Alkanoic Acid | Chemistry for JAMB PDF Download

Alkanoic Acids - Introduction

Alkanoic acids are a class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group (-COOH) attached to an alkyl group. They are also known as carboxylic acids. Alkanoic acids play significant roles in various chemical reactions and are widely used in many industries.

Chemical Reactions

• Neutralization: Alkanoic acids can undergo neutralization reactions with bases to form salts and water. The general equation for neutralization is:
  • Alkanoic Acid + Base → Salt + Water
    For example, ethanoic acid (CH₃COOH) reacts with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to form sodium acetate (CH3COONa) and water:
    CH₃COOH + NaOH → CH₃COONa + H₂O
    This reaction is important in the preparation of various salts and for the production of esters.
• Esterification: Alkanoic acids can undergo esterification reactions with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst. This reaction forms esters and water. The general equation for esterification is:
  • Alkanoic Acid + Alcohol → Ester + Water
    For example, ethanoic acid (CH₃COOH) reacts with ethanol (C₂H₅OH) to form ethyl acetate (CH₃COOC₂H₅) and water:
    CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH → CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O

Esterification reactions are important in the production of fragrances, flavors, and various organic compounds.

Ethanedioic (Oxalic) Acid

Ethanedioic acid (C₂H₂O₄) is an example of a dicarboxylic acid. It contains two carboxyl groups in its structure. Ethanedioic acid is a white crystalline solid that is readily soluble in water. It is commonly used in the textile and metal-cleaning industries, as well as in photography. Ethanedioic acid can act as a reducing agent and forms salts called oxalates.

Benzene Carboxylic Acid

Benzene carboxylic acid, also known as benzoic acid (C₆H₅COOH), is an example of an aromatic acid. It consists of a benzene ring attached to a carboxyl group. Benzoic acid is a white crystalline solid with a strong odor. It is commonly used as a food preservative and is found naturally in some fruits. Benzoic acid can undergo reactions typical of carboxylic acids, such as esterification and neutralization.