Amdahl’s Law & Its Proof | Computer Architecture & Organisation (CAO) - Computer Science Engineering (CSE) PDF Download

Introduction

It is named after computer scientist Gene Amdahl( a computer architect from IBM and Amdahl corporation), and was presented at the AFIPS Spring Joint Computer Conference in 1967. It is also known as Amdahl’s argument. It is a formula which gives the theoretical speedup in latency of the execution of a task at a fixed workload that can be expected of a system whose resources are improved. In other words, it is a formula used to find the maximum improvement possible by just improving a particular part of a system. It is often used in parallel computing to predict the theoretical speedup when using multiple processors.

Speedup

Speedup is defined as the ratio of performance for the entire task using the enhancement and performance for the entire task without using the enhancement or speedup can be defined as the ratio of execution time for the entire task without using the enhancement and execution time for the entire task using the enhancement.
If Pe is the performance for entire task using the enhancement when possible, Pw is the performance for entire task without using the enhancement, Ew is the execution time for entire task without using the enhancement and Ee is the execution time for entire task using the enhancement when possible then,
Speedup = Pe/Pw
or
Speedup = Ew/Ee
Amdahl’s law uses two factors to find speedup from some enhancement –

  • Fraction enhanced: The fraction of the computation time in the original computer that can be converted to take advantage of the enhancement. For example- if 10 seconds of the execution time of a program that takes 40 seconds in total can use an enhancement , the fraction is 10/40. This obtained value is Fraction Enhanced.
    Fraction enhanced is always less than 1.
  • Speedup enhanced: The improvement gained by the enhanced execution mode; that is, how much faster the task would run if the enhanced mode were used for the entire program. For example – If the enhanced mode takes, say 3 seconds for a portion of the program, while it is 6 seconds in the original mode, the improvement is 6/3. This value is Speedup enhanced.
    Speedup Enhanced is always greater than 1.
    The overall Speedup is the ratio of the execution time:-
    Amdahl’s Law & Its Proof | Computer Architecture & Organisation (CAO) - Computer Science Engineering (CSE)

Proof:
Let Speedup be S, old execution time be T, new execution time be T’ , execution time that is taken by portion A(that will be enhanced) is t, execution time that is taken by portion A(after enhancing) is t’, execution time that is taken by portion that won’t be enhanced is tn, Fraction enhanced is f’, Speedup enhanced is S’.
Now from the above equation,

Amdahl’s Law & Its Proof | Computer Architecture & Organisation (CAO) - Computer Science Engineering (CSE)  

Amdahl’s Law & Its Proof | Computer Architecture & Organisation (CAO) - Computer Science Engineering (CSE)
Overall Speedup = 1/(1- Fraction Enhanced+(Fraction Enhanced/Speedup Enhanced))
Hence proved.

The document Amdahl’s Law & Its Proof | Computer Architecture & Organisation (CAO) - Computer Science Engineering (CSE) is a part of the Computer Science Engineering (CSE) Course Computer Architecture & Organisation (CAO).
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FAQs on Amdahl’s Law & Its Proof - Computer Architecture & Organisation (CAO) - Computer Science Engineering (CSE)

1. What is Amdahl's Law and how is it relevant to Computer Science Engineering (CSE)?
Amdahl's Law is a formula that calculates the potential speedup of a computer system when only a portion of it is improved. It is relevant to CSE as it helps in analyzing the performance improvement that can be achieved by optimizing specific parts of a system while considering the overall impact.
2. How does Amdahl's Law relate to parallel computing?
Amdahl's Law is often used in parallel computing to estimate the potential speedup when executing a program on multiple processors. It helps in understanding the impact of parallelizing different parts of a computation and provides insights into the maximum achievable speedup.
3. Can you provide a simple proof of Amdahl's Law?
Sure! Let's consider a system where a fraction 'f' of the computation is improved 's' times faster, while the remaining fraction '1-f' remains unchanged. The overall speedup can be calculated using Amdahl's Law as follows: Speedup = 1 / [(1-f) + (f/s)] This formula represents the maximum achievable speedup when optimizing only a portion of the system.
4. How can Amdahl's Law be applied in real-world scenarios?
Amdahl's Law can be applied in various real-world scenarios, such as optimizing software applications, improving the performance of computer architecture, or analyzing the impact of parallelization in distributed systems. It helps in making informed decisions about resource allocation and identifying bottlenecks that limit overall performance.
5. What are the limitations of Amdahl's Law?
Amdahl's Law assumes that the portion of the computation being improved remains fixed, which may not always be the case in dynamic systems. It also assumes that the improvement in the optimized portion scales linearly with the speedup factor, which may not hold true for all scenarios. Additionally, it does not consider other factors like communication overhead or parallelization efficiency, which can significantly impact real-world performance.
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