Examples of Oxidation and Reduction:

1. Oxidation of Iron:
Iron can undergo oxidation when exposed to oxygen in the presence of moisture, forming iron oxide or rust. The process can be represented as follows:
4 Fe + 3 O₂ → 2 Fe₂O₃
In this reaction, the iron atoms lose electrons, resulting in an increase in their oxidation state from 0 to +3. Hence, this is an example of oxidation.

2. Reduction of Copper Oxide:
Copper oxide can be reduced to copper metal by heating it with hydrogen gas. The reaction can be represented as follows:
CuO + H₂ → Cu + H₂O
In this reaction, the copper atoms gain electrons, resulting in a decrease in their oxidation state from +2 to 0. Therefore, this process is an example of reduction.

3. Oxidation of Hydrogen Peroxide:
Hydrogen peroxide can undergo self-oxidation in the presence of a catalyst, such as manganese dioxide. The reaction can be represented as follows:
2 H₂O₂ → 2 H₂O + O₂
In this reaction, hydrogen peroxide loses oxygen atoms, leading to an increase in its oxidation state from -1 to 0. Thus, this is an example of oxidation.

4. Reduction of Potassium Permanganate:
Potassium permanganate can be reduced by adding it to a solution containing an oxidizable substance, such as oxalic acid. The reaction can be represented as follows:
2 KMnO₄ + 5 H₂C₂O₄ + 3 H₂SO₄ → K₂SO₄ + 2 MnSO₄ + 10 CO₂ + 8 H₂O
In this reaction, the manganese atoms in the permanganate ion lose electrons, resulting in a decrease in their oxidation state from +7 to +2. Hence, this process is an example of reduction.

5. Oxidation of Methane:
Methane, a hydrocarbon, can be oxidized by reacting it with oxygen gas. The reaction can be represented as follows:
CH₄ + 2 O₂ → CO₂ + 2 H₂O
In this reaction, the carbon in methane loses electrons and gains oxygen atoms, resulting in an increase in its oxidation state from -4 to +4. Thus, this process is an example of oxidation.

Summary:
1. Oxidation of Iron: 4 Fe + 3 O₂ → 2 Fe₂O₃
2. Reduction of Copper Oxide: CuO + H₂ → Cu + H₂O
3. Oxidation of Hydrogen Peroxide: 2 H₂O₂ → 2 H₂O + O₂
4. Reduction of Potassium Permanganate: 2 KMnO₄ + 5 H₂C₂O₄ + 3 H₂SO₄ → K₂SO₄ + 2 MnSO₄ + 10 CO₂ + 8 H₂O
5. Oxidation of Methane: CH₄ + 2 O₂ → CO₂ + 2 H₂O

These examples demonstrate the concept of oxidation and reduction, where oxidation involves the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state, and reduction involves the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state. Understanding these processes is fundamental