear force. PACE WITH INCREASE IN THE REPULSIVE FORCE : i.e.when there are too many neutrons compared to protons or too many protons compared to neutrons in the nucleus of atom. Or The nucleus of the atom becomes radioactive if it is a radio-isotope, i.e. number of neutrons in the nucleus exceeds the Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/ Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/ Page 3 https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com Nuclear Physics Exercise-1 Question 1. Give at least two differences between a chemical change and nuclear change. Answer: Chemical change 1. Change in number of orbital electrons takes place. 2. Requires energy of few eV for a chemical reaction to take place. 3. Number of atoms of each kind is conserved in reactants and products Nuclear change 1. Change in number of nucleons takes place. 2. Nuclear change require much higher energy of the order of 10 6 times as compared to chemical change. 3. Atomic number and mass number is conserved. Question 2. State Rutherford and Soddy’s Laws of natural radioactive decay for (1) alpha emission (2) beta emission. Answer: (1) Rutherford and Soddy’s Law of Alpha Emission : “When a radio-active nuclide ejects on alpha particle (a) i.e. 4 2H, its mass number decreases by 4 and atomic number decreases by 2 such that the position of daughter nuclide is two places behind in the predictable as compared to the parent nuclide ? (2) Rutherford and Soddy’s Law of Beta Emission : “When a radio-active nuclide ejects a beta particle, its mass number remain Unaffected but Atomic Number Increases by one such that the position of the daughter nuclide is one place Ahead in the periodic table as compared to the parent nuclei.” The daughter product is Isobar. Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/ Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/ https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com Question 3. Thorium isotope 223 90Th undergoes two successive ß-decays. Find the mass number and atom C number after the decay. Also represent the above decays in the form of a nuclear equation. Answer: After first p decay mass number remains same i.e. 223 but Atomic number increases by 1 and becomes 91 Two successive P radiations cannot take place. He a radiation takes place which does not change mass number or atomic number. Now second ß decay mass number remains 223 atomic number becomes 92. Question 4. How is the ionising and penetrating powers of a, ß and ? radiations compared with each other ? Answer: Comparison of Ionising power of a, ß,? Heavier particle has high ionising power. a ? 10,000 times of a and 100 times of ß P ? 100 times of a ? Maximum ionising power a, minimum ionising power ?. Comparison of Penetrating power of a, ß and ? Light particle has maximum speed hence maximum penetrating power. a has very large penetrating power up to a few hundred meter in air. a has small penetrating power (being very heavy) 3 to 8 cm in air ß- has large penerating power up to few meter in air a < ß < ?. Question 5. When does the nucleus of an atom tend to be radioactive? Answer: Nucleus of an atom become radio-active when increase in nuclear force. PACE WITH INCREASE IN THE REPULSIVE FORCE : i.e.when there are too many neutrons compared to protons or too many protons compared to neutrons in the nucleus of atom. Or The nucleus of the atom becomes radioactive if it is a radio-isotope, i.e. number of neutrons in the nucleus exceeds the Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/ Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/ https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com number of protons inside it. For example : Question 6. Radioactive sodium 24 11Na changes to stable 24 12Th Which particle does it eject ? Answer: P-particle ( 0 -1e ) ? There is no change in mass number but atomic number of daughter nucleus magnesium increases by one. Question 7. A radioactive element A zX loses two successive ß-particles and then an alpha particle, such that the resulting nuclide P QY is Calculate the values of P and Q. Answer: When A zX loses first ß-particle atomic number of daughter nucleus Y increases by one and mass number remains the same When A z+1X loses another ß-particle changes to daughter nucleus Z and atomic number again increases by one and mass number still remains the same A. Question 8. (a) An imaginary radioactive particle 235 92X decays to form elements X 1, X 2, X 3, X 4, X 5 and X 6 by ejecting 2 beta particles, followed by an alpha particle and again 2 beta particles followed by an alpha particle. Represent the above in the form of nuclear equations. What is the mass number of X 6 ? (b) List the isotopes and isobars formed in the above nuclear reactions. Answer: (a) 235 92X when a ß particle is emitter mass number does not change but atomic number increases by 1 (isobar) ? When 2 successive ß particles decay mass number does not change (isobar) but Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/ Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/ Page 4 https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com Nuclear Physics Exercise-1 Question 1. Give at least two differences between a chemical change and nuclear change. Answer: Chemical change 1. Change in number of orbital electrons takes place. 2. Requires energy of few eV for a chemical reaction to take place. 3. Number of atoms of each kind is conserved in reactants and products Nuclear change 1. Change in number of nucleons takes place. 2. Nuclear change require much higher energy of the order of 10 6 times as compared to chemical change. 3. Atomic number and mass number is conserved. Question 2. State Rutherford and Soddy’s Laws of natural radioactive decay for (1) alpha emission (2) beta emission. Answer: (1) Rutherford and Soddy’s Law of Alpha Emission : “When a radio-active nuclide ejects on alpha particle (a) i.e. 4 2H, its mass number decreases by 4 and atomic number decreases by 2 such that the position of daughter nuclide is two places behind in the predictable as compared to the parent nuclide ? (2) Rutherford and Soddy’s Law of Beta Emission : “When a radio-active nuclide ejects a beta particle, its mass number remain Unaffected but Atomic Number Increases by one such that the position of the daughter nuclide is one place Ahead in the periodic table as compared to the parent nuclei.” The daughter product is Isobar. Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/ Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/ https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com Question 3. Thorium isotope 223 90Th undergoes two successive ß-decays. Find the mass number and atom C number after the decay. Also represent the above decays in the form of a nuclear equation. Answer: After first p decay mass number remains same i.e. 223 but Atomic number increases by 1 and becomes 91 Two successive P radiations cannot take place. He a radiation takes place which does not change mass number or atomic number. Now second ß decay mass number remains 223 atomic number becomes 92. Question 4. How is the ionising and penetrating powers of a, ß and ? radiations compared with each other ? Answer: Comparison of Ionising power of a, ß,? Heavier particle has high ionising power. a ? 10,000 times of a and 100 times of ß P ? 100 times of a ? Maximum ionising power a, minimum ionising power ?. Comparison of Penetrating power of a, ß and ? Light particle has maximum speed hence maximum penetrating power. a has very large penetrating power up to a few hundred meter in air. a has small penetrating power (being very heavy) 3 to 8 cm in air ß- has large penerating power up to few meter in air a < ß < ?. Question 5. When does the nucleus of an atom tend to be radioactive? Answer: Nucleus of an atom become radio-active when increase in nuclear force. PACE WITH INCREASE IN THE REPULSIVE FORCE : i.e.when there are too many neutrons compared to protons or too many protons compared to neutrons in the nucleus of atom. Or The nucleus of the atom becomes radioactive if it is a radio-isotope, i.e. number of neutrons in the nucleus exceeds the Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/ Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/ https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com number of protons inside it. For example : Question 6. Radioactive sodium 24 11Na changes to stable 24 12Th Which particle does it eject ? Answer: P-particle ( 0 -1e ) ? There is no change in mass number but atomic number of daughter nucleus magnesium increases by one. Question 7. A radioactive element A zX loses two successive ß-particles and then an alpha particle, such that the resulting nuclide P QY is Calculate the values of P and Q. Answer: When A zX loses first ß-particle atomic number of daughter nucleus Y increases by one and mass number remains the same When A z+1X loses another ß-particle changes to daughter nucleus Z and atomic number again increases by one and mass number still remains the same A. Question 8. (a) An imaginary radioactive particle 235 92X decays to form elements X 1, X 2, X 3, X 4, X 5 and X 6 by ejecting 2 beta particles, followed by an alpha particle and again 2 beta particles followed by an alpha particle. Represent the above in the form of nuclear equations. What is the mass number of X 6 ? (b) List the isotopes and isobars formed in the above nuclear reactions. Answer: (a) 235 92X when a ß particle is emitter mass number does not change but atomic number increases by 1 (isobar) ? When 2 successive ß particles decay mass number does not change (isobar) but Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/ Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/ https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com atomic number increases by 2. Then a-particle decays, mass number decreases by 4 and atomic number decreases by 2. Ultimately when 2 ß particles decays and la-particle decays This means to change 235 92X to 235 92X 1 here, atomic number remains same but mass number decreases by 4 ? In 6 steps [X ? X 1 ? X 2 ? X 3 ?X 4 ?X 5 ?X 5] Atomic number remains same but mass number decreases by 6 x 4 = 24 (b) After every ß decay isobar is formed and after a-decay isotope is formed ? Total 12 isobars and 6 isotopes are formed. Question 9. Give one example of nuclear fission. Answer: Nuclear power station is example of nuclear fission. Controlled chain reaction takes place and electricity is produced. Question 10. Indicate the missing particle in the following reaction : Answer: Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/ Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/ Page 5 https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com Nuclear Physics Exercise-1 Question 1. Give at least two differences between a chemical change and nuclear change. Answer: Chemical change 1. Change in number of orbital electrons takes place. 2. Requires energy of few eV for a chemical reaction to take place. 3. Number of atoms of each kind is conserved in reactants and products Nuclear change 1. Change in number of nucleons takes place. 2. Nuclear change require much higher energy of the order of 10 6 times as compared to chemical change. 3. Atomic number and mass number is conserved. Question 2. State Rutherford and Soddy’s Laws of natural radioactive decay for (1) alpha emission (2) beta emission. Answer: (1) Rutherford and Soddy’s Law of Alpha Emission : “When a radio-active nuclide ejects on alpha particle (a) i.e. 4 2H, its mass number decreases by 4 and atomic number decreases by 2 such that the position of daughter nuclide is two places behind in the predictable as compared to the parent nuclide ? (2) Rutherford and Soddy’s Law of Beta Emission : “When a radio-active nuclide ejects a beta particle, its mass number remain Unaffected but Atomic Number Increases by one such that the position of the daughter nuclide is one place Ahead in the periodic table as compared to the parent nuclei.” The daughter product is Isobar. Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/ Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/ https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com Question 3. Thorium isotope 223 90Th undergoes two successive ß-decays. Find the mass number and atom C number after the decay. Also represent the above decays in the form of a nuclear equation. Answer: After first p decay mass number remains same i.e. 223 but Atomic number increases by 1 and becomes 91 Two successive P radiations cannot take place. He a radiation takes place which does not change mass number or atomic number. Now second ß decay mass number remains 223 atomic number becomes 92. Question 4. How is the ionising and penetrating powers of a, ß and ? radiations compared with each other ? Answer: Comparison of Ionising power of a, ß,? Heavier particle has high ionising power. a ? 10,000 times of a and 100 times of ß P ? 100 times of a ? Maximum ionising power a, minimum ionising power ?. Comparison of Penetrating power of a, ß and ? Light particle has maximum speed hence maximum penetrating power. a has very large penetrating power up to a few hundred meter in air. a has small penetrating power (being very heavy) 3 to 8 cm in air ß- has large penerating power up to few meter in air a < ß < ?. Question 5. When does the nucleus of an atom tend to be radioactive? Answer: Nucleus of an atom become radio-active when increase in nuclear force. PACE WITH INCREASE IN THE REPULSIVE FORCE : i.e.when there are too many neutrons compared to protons or too many protons compared to neutrons in the nucleus of atom. Or The nucleus of the atom becomes radioactive if it is a radio-isotope, i.e. number of neutrons in the nucleus exceeds the Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/ Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/ https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com number of protons inside it. For example : Question 6. Radioactive sodium 24 11Na changes to stable 24 12Th Which particle does it eject ? Answer: P-particle ( 0 -1e ) ? There is no change in mass number but atomic number of daughter nucleus magnesium increases by one. Question 7. A radioactive element A zX loses two successive ß-particles and then an alpha particle, such that the resulting nuclide P QY is Calculate the values of P and Q. Answer: When A zX loses first ß-particle atomic number of daughter nucleus Y increases by one and mass number remains the same When A z+1X loses another ß-particle changes to daughter nucleus Z and atomic number again increases by one and mass number still remains the same A. Question 8. (a) An imaginary radioactive particle 235 92X decays to form elements X 1, X 2, X 3, X 4, X 5 and X 6 by ejecting 2 beta particles, followed by an alpha particle and again 2 beta particles followed by an alpha particle. Represent the above in the form of nuclear equations. What is the mass number of X 6 ? (b) List the isotopes and isobars formed in the above nuclear reactions. Answer: (a) 235 92X when a ß particle is emitter mass number does not change but atomic number increases by 1 (isobar) ? When 2 successive ß particles decay mass number does not change (isobar) but Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/ Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/ https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com atomic number increases by 2. Then a-particle decays, mass number decreases by 4 and atomic number decreases by 2. Ultimately when 2 ß particles decays and la-particle decays This means to change 235 92X to 235 92X 1 here, atomic number remains same but mass number decreases by 4 ? In 6 steps [X ? X 1 ? X 2 ? X 3 ?X 4 ?X 5 ?X 5] Atomic number remains same but mass number decreases by 6 x 4 = 24 (b) After every ß decay isobar is formed and after a-decay isotope is formed ? Total 12 isobars and 6 isotopes are formed. Question 9. Give one example of nuclear fission. Answer: Nuclear power station is example of nuclear fission. Controlled chain reaction takes place and electricity is produced. Question 10. Indicate the missing particle in the following reaction : Answer: Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/ Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/ https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com Question 11. Complete the statement given below : Splitting of nucleus into two nearly lighter nuclei is called Answer: Splitting of nucleus into two nearly lighter nuclei is called nuclear fission. Question 12. Name the fuel generally used in nuclear reactors. Answer: Enriched Uranium 235 92U is used as fuel in nuclear reactor. Question 13. Give one example of a controlled and uncontrolled nuclear fission reaction. Answer: Example of: 1. Controlled nuclear fission reaction is to generate electricity in nuclear thermal plant. 2. Uncontrolled nuclear fission reaction is production of ATOM BOMB. Question 14. Name the isotopes of an element which are used in fusion Answer: ISOTOPES of ELEMENT HYDROGEN are : 1 1H protium 2 1H deuterium 3 1H Tritium Question 15. What is meant by nuclear chain reaction ? What happens, if this reaction goes out of control ? Answer: NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTION : A piece of URANIUM consists of millions of uranium atoms. When a slow moving neutron is bombarded, it produces three neutrons, if these neutrons are utilised to break further uranium atoms, 9 neutrons are produced and in this way a kind of chain reaction takes place with release of large amount of energy and Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/ Downloaded from https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com/Read More
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