Alternating Current Circuit
As the variations are like sine curve, it is called sinusoidal A. C. Such type of A.C. is produced when a coil rotates in a uniform magnetic field with angular velocity ω. The flux associated with coil,
Ø = NBA cos ωt
where q = wt is the angle covered by normal to plane of coil with B- in time t. Due to change in flux induced emf.
E = -df/dt = NBA w sinwt
E = E0 sin ωt and the corresponding current I = I0 sin ωt.
R.M.S. value is the value which is taken for power purposes of any description.
Eav = 0.636 Emax
Form factor Kf =
Peak Value :- It is the ratio of max, value to R. M. S. Value or effective value. It is denoted by Kp.
Peak value Kp =
S.NO. | Wave form | Form factor Kf | Peak factor Kp |
1. | Sine wave – R.M.S. value = Average value = | ||
2. | Half wave rectified sine wave– R.M.S. value = | ||
3. | Full wave rectified Sine wave – R.M.S. value = average value = | ||
4. | Rectangular wave – R.M.S. value = Imax Average Value = Imax | Kf = 1 | KP = 1 |
5. | Triangular wave – R.M.S. value = Average value = |
Reasons for using alternating current (or voltage of sinusoidal form) –
(i) Mathematically it is quite simple.
(ii) Its integrals and differentials both are sinusoidal.
(iii) It tends itself to vector representation.
(iv) A complex wave form can be analysed into a series of sine waves of various frequencies and each such component can be dealt with separately.
(v) This wave form is desirable for power generation, transmission and utilisation.
A.C. Through pure Ohmic resistance alone – Where a sinusoidal e.m.f. is placed across a pure resistance the current will be in phase with thee.m.f. and it shown graphically will be in phase with the e.m.f. curve.
The current I = V/R
A.C. Through pure capacitance alone – if a sinusoidal e.m.f. is placed across a capacitor the current will be
I = (2πf)CV
C = Capacitance in farads
f = frequency
V = Voltage (r.m.s. value)
Xc =
The expression is termed the capacitive reactance (XC) and the current is given by
. The power consumed is zero.
(i) Symbolic notation
(ii) Trigonometrical form
(iii) Exponential form
(iv) Polar form
(i) Symbolic notation E = a + jb
(ii) Trigonometrical form (cosθ + jsinθ)
(iii) Exponential form E = [ general form]
(iv) Polar form
formulae –
(1) Impedance Z =
(where XL = 2π f LW)
(2) Current I = V/Z
(3) Power factor cosø = R/Z
(4) Power consumed P = VI cosø
R.C. circuit (Resistance and capacitance in series)
Formulae –
(1) Impedance
(where Xc = )
(2) Current I = V/Z
(3) Power factor cosø = R/Z
(4) Power consumed = VI cosø( = I2P)
R-L-C circuit (Resistance, Inductance and capacitance in series)
Formulae –
(1) Impedance Z =
(2) Current = I = V/Z
(3) Power factor cos ø = R/Z
(4) Power consumed = VI cos ø (= I2 R)
A. C. Parallel Circuit – When two or more branches are connected in parallel, the circuit is said to be parallel circuit.
Properties of parallel circuit:
(1) The voltage across each branch is same
(2) The current in each branch is different and depends upon the value of impedance.
(3) The angle between voltage and current of each branch will be different.
(4) The total current will be the vector sum of branch currents.
(5) The total impedance will be
(In A.C. series circuit Z = Z1 = Z2 + Z3)
S. No. | Aspects | Series circuit (R-L-c) | Parallel circuit R-L andC |
1. | Impedance at resonance | Minimum | Maximum |
2. | Current at resonance | Maximum V/R | Minimum |
3. | Effective Impedance | R | L / CR |
4. | Power factor at resonance | Unity | Unity |
5. | Resonant frequency | ||
6. | It magnifies | Voltage | Current |
7. | Magnification is |
Having calculated the phase currents, the line currents are obtained from the following simple rule –
1. Star-connected system – Line current (IL) = phase current (Iph)
Line voltage (EL) = √3 phase voltage (= √3 Iph)
Line voltage (EL)= phase voltage (EPh)
2. Delta connected system
Line current (IL) = √3 phase current (= √3 Iph)
Line voltage (EL) = Phase voltage (Eph)
Polyphase Circuits – More than one phase supply is called polyphase supply. If number of armature windings are used in the alternator, then this is called a polyphase alternator. The angle of displacement can be determined by the formula
Electrical displacement =
Advantages of polyphase over single phase supply–
(i) The rating of a given machines increases with the increase in no. of phase. In case of three phase supply the rating of 3 phase motor will be nearly 1-5 times the output of single phase motor of same size.
(ii) For same ra ting the power factor of polyphase motor is higher than single phase motor
(iii) The efficiency of single phase motor is higher than polyphase motor.
(iv) In case of polyphase motors a revolving field is set up but in case of single phase motors there is no self starting.
(v) Polyphase system is more dependable than single phase system.
(vi) Parallel operation of 3 phase alternator is simple as compared to single phase alternator
(vii) The voltage regulation is less in polyphase system than single phase system
(viii) Polyphase motors are smooth in running than single phase motors.
Comparison between star and Delta connection
(i) In star connection similar ends are joined together where as in delta connection dissimilar ends are joined together.
(ii) In case of star connection, line voltage is √3 phase voltage whereas in case of delta connection line voltage is equal to phase voltage.
(iii) In case of star connection line current is equal to phase current whereas in delta connection line current is equal √3 phase current.
(iv) In case of star connection it is possible to carry the neutral wire to the load whereas in delta connection it is not possible.
(v) All distribution transformers are Delta/Star connected whereas power transformer are Delta/Delta connected.
Advantages and disadvantages of A.C. over D.C.
Advantage –
(1) The generation of A.C. is found to be economical than that of D.C.
(2) The alternating voltage can be easily stepped up or stepped down by using a transformer.
(3) The alternating current can be regulated by using a choke coil without any significant wastage o electrical energy.
(4) The alternating voltage can be transmitted to distant places with only a very small loss in a.c. power.
(5) Further a.c. can be easily converted into d.c. by using rectifiers.
Disadvantages –
(1) The a.c. supply is mor e suidical and dangerous then d.c. in terms of shock received due to them.
(2) The alternating current always flows on the outer layer of the wire. It is called single thick wire used for d.c. the specially designed wire consisting of a number of thin wire is used.
(3) The alternating current can not be used in electrolytic processes such as electroplating, electrotyping etc.
23 videos|89 docs|42 tests
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1. What is an alternating current circuit? |
2. How is alternating current produced in a circuit? |
3. What are the advantages of using alternating current in circuits? |
4. What are the differences between alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) circuits? |
5. How does the frequency of an AC circuit affect its behavior? |
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