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NCERT Textbook Biotechnology Principles & Processes - Biology Class 12

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FAQs on NCERT Textbook: Biotechnology: Principles & Processes

1. What are the principles of biotechnology?
Ans. The principles of biotechnology involve the use of living organisms or their components to produce useful products or perform specific processes. This includes genetic engineering, DNA sequencing, fermentation, and cell culture techniques.
2. How does genetic engineering contribute to biotechnology?
Ans. Genetic engineering is a technique used in biotechnology to manipulate an organism's genetic material. It allows scientists to introduce new genes into an organism or modify existing genes. This enables the production of desired traits in plants, animals, and microorganisms, leading to the development of improved crops, disease-resistant animals, and the production of therapeutic proteins.
3. What is the process of DNA sequencing in biotechnology?
Ans. The process of DNA sequencing in biotechnology involves determining the precise order of nucleotides (A, T, C, and G) in a DNA molecule. This is done using specialized techniques and equipment that allow for the identification and arrangement of these nucleotides. DNA sequencing is crucial for understanding the genetic information encoded in an organism's DNA and is widely used in various fields of biotechnology.
4. How is fermentation used in biotechnology?
Ans. Fermentation is a process used in biotechnology to produce various products, such as alcohol, enzymes, and organic acids. It involves the conversion of organic compounds by microorganisms, such as bacteria or yeast, under anaerobic conditions. Fermentation is widely used in industries like food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, and biofuel production.
5. What are the applications of cell culture techniques in biotechnology?
Ans. Cell culture techniques are extensively used in biotechnology for various applications. These techniques involve the growth and maintenance of cells in a controlled environment outside their natural habitat. Cell culture is used in the production of vaccines, antibodies, and therapeutic proteins, as well as in studying cell behavior, drug testing, and tissue engineering.
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