Cellulosic Fibres | Chemical Technology - Chemical Engineering PDF Download
Cellulosic Fibres
(Viscose Rayon and Acetate Rayon, Cuprammonium Rayon)
Rayon is derived from French word “rays of light” and was first sold as artificial silk. Rayon is made from cellulose derived from naturally occurring material. The first manufactured cellulosic fibre was invented in France in 1884, however first commercial production was in 1910 by Avtex fibre Inc. in USA
Some of the common rayon are viscose rayon, acetate rayon, cup ammonium rayon. Other rayons are cuprammonium rayon, pyroxylin rayon. some of the natural material based are casein fibre, alginate fibre, vicara, soyabin. fibre Amongst the various rayon viscose rayon is most commonly commercially manufactured rayon and find wide application in textile, tire cord industry. Various types of viscose rayon are regular rayon, High tenacity rayon, high wet modulus (HWM) rayon, Flame retardant rayon, Super adsorbent rayon. Some of the major rayon producing units in India are given in Table M-VIII 8.1. Global demand of viscose fibre is 3,20,000 tonnes per annum.
Table M-VIII 8.1: Indian capacity of Viscose Rayon
Name of the unit | Capacity, Tonnes |
Century rayon | 53,000 |
Kesoram rayon | 17000 |
Indian rayon | 7000 |
National rayon | 13000 |
Baroda rayon | 4500 |
Domestic demand | 54000 |
Table M-VIII 8.2: Application of Viscose Rayon
Yarn | Embroidery, chenille, cord, novelty yarns |
Fabric | Crepe, garardine, suiting, lace, outwear fabrics and lining of coats and outwear |
Apparel | Dresses, blouses, saris, jackets, lingerie, linings, millinery(hats), slacks, sport shirts, sports-wear, suit, ties, work cloth |
Domestic textiles | Bead spreads, Bed sheets, blankets, curtain, draperies, slip covers, table cloths, up hosiery |
Industrial textiles | High tenacity rayon is used as reinforcement to mechanical rubber goods(tires, conveyor belts, hoses) applications within aerospace, agricultural textile industries, braided cord, tapes |
| Miscellaneous | Sausage casing, cellophane, feminine hygiene |
Raw Material
Cellulose, NaOH, Carbon disulfide, Sulfuric acid, Titanium dioxide to delustre the yarn, sodium sulfide, sodium sulfite, sodium hypochlorite additives. Cellulose is obtained from rayon grade pulp or cotton linter.
Rayon grade Pulp: Rayon grade (also called dissolving pulp) is high cellulose content pulp. wood pulp is major source of rayon grade pulp. During production of rayon grade pulp more drastic condition is used to obtain high quality dissolving pulp. During selection of raw materials process conditions in pulping and bleaching, pulping and bleaching chemicals and further processing of pulp special precaution is taken.
Raw Material for per Tonne of rayon fibres
Pulp 1030 kg
NaOH 650 kg
H2SO4 960 kg
CS2 330 kg
Zinc sulphate 30 kg
Bleach Chemical 50 kg
Coal 6250 kg
Water 600 m3
Power 2000 kg
Process Steps: Details of manufacturing process of viscose rayon is given in Table M-VIII 8.3. Figure M-VIII 8.1 show the process manufacture of Viscose rayon. Various steps involved in manufacture of viscose rayon are:
Table M-VIII 8.3: Process Details of Viscose Rayon Manufacturing
Production of cellulose | Cellulose used in the manufacture of viscose rayon is alpha cellulose. Cellulose is obtained from pulping of wood/bamboo where special care is taken in pulping and bleaching so that the pulp is of higher strength with high cellulose content |
Steeping | This involves pulp sheets are placed in steeping compartment and reacted with18-20% NaOH at 20-22oC for about 1-4 hr. Purpose of steeping is
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Pressing | This is done to remove excess liquid. |
Shredding and white crumb | The alkali cellulose obtained after pressing are fed to shredder at about 28oC for 90-120min.This involves shredding of pressing sheet to produce white crumb which is fluffy which allow air to penetrate effectively. |
Aging | After shredding the white crumb are aged to bring down degree of |
| polymerization. This involves aging of crumb through exposure of white crumb to oxygen. It helps in maintaining proper viscosity. |
Xanthation | After ageing, the soda cellulose crumbs are fed into a air tight rotating churns The process involves treatment of white crumb with carbon disulphide under controlled condition at 20-30oC to form a cellulose xanthate. This is called yellow crumb. The yellow crumb is dissolved in caustic solution to form viscose. |
Ripening, filtering and de-aeration | The process involves ripening of viscose by keeping for 4-5 days at 10- 18oC which varies according to type of fiber being made. Ripeness measured by Hotteen number. After ripening the ripen viscose is filtered and degassing is done to remove air bubbles |
Spinning of the Viscose | Spinning of viscose is done by wet spinning by passing through spinerrate in acid bath resulting in formation of rayon filament. Spinning Bath Sulfuric acid 10 parts Sodium sulfate 18 parts Glucose 2 parts Zinc sulfate 1 part Water 69 part Sodium sulfate precipitates sodium cellulose xanthate into filament form and acid converts it into cellulose. Zinc sulfate gives added strength. Further processing involves washing desulphurising, bleaching conditioning and drying |
Drawing and cutting | Drawing is the process of stretching the rayon filament which straighten out the fibres. The continuous yarn is cut into for producing staple fibres. |
Crimping | The staple fibre is made like wool by crimper. Sarille is crimped viscose staple having wool like fabrics |
Dyeing of Viscose rayon | Viscose rayon has high affinity dye and can be dye easly with cotton dyes. |
Figure M-VIII 8.1: Process flow diagram for Viscose Rayon Manufacture
Variables in Spinning:
- Temperature and composition of bath.
- Speed of coagulation
- Length of immersion
- Speed of spinning
- Stretch imparted
Poly Sonic FIbres(VINCEL, ZANTREL): Polysonic fibres are new kind of viscose rayon and have uniformity, length luster and microfibrillar structure. During the process steps are taken to maintain higher degree of polymerization by reducing the severity of chemical processing. During the initial stage cellulose sheets bathed in weaker caustic soda. Higher degree of polymeristion ( around 500-700 against viscose rayon around 250) is achieved by precipitating the viscose gently and slowly. The fibre is much like cotton
Acetate Rayon
The purified cotton linters or cellulose is fed to the acetylator containing acetic anhydride and acetic acid and conc. Sulphuric acid and acelylation is carried out at 25-30oC. The reaction mixture called acid dope is allowed for ripening for about 10-20 hrs. During reopening conversion of acetate groups takes place. After reopening, the mixture is diluted with water with continuous stirring. During the process flakes acetate rayon is precipitated which is dried and send to spinning bath where dry spinning of acetate rayon takes place by dissolving in solvent and passing trough spinnerated. The solvent is evaporates by hot air. The dope coming from the spinnerate is passed downwards to feed roller and finally to bobbin where spinning is done at higher speed.
Raw Material
Purified cotton linters, wood pulp, acetic anhydride, acetic acid and sulfuric acid.
Process Steps
Activation with Acetic Acid: The process involves steeping of purified cotton in acetic acid which makes. Swelling and makes cellulose more reactive
Acetylation: The pretreated cotton with acetic acid is then acetylated with excess acetic acid, acetic anhydride, with sulphuric acid to promote the reaction.
- One part of purified cellulose
- Three part of acetic anhydride
- Five parts of acetic acid
- Sulfuric acid 0.1 part (as catalyst)
- Reaction exothermic
- Temperature 20 oC for the first hour
- 25-30oC for the next 7-8 h
Hydrolysis of Triacetate: The triacetate formed is hydrolysed to convert triacetate to diacetate. The resultant mixture is poured in water to precipitate the cellulose acetate DP 350-400
2.35 – 2.4 acetyl groups per anhydro glucose unit.
Spinning: Secondary acetate is dissolved in acetone, fitered, dearerated and passed through spinerrate in hot air environment, which evaporates the solvent.
Economical Production
- Low cost and availability of acetic acid and acetic anhydride
- Recovery of acetic acid
- Recovery of acetone
Process flow diagram for the manufacture of acetate Rayon is given in Figure M-VIII 8.2
Properties: Tenacity 1.4 g/denser, M.P. 230oC and decompose when melted, readily soluble in acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl acetate, ethyl acetone, chloroform, ethylene chloride.
Figure M-VIII 8.2: Process flow diagram for the manufacture of Acetate rayon
Cupraammonium Rayon: Cupraammonium rayon is made from reaction of Cellulose with copper salt and ammonia. After bleaching celullose is added in ammonical solution of copper sulphate resulting in formation of cuprammonium cellulose which is spun into water and the yarn is washed with acid to remove traces of ammonia and dried. Process flow diagram for the manufacture of cuprammoium rayon is given in Figure M-VIII 8.3.
Figure M-VIII 8.3: Process flow diagram for the manufacture of
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Dec 28, 2024 Last updated |
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