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Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce

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Basic Trigonometric Identities

  • sin² θ + cos² θ = 1 ; (-1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1 ; -1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1 , θ ∈ R)
  • sec² θ - tan² θ = 1 ; ( |sec θ| ≥ 1, θ ∈ R)
  • cosec² θ - cot² θ = 1 ; (|cosec θ| ≥ 1 , θ ∈ R)

Important Trigonometric Ratios

  • sin nπ = 0 ; cos nπ = (-1)n ; tan nπ = 0 where n ∈ I
  • Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce

Trigonometric Functions of Allied Angles

  • If θ is any angle , then - θ, 90 ±θ , 180 ± θ, 270 ± θ , 360 ± θ etc. are called ALLIED ANGLES.
    Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce

 

Example 1. Express 1·2 radians in degree measure.

1·2 radians =   Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce

Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce


Example 2. Calculate sin α if cos α = - 9/11 and α ∈ (π, 3π/2).

For any angle a belonging to the indicated interval sin a is negative, and therefore,
Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce

Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce


Example 3. Calculate tan α if cos α = √5/5 and α ∈ (π, 3π/2)

For any angle a belonging to the indicated interval tanα is positive and cos a is negative, and therefore

Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce


Trigonometric Functions of Sum Or Difference of Two Angles

  • sin (A ± B) = sinA cosB ± cosA sinB
  • cos (A ± B) = cosA cosB m sinA sinB
  • sin²A - sin²B = cos²B - cos²A = sin (A+B) . sin (A- B)
  • cos²A - sin²B = cos²B - sin²A = cos (A+B) . cos (A - B)
  • Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce

➢ Factorisation of the Sum Or Difference of Two sines Or cosines:

  1. sinC + sinD = 2 sin (C + D/2) cos (C - D/2)
  2. sinC - sinD = 2 cos (C + D/2) sin (C - D/2)
  3. cosC + cosD = 2 cos (C + D/2) cos (C - D/2)
  4. cosC - cosD = - 2 sin (C + D/2) sin (C - D/2)

➢ Transformation of Products Into Sum Or Difference Of sines & cosines:

  1. 2sinAcosB = sin(A+B) + sin(A-B)
  2. 2cosAsinB = sin(A+B) - sin(A-B)
  3. 2cosAcosB = cos(A+B) + cos(A-B)  
  4. 2sinAsinB = cos(A-B) - cos(A+B)


Example 4. Suppose x and y are real numbers such that tan x + tan y = 42 and cot x + cot y = 49. Find the value of tan(x + y).

tan x + tan y = 42 and cot x + cot y = 49

Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce

now, cot x + cot y = 49 

Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce

Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce


Example 5. If x sinθ = y sin(θ + 2π/3) = z sin (θ + 4π/3) then:
(a) x + y + z = 0 
(b) xy + yz + zx = 0 
(c) xyz + x + y + z = 1 
(d) none

Correct Answer is Option (b)

Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce

Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce

Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce

= xy + yz + zx = 0


Example 6. Find θ satisfying the equation, tan 15° . tan 25° . tan 35° = tan 0, where θ ∈ (0, 15°). 

LHS = tan 15° . tan (30° - 5°) . tan (30° + 5°)
let t = tan 30° and m = tan 5°
Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce

Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce

Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce

Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce

 

Example 7. If tan A & tan B are the roots of the quadratic equation, a x2 + b x + c = 0 then evaluate a sin2 (A + B) + b sin (A + B) . cos (A + B) + c cos2 (A + B).

Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce

Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce
Now E = cos2 (A + B) [a tan2 (A + B) + b tan (A + B) + c]
Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce

Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce

Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce


Example 8. Show that cos2A + cos2(A + B) + 2 cosA cos(180° + B) · cos(360° + A + B) is independent of A. Hence find its value when B = 810°.

cos2A + cos2(A + B) - [2 cosA · cosB · cos (A + B)]
= cos2A + cos2(A + B) - [ {cos(A + B) + cos(A - B) } cos (A + B) ]
= cos2A + cos2(A + B) - cos2(A + B) - (cos2A - sin2B)
= sin2B which is independent of A
now,  sin2(810°) = sin2(720° + 90°) = sin290° = 1

Multiple Angles & Sub-Multiple Angles

  • sin 2A = 2 sinA cosA ; sin θ = 2 Sin(θ/2)Cos(θ/2)
  • cos 2A = cos²A - sin²A = 2cos²A - 1 = 1 - 2 sin²A ;
    cos θ= cos² θ/2 - sin² θ/2 = 2cos² θ/2 - 1 = 1 - 2sin² θ/2.
    2 cos²A = 1 + cos 2A , 2sin²A = 1 - cos 2A
    2 cos² θ/2 = 1 + cos θ, 2 sin² θ/2 = 1 - cos θ.
  •  Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce
  • Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce
  • cos 3A = 4 cos3A - 3 cosA
  • sin 3A = 3 sinA - 4 sin3A
  •   Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce

Important Trigonometric Ratios

  1.  Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce
      Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce
      Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce
  2. Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce
      Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce
  3.  Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce
      Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce

Conditional Identities
Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce

If A+B+C = π

  • tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC
  • Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce
  • sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4 sinA sinB sinC
  • sinA + sinB + sinC = 4 cos A/2 Cos B/2 Cos C/2
  • cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = –1 – 4 cos A cos B cos C
  • cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin A/2 sin B/2 sin C/2


Example 10. If A + B + C = π, prove that,
Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce


Solution:

Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce

Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce

Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce
Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce


Example 11. If A + B + C = θ and cotθ = cot A + cot B + cot C, show that , sin(A-θ). sin (B-θ).sin (C-θ)= sin3 θ.


Solution:

Given cot θ = cot A + cot B + cot C or cot θ - cot A = cot B + cot C
Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce

Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce ....(1)

Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce....(2)

Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce....(3)

Multiplying (1) , (2) and (3) we get the result


Example 12. Find whether a triangle ABC can exists with the tangents of its interior angle satisfying, tan A = x, tan B = x + 1 and tan C = 1 - x for some real value of x. Justify your assertion with adequate reasoning.


Solution:

In a triangle ∑ tan A = π tan A (to be proved)
x + x + 1 + 1 – x = x(1 + x)(1 – x)
2 + x = x – x3; x3 = –2, x = -21/3
Hence tanA = x < 0 and tanB = x + 1 = 1 – 21/3 < 0
Hence A and B both are obtuse. Which is not possible in a triangle. Hence no such triangle can exist.


Maximum & Minimum values of Trigonometric Functions

  • Min. value of a2 tan2 θ + b2 cot2θ = 2ab
  • Max and Min. value of acosθ + bsinθ are  Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce
  • If f(θ) = acos(α + q) + bcos(β + q) where a, b, α and β are known quantities then
    Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce
  •   Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce (constant) then the maximum values of the expression cosα cosβ, cosα+ cosβ, sinα + sinβ and sina sinb occurs when α = β = σ/2
  • If A, B, C are the anlges of a triangle then maximum value of sinA + sinB + sinC and sinA sinB sinC occurs when A = B = C = 60º
  • In case a quadratic in sinq or cosq is given then the maximum or minimum values can be interpreted by making a perfect square


Example 13. Find the greatest value of c such that system of equations x2 + y2 = 25; x + y = c has a real solution.

Solution:

Put x = 5 cosθ and y = 5 sinθ

5(cosθ+ sinθ) = c; but (cosθ + sinθ)max = √2 and (cosθ + sinθ)min = – √2

hence, cmax = 5√2


Example 14. Find the minimum and maximum value of f (x, y) = 7x2 + 4xy + 3y2 subjected to x2 + y2 = 1.


Solution:

Let x = cosθ and y = sinθ
y = f (θ) = 7 cos2θ + 4 sin θcosθ + 3 sin2θ = 3 + 2 sin 2q + 2(1 + cos 2θ)
= 5 + 2(sin 2θ + cos 2θ) but -√2 ≤ (sin 2θ + cos 2θ) ≤ √2
ymax = 5 + 2√2 and ymin = 5 – 2√2

The document Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce is a part of the Commerce Course Mathematics (Maths) Class 11.
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FAQs on Important Formulas & Examples: Trigonometric Functions - 1 | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce
1. What are the basic trigonometric identities?
Ans. The basic trigonometric identities include: $\sin^2\theta+\cos^2\theta=1$, $\tan\theta=\frac{\sin\theta}{\cos\theta}$, $\cot\theta=\frac{\cos\theta}{\sin\theta}$, and $\sec\theta=\frac{1}{\cos\theta}$ and $\csc\theta=\frac{1}{\sin\theta}$.
2. What are the important trigonometric ratios?
Ans. The important trigonometric ratios include: sine ratio, cosine ratio, tangent ratio, cotangent ratio, secant ratio, and cosecant ratio.
3. What are the trigonometric functions of sum or difference of two angles?
Ans. The trigonometric functions of sum or difference of two angles include: $\sin(A \pm B)=\sin A\cos B\pm\cos A\sin B$, $\cos(A \pm B)=\cos A\cos B\mp\sin A\sin B$, and $\tan(A \pm B)=\frac{\tan A\pm\tan B}{1\mp\tan A\tan B}$.
4. What are the maximum and minimum values of trigonometric functions?
Ans. The maximum value of sine and cosine functions is 1, and the minimum value is -1. The maximum value of tangent and cotangent functions is undefined, and the minimum value is -∞ to +∞. The maximum value of secant and cosecant functions is -1 and 1, respectively, and the minimum value is -∞ to +∞.
5. What are the conditional identities in trigonometry?
Ans. The conditional identities in trigonometry include: $\sin(-\theta)=-\sin\theta$, $\cos(-\theta)=\cos\theta$, $\tan(-\theta)=-\tan\theta$, $\sin(\pi-\theta)=\sin\theta$, $\cos(\pi-\theta)=-\cos\theta$, and $\tan(\pi-\theta)=-\tan\theta$.
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