Tissues (Chapter 6) Notes, Class 9 (IX) Science PDF Download

 Page 1


Class IX : Biology 
 
Ch 6 : Tissues 
 
Chapter Notes 
 
Key learnings: 
 
1) Tissue is a group of specialized cells with similar structure and 
performing a common function. 
 
2) Tissues ensure division of labour in multi-cellular organisms. 
 
3) The tissues present in plants and animals are different owing to 
variations in their body organization and mode of living. 
 
4) Plants show two main types of tissues – meristematic tissues and 
permanent tissues. 
 
5) Meristematic tissues may be apical, lateral or intercalary, depending 
on their location in the plant. 
 
6) Permanent tissues are classified into simple and complex tissues. 
Simple tissue shows only one type of cells whereas complex tissue 
consists of more than one type of cells, functioning as a unit. 
 
7) Three types of simple permanent tissues are parenchyma, collenchyma 
and sclerenchyma. 
 
 
8) Parenchyma is a supporting and storing tissue, composed of 
unspecialized, thin-walled cells with large intercellular spaces. 
Page 2


Class IX : Biology 
 
Ch 6 : Tissues 
 
Chapter Notes 
 
Key learnings: 
 
1) Tissue is a group of specialized cells with similar structure and 
performing a common function. 
 
2) Tissues ensure division of labour in multi-cellular organisms. 
 
3) The tissues present in plants and animals are different owing to 
variations in their body organization and mode of living. 
 
4) Plants show two main types of tissues – meristematic tissues and 
permanent tissues. 
 
5) Meristematic tissues may be apical, lateral or intercalary, depending 
on their location in the plant. 
 
6) Permanent tissues are classified into simple and complex tissues. 
Simple tissue shows only one type of cells whereas complex tissue 
consists of more than one type of cells, functioning as a unit. 
 
7) Three types of simple permanent tissues are parenchyma, collenchyma 
and sclerenchyma. 
 
 
8) Parenchyma is a supporting and storing tissue, composed of 
unspecialized, thin-walled cells with large intercellular spaces. 
 
9)  Collenchyma cells are elongated, with irregularly thickened cell walls. 
It provides mechanical support and elasticity to the plant. 
 
10) The main supporting tissue, sclerenchyma, consists of long and 
narrow cells with thick, lignified cell walls. 
 
11) Parenchyma and collenchyma are living tissues whereas 
sclerenchyma is a dead tissue. 
 
12) Epidermis is the outer protective covering of the plant and is 
usually layered by cuticle. 
 
13) Stomatal pores, present in the epidermis, are essential for 
transpiration and gaseous exchange. 
 
14) In older plants, many layered cork is seen, made up of dead and 
compactly arranged cells. 
 
15) Xylem and phloem are important types of complex tissues in 
plants. 
 
16) Xylem is composed of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma 
and xylem fibres. It conducts water and minerals from roots to aerial 
parts of the plant. 
 
17) Phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres 
and phloem parenchyma. It transports food from leaves and storage 
organs to all other parts of the plant. 
 
18) Animal tissues are grouped into 4 basic types – epithelial, 
connective, muscular and nervous tissue. 
Page 3


Class IX : Biology 
 
Ch 6 : Tissues 
 
Chapter Notes 
 
Key learnings: 
 
1) Tissue is a group of specialized cells with similar structure and 
performing a common function. 
 
2) Tissues ensure division of labour in multi-cellular organisms. 
 
3) The tissues present in plants and animals are different owing to 
variations in their body organization and mode of living. 
 
4) Plants show two main types of tissues – meristematic tissues and 
permanent tissues. 
 
5) Meristematic tissues may be apical, lateral or intercalary, depending 
on their location in the plant. 
 
6) Permanent tissues are classified into simple and complex tissues. 
Simple tissue shows only one type of cells whereas complex tissue 
consists of more than one type of cells, functioning as a unit. 
 
7) Three types of simple permanent tissues are parenchyma, collenchyma 
and sclerenchyma. 
 
 
8) Parenchyma is a supporting and storing tissue, composed of 
unspecialized, thin-walled cells with large intercellular spaces. 
 
9)  Collenchyma cells are elongated, with irregularly thickened cell walls. 
It provides mechanical support and elasticity to the plant. 
 
10) The main supporting tissue, sclerenchyma, consists of long and 
narrow cells with thick, lignified cell walls. 
 
11) Parenchyma and collenchyma are living tissues whereas 
sclerenchyma is a dead tissue. 
 
12) Epidermis is the outer protective covering of the plant and is 
usually layered by cuticle. 
 
13) Stomatal pores, present in the epidermis, are essential for 
transpiration and gaseous exchange. 
 
14) In older plants, many layered cork is seen, made up of dead and 
compactly arranged cells. 
 
15) Xylem and phloem are important types of complex tissues in 
plants. 
 
16) Xylem is composed of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma 
and xylem fibres. It conducts water and minerals from roots to aerial 
parts of the plant. 
 
17) Phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres 
and phloem parenchyma. It transports food from leaves and storage 
organs to all other parts of the plant. 
 
18) Animal tissues are grouped into 4 basic types – epithelial, 
connective, muscular and nervous tissue. 
 
19) Epithelial tissues are the covering or protective tissues which act 
as a barrier between the various systems of the body. It rests on a 
basement membrane and is composed of tightly packed cells. 
 
20) Based on the shape and function of its cells, epithelial tissue is 
subdivided further into squamous, cuboidal, columnar, ciliated and 
glandular. 
Epithelium 
type 
Shape of cells Function 
Squamous Thin and flat Protection 
Cuboidal Cubical Absorption, secretion and 
mechanical support 
Columnar Elongated Absorption and secretion 
Ciliated Cubical or columnar cells 
with cilia. 
Moving materials, like mucus, 
forward. 
Glandular Glands formed from 
cuboidal or columnar cells. 
Secretion 
 
 
 
21) Connective tissue is the binding and supporting tissue of the 
animal body. Matrix forms the main bulk of this tissue, whereas the 
cells are loosely spaced and less in number. 
 
22) Blood, bone, ligament, tendon, cartilage, areolar tissue and 
adipose tissue are important connective tissues present in our body. 
 
23) Blood is a fluid connective tissue, composed of plasma and cells, 
and plays a significant role in the process of transportation. 
 
Page 4


Class IX : Biology 
 
Ch 6 : Tissues 
 
Chapter Notes 
 
Key learnings: 
 
1) Tissue is a group of specialized cells with similar structure and 
performing a common function. 
 
2) Tissues ensure division of labour in multi-cellular organisms. 
 
3) The tissues present in plants and animals are different owing to 
variations in their body organization and mode of living. 
 
4) Plants show two main types of tissues – meristematic tissues and 
permanent tissues. 
 
5) Meristematic tissues may be apical, lateral or intercalary, depending 
on their location in the plant. 
 
6) Permanent tissues are classified into simple and complex tissues. 
Simple tissue shows only one type of cells whereas complex tissue 
consists of more than one type of cells, functioning as a unit. 
 
7) Three types of simple permanent tissues are parenchyma, collenchyma 
and sclerenchyma. 
 
 
8) Parenchyma is a supporting and storing tissue, composed of 
unspecialized, thin-walled cells with large intercellular spaces. 
 
9)  Collenchyma cells are elongated, with irregularly thickened cell walls. 
It provides mechanical support and elasticity to the plant. 
 
10) The main supporting tissue, sclerenchyma, consists of long and 
narrow cells with thick, lignified cell walls. 
 
11) Parenchyma and collenchyma are living tissues whereas 
sclerenchyma is a dead tissue. 
 
12) Epidermis is the outer protective covering of the plant and is 
usually layered by cuticle. 
 
13) Stomatal pores, present in the epidermis, are essential for 
transpiration and gaseous exchange. 
 
14) In older plants, many layered cork is seen, made up of dead and 
compactly arranged cells. 
 
15) Xylem and phloem are important types of complex tissues in 
plants. 
 
16) Xylem is composed of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma 
and xylem fibres. It conducts water and minerals from roots to aerial 
parts of the plant. 
 
17) Phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres 
and phloem parenchyma. It transports food from leaves and storage 
organs to all other parts of the plant. 
 
18) Animal tissues are grouped into 4 basic types – epithelial, 
connective, muscular and nervous tissue. 
 
19) Epithelial tissues are the covering or protective tissues which act 
as a barrier between the various systems of the body. It rests on a 
basement membrane and is composed of tightly packed cells. 
 
20) Based on the shape and function of its cells, epithelial tissue is 
subdivided further into squamous, cuboidal, columnar, ciliated and 
glandular. 
Epithelium 
type 
Shape of cells Function 
Squamous Thin and flat Protection 
Cuboidal Cubical Absorption, secretion and 
mechanical support 
Columnar Elongated Absorption and secretion 
Ciliated Cubical or columnar cells 
with cilia. 
Moving materials, like mucus, 
forward. 
Glandular Glands formed from 
cuboidal or columnar cells. 
Secretion 
 
 
 
21) Connective tissue is the binding and supporting tissue of the 
animal body. Matrix forms the main bulk of this tissue, whereas the 
cells are loosely spaced and less in number. 
 
22) Blood, bone, ligament, tendon, cartilage, areolar tissue and 
adipose tissue are important connective tissues present in our body. 
 
23) Blood is a fluid connective tissue, composed of plasma and cells, 
and plays a significant role in the process of transportation. 
 
24) Functions of protection, providing skeletal framework and 
anchoring are carried out by the strong and hard bone tissue. 
 
25) Ligaments connect bones to bones whereas tendons connect 
bones to muscles. 
 
26) Cartilage provides support and flexibility to the body parts. 
 
27) Areolar tissue repairs the injured tissues and fills spaces within 
organs. 
 
28) Adipose tissue serves as a fat reservoir and also carries out the 
function of insulation. 
 
29) All movements in our body are brought about by the muscular 
tissue through the contraction and relaxation of their contractile 
proteins. 
 
30) Depending on their structure and function, the muscles may be 
striated, smooth or cardiac muscles. 
 
 Striated Smooth Cardiac 
Shape of  
cells 
Long, cylindrical, 
unbranched 
Spindle-shaped Cylindrical, 
 branched 
Striations Present Absent Present 
Control Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary 
Number and position 
of nuclei 
Multinucleate and  
peripheral 
Uninucleate and  
central 
Uninucleate and  
central 
 
31) Nervous tissue is present in the brain, spinal cord and nerves. 
 
32) Neuron is made up of cell body, dendrites and axon. 
Page 5


Class IX : Biology 
 
Ch 6 : Tissues 
 
Chapter Notes 
 
Key learnings: 
 
1) Tissue is a group of specialized cells with similar structure and 
performing a common function. 
 
2) Tissues ensure division of labour in multi-cellular organisms. 
 
3) The tissues present in plants and animals are different owing to 
variations in their body organization and mode of living. 
 
4) Plants show two main types of tissues – meristematic tissues and 
permanent tissues. 
 
5) Meristematic tissues may be apical, lateral or intercalary, depending 
on their location in the plant. 
 
6) Permanent tissues are classified into simple and complex tissues. 
Simple tissue shows only one type of cells whereas complex tissue 
consists of more than one type of cells, functioning as a unit. 
 
7) Three types of simple permanent tissues are parenchyma, collenchyma 
and sclerenchyma. 
 
 
8) Parenchyma is a supporting and storing tissue, composed of 
unspecialized, thin-walled cells with large intercellular spaces. 
 
9)  Collenchyma cells are elongated, with irregularly thickened cell walls. 
It provides mechanical support and elasticity to the plant. 
 
10) The main supporting tissue, sclerenchyma, consists of long and 
narrow cells with thick, lignified cell walls. 
 
11) Parenchyma and collenchyma are living tissues whereas 
sclerenchyma is a dead tissue. 
 
12) Epidermis is the outer protective covering of the plant and is 
usually layered by cuticle. 
 
13) Stomatal pores, present in the epidermis, are essential for 
transpiration and gaseous exchange. 
 
14) In older plants, many layered cork is seen, made up of dead and 
compactly arranged cells. 
 
15) Xylem and phloem are important types of complex tissues in 
plants. 
 
16) Xylem is composed of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma 
and xylem fibres. It conducts water and minerals from roots to aerial 
parts of the plant. 
 
17) Phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres 
and phloem parenchyma. It transports food from leaves and storage 
organs to all other parts of the plant. 
 
18) Animal tissues are grouped into 4 basic types – epithelial, 
connective, muscular and nervous tissue. 
 
19) Epithelial tissues are the covering or protective tissues which act 
as a barrier between the various systems of the body. It rests on a 
basement membrane and is composed of tightly packed cells. 
 
20) Based on the shape and function of its cells, epithelial tissue is 
subdivided further into squamous, cuboidal, columnar, ciliated and 
glandular. 
Epithelium 
type 
Shape of cells Function 
Squamous Thin and flat Protection 
Cuboidal Cubical Absorption, secretion and 
mechanical support 
Columnar Elongated Absorption and secretion 
Ciliated Cubical or columnar cells 
with cilia. 
Moving materials, like mucus, 
forward. 
Glandular Glands formed from 
cuboidal or columnar cells. 
Secretion 
 
 
 
21) Connective tissue is the binding and supporting tissue of the 
animal body. Matrix forms the main bulk of this tissue, whereas the 
cells are loosely spaced and less in number. 
 
22) Blood, bone, ligament, tendon, cartilage, areolar tissue and 
adipose tissue are important connective tissues present in our body. 
 
23) Blood is a fluid connective tissue, composed of plasma and cells, 
and plays a significant role in the process of transportation. 
 
24) Functions of protection, providing skeletal framework and 
anchoring are carried out by the strong and hard bone tissue. 
 
25) Ligaments connect bones to bones whereas tendons connect 
bones to muscles. 
 
26) Cartilage provides support and flexibility to the body parts. 
 
27) Areolar tissue repairs the injured tissues and fills spaces within 
organs. 
 
28) Adipose tissue serves as a fat reservoir and also carries out the 
function of insulation. 
 
29) All movements in our body are brought about by the muscular 
tissue through the contraction and relaxation of their contractile 
proteins. 
 
30) Depending on their structure and function, the muscles may be 
striated, smooth or cardiac muscles. 
 
 Striated Smooth Cardiac 
Shape of  
cells 
Long, cylindrical, 
unbranched 
Spindle-shaped Cylindrical, 
 branched 
Striations Present Absent Present 
Control Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary 
Number and position 
of nuclei 
Multinucleate and  
peripheral 
Uninucleate and  
central 
Uninucleate and  
central 
 
31) Nervous tissue is present in the brain, spinal cord and nerves. 
 
32) Neuron is made up of cell body, dendrites and axon. 
 
33) Neurons are specialized to receive and conduct impulses rapidly. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Top definitions 
 
1) Tissues - A group of specialized cells with similar structure, 
working together to perform a common function. 
 
2) Mersitematic tissue – Tissue made up of actively dividing cells, 
present in the growing areas of the plant body. 
 
3) Apical mersitem – Meristem present at the growing tips of stem 
and root that causes the stem and root to increase in length. 
 
4) Lateral meristem – Meristem located on the lateral portion of the 
plant and responsible for increasing the girth of its stem and root. 
 
5) Intercalary meristem – Meristem found between already 
differentiated tissues, in locations such as the base of leaves or 
internode. 
 
6) Permanent tissue – A well-differentiated plant tissue derived from 
meristematic tissue, which has lost its ability to divide. 
 
7) Differentiation – The process by which a cell attains a permanent 
shape, size and function.