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| 1. What is stereochemistry and why is it important in organic chemistry? |  |
Ans. Stereochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in molecules and the effects of this arrangement on the chemical and physical properties of compounds. It is crucial in organic chemistry because the spatial arrangement of atoms determines the reactivity, biological activity, and properties of organic molecules. Understanding stereochemistry is essential for designing drugs, synthesizing complex molecules, and predicting the behavior of chemical reactions.
| 2. What are enantiomers and how do they differ from diastereomers? | |
Ans. Enantiomers are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. They have the same molecular formula, same connectivity of atoms, and similar physical properties, but they rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions. In contrast, diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other. They have different physical properties, different chemical reactivity, and do not rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions.
| 3. How can we determine the absolute configuration of a chiral molecule? | |
Ans. The absolute configuration of a chiral molecule can be determined using various methods. One common approach is to use X-ray crystallography, where the crystal structure of the molecule is determined by analyzing the diffraction pattern of X-rays. Another method is to use chiral auxiliary groups, which are temporary attachments to the molecule that provide a known configuration. By comparing the properties of the modified molecule with known standards, the absolute configuration can be deduced.
| 4. What is a stereocenter and how does it affect the stereochemistry of a molecule? | |
Ans. A stereocenter is an atom in a molecule that is bonded to four different groups. It is also known as a chiral center. The presence of a stereocenter makes the molecule chiral, meaning it exists in two non-superimposable mirror image forms. The stereochemistry of a molecule is determined by the arrangement of the groups around the stereocenter. Different arrangements can lead to different properties, reactivity, and biological activity of the molecule.
| 5. How does stereochemistry affect drug design and biological activity? | |
Ans. Stereochemistry plays a crucial role in drug design and biological activity. Many drugs are chiral molecules, and their biological activity often depends on the specific stereochemistry. Enantiomers of a drug can have different pharmacological effects, with one enantiomer being therapeutically active while the other may have no effect or even exhibit harmful side effects. Therefore, understanding the stereochemistry of drugs is essential for optimizing their efficacy, minimizing side effects, and ensuring their safe use in medical treatments.
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