Page 1
CHANGING ROLES OF THE ARABIAN SEA
The sea has been a permanent and decisive factor in the history of
Kerala.It has invested the State with a maritime tradition of its own.The Kerala
coast has attracted foreign traders from Europe and Asia from very early days.In
view of its extensive seacoast Kerala has been served by a number of sea ports
the relative importance of which has fluctuated from age to age.The most
important Seaports of ancient Kerala through which commercial and cultural
contacts were kept up with foreign countries were Muziris, Tyndis, Barace and
Nelcynda.Such ports as Quilon, Calicut and Cochin came into prominence in
later periods of Kerala History. It was the extensive seacoast washed by the
waters of the Arabian Sea that exposed Kerala to the onslaughts of the maritime
powers of Europe like the Portuguese, the Dutch, the French and the English
ever since the landing of Vasco da Gama at Calicut in 1498.The remnants of the
European forts which may be seen at such places as Anjengo, Tankasseri,
Pallipuram, Tellicherry and Cannanore on the Kerala coast proclaim even today
the story of these foreign invasions. Nevertheless, in the ancient and early
medieval periods the contacts by sea between Kerala and the outside world had
been mainly commercial and cultural in character.It is significant that such
religions as Judaism, Christianity and Islam came to Kerala by sea.Thus the
isolation to which Kerala was subjected by the Western Ghats lying on its
eastern borders was more than compensated by the extensive foreign contacts
facilitated by its lond seacoast on the west.
CLIMATE AND RAINFALL.
Kerala falls in the region of tropical monsoon climate. On the basis of
hydrometeorological conditions, four seasons are identified namely,
premonsoon or hot weather period (MarchMay), Southwest monsoon (June
73
Page 2
CHANGING ROLES OF THE ARABIAN SEA
The sea has been a permanent and decisive factor in the history of
Kerala.It has invested the State with a maritime tradition of its own.The Kerala
coast has attracted foreign traders from Europe and Asia from very early days.In
view of its extensive seacoast Kerala has been served by a number of sea ports
the relative importance of which has fluctuated from age to age.The most
important Seaports of ancient Kerala through which commercial and cultural
contacts were kept up with foreign countries were Muziris, Tyndis, Barace and
Nelcynda.Such ports as Quilon, Calicut and Cochin came into prominence in
later periods of Kerala History. It was the extensive seacoast washed by the
waters of the Arabian Sea that exposed Kerala to the onslaughts of the maritime
powers of Europe like the Portuguese, the Dutch, the French and the English
ever since the landing of Vasco da Gama at Calicut in 1498.The remnants of the
European forts which may be seen at such places as Anjengo, Tankasseri,
Pallipuram, Tellicherry and Cannanore on the Kerala coast proclaim even today
the story of these foreign invasions. Nevertheless, in the ancient and early
medieval periods the contacts by sea between Kerala and the outside world had
been mainly commercial and cultural in character.It is significant that such
religions as Judaism, Christianity and Islam came to Kerala by sea.Thus the
isolation to which Kerala was subjected by the Western Ghats lying on its
eastern borders was more than compensated by the extensive foreign contacts
facilitated by its lond seacoast on the west.
CLIMATE AND RAINFALL.
Kerala falls in the region of tropical monsoon climate. On the basis of
hydrometeorological conditions, four seasons are identified namely,
premonsoon or hot weather period (MarchMay), Southwest monsoon (June
73
September), Northeast monsoon (OctoberDecember) and winter (January
February). The Southwest monsoon constitutes the principal and primary rainy
season which gives 75% of the annual rainfall while Northeast monsoon provides
a secondary rainy season. The winter months are characterized by minimum
clouds and rainfall, and the premonsoon is a period of increasing thunderstorm
activity. The total annual rainfall of the state varies from about 4500 mm in the
northern Kerala to about 2000 mm in the south (average 3010 mm).The
Ernakulam (3210mm) and Trissur District (3160mm) receive rainfall a little
above the state average.The atmospheric temperature is maximum (.>32
o
C)
during premonsoon period and from June onwards it gradually decreases due to
heavy rainfall. An increasing trend of temperature is noticed again during
OctoberNovember.
Our knowledge about the palaeoclimate of Kerala is very limited, for
researches in the area are in a desideratum as yet. On the basis of the
planktonic foraminiferal (Micro size life forms that float on water) frequency
changes four intervals of major climatic cooling have been recognized in Indian
Ocean region, one in late Pliocene (23 my B.P.), and three in the Pleistocene; i.e.
at 1.6 my (immediately above the PliocenePleistocene foundary), at 0.6 my and
during the late Pleistocene. A detailed account of oceanographic and climatic
changes during late Quaternary period worked out on the basis of the temporal
variation in the composition of faunal assemblages from inner shelf sediments
offKerala coast, is available now. The account shows a weak upwelling in
association with a weak monsoon between 23000 and 18000yrs B.P. However,
the intensity of upwelling and monsoonal strength had increased gradually
around 1800015000 yrs B.P. followed by a brief interval of weak monsoon. A
strong monsoon from 12000 to 10000 yrs B.P. has also been predicted.The
Southwest monsoon was weaker around 5000 yrs B.P. with minor fluctuations
in its strength.
Based on pollen analysis of core samples from sediments offCochin, a
lesser mangrove pollen from 22000 to 18000 yrs B.P. suggesting dry climatic
condition has been observed (Van Campo, 1980). However, a good frequency of
74
Page 3
CHANGING ROLES OF THE ARABIAN SEA
The sea has been a permanent and decisive factor in the history of
Kerala.It has invested the State with a maritime tradition of its own.The Kerala
coast has attracted foreign traders from Europe and Asia from very early days.In
view of its extensive seacoast Kerala has been served by a number of sea ports
the relative importance of which has fluctuated from age to age.The most
important Seaports of ancient Kerala through which commercial and cultural
contacts were kept up with foreign countries were Muziris, Tyndis, Barace and
Nelcynda.Such ports as Quilon, Calicut and Cochin came into prominence in
later periods of Kerala History. It was the extensive seacoast washed by the
waters of the Arabian Sea that exposed Kerala to the onslaughts of the maritime
powers of Europe like the Portuguese, the Dutch, the French and the English
ever since the landing of Vasco da Gama at Calicut in 1498.The remnants of the
European forts which may be seen at such places as Anjengo, Tankasseri,
Pallipuram, Tellicherry and Cannanore on the Kerala coast proclaim even today
the story of these foreign invasions. Nevertheless, in the ancient and early
medieval periods the contacts by sea between Kerala and the outside world had
been mainly commercial and cultural in character.It is significant that such
religions as Judaism, Christianity and Islam came to Kerala by sea.Thus the
isolation to which Kerala was subjected by the Western Ghats lying on its
eastern borders was more than compensated by the extensive foreign contacts
facilitated by its lond seacoast on the west.
CLIMATE AND RAINFALL.
Kerala falls in the region of tropical monsoon climate. On the basis of
hydrometeorological conditions, four seasons are identified namely,
premonsoon or hot weather period (MarchMay), Southwest monsoon (June
73
September), Northeast monsoon (OctoberDecember) and winter (January
February). The Southwest monsoon constitutes the principal and primary rainy
season which gives 75% of the annual rainfall while Northeast monsoon provides
a secondary rainy season. The winter months are characterized by minimum
clouds and rainfall, and the premonsoon is a period of increasing thunderstorm
activity. The total annual rainfall of the state varies from about 4500 mm in the
northern Kerala to about 2000 mm in the south (average 3010 mm).The
Ernakulam (3210mm) and Trissur District (3160mm) receive rainfall a little
above the state average.The atmospheric temperature is maximum (.>32
o
C)
during premonsoon period and from June onwards it gradually decreases due to
heavy rainfall. An increasing trend of temperature is noticed again during
OctoberNovember.
Our knowledge about the palaeoclimate of Kerala is very limited, for
researches in the area are in a desideratum as yet. On the basis of the
planktonic foraminiferal (Micro size life forms that float on water) frequency
changes four intervals of major climatic cooling have been recognized in Indian
Ocean region, one in late Pliocene (23 my B.P.), and three in the Pleistocene; i.e.
at 1.6 my (immediately above the PliocenePleistocene foundary), at 0.6 my and
during the late Pleistocene. A detailed account of oceanographic and climatic
changes during late Quaternary period worked out on the basis of the temporal
variation in the composition of faunal assemblages from inner shelf sediments
offKerala coast, is available now. The account shows a weak upwelling in
association with a weak monsoon between 23000 and 18000yrs B.P. However,
the intensity of upwelling and monsoonal strength had increased gradually
around 1800015000 yrs B.P. followed by a brief interval of weak monsoon. A
strong monsoon from 12000 to 10000 yrs B.P. has also been predicted.The
Southwest monsoon was weaker around 5000 yrs B.P. with minor fluctuations
in its strength.
Based on pollen analysis of core samples from sediments offCochin, a
lesser mangrove pollen from 22000 to 18000 yrs B.P. suggesting dry climatic
condition has been observed (Van Campo, 1980). However, a good frequency of
74
mangrove taxa of around 11000 yrs B.P.suggesting humid climatic conditions
has been recorded. The decline of mangrove vegetation after 6000 yrs, B.P. is
largely attributed to biotic influence. Based on carbon isotopic record of tropical
peats of Nilgiris, it has been suggested that the predominance of C4 plants was
due to a very arid phase and weak monsoons during LGM i.e. 20000 – 16000
B.P. The early Holocene (100006000 years B.P) is again marked by a shift
towards C4 vegetation, indicating a progressively more arid climate.
Notwithstanding the limited nature of scientific observations some facts
about the winds of Kerala can be presented.The curious persistence with which
the wind flows from the Northwest even in the socalled Southwest monsoon, is
noticeable.The explanation is that the monsoon current, which approaches the
Peninsula of India from an almost westerly direction, there encounters an
elevated land surface, the trend of which is toward the SouthSoutheast, and,
though a considerable portion surmounts the ghats and enters India, yet a large
part of the surface air is deflected southwards and becomes a northwesterly
wind.Originating in the Indian Ocean between Australia and Malagasi the
monsoon winds blow Southwest for six months and Northeast for the remaining
portion of the year.Towards the end of the month of May when the sun is in the
northern hemisphere the higher plateau gets over heated and as a result of this,
the atmospheric pressure of the region lowers.This makes the air above the
southern sea move northward to the continent.Thus is formed the monsoon
wind.When these winds reach equatorial Africa they get tilted eastwards
unobstructedly, reaching straight to the Malabar coast of India.These winds
have been a regular phenomenon.
The Southwest monsoon breaks early in June and after the first violent
burst persistent rain sets in.On the coast the air current is steady rather than
strong.But inland as it advances nearer to the Palakkad Gap, its velocity
increases, and furious gusts sweeps the rain along almost parallel with the
ground.In September the current grows weak, and from October onwards
growing stronger as the weather gets hotter, land winds blow at night and in the
mornings. In the month of February, March and April a hot wind rushes in the
75
Page 4
CHANGING ROLES OF THE ARABIAN SEA
The sea has been a permanent and decisive factor in the history of
Kerala.It has invested the State with a maritime tradition of its own.The Kerala
coast has attracted foreign traders from Europe and Asia from very early days.In
view of its extensive seacoast Kerala has been served by a number of sea ports
the relative importance of which has fluctuated from age to age.The most
important Seaports of ancient Kerala through which commercial and cultural
contacts were kept up with foreign countries were Muziris, Tyndis, Barace and
Nelcynda.Such ports as Quilon, Calicut and Cochin came into prominence in
later periods of Kerala History. It was the extensive seacoast washed by the
waters of the Arabian Sea that exposed Kerala to the onslaughts of the maritime
powers of Europe like the Portuguese, the Dutch, the French and the English
ever since the landing of Vasco da Gama at Calicut in 1498.The remnants of the
European forts which may be seen at such places as Anjengo, Tankasseri,
Pallipuram, Tellicherry and Cannanore on the Kerala coast proclaim even today
the story of these foreign invasions. Nevertheless, in the ancient and early
medieval periods the contacts by sea between Kerala and the outside world had
been mainly commercial and cultural in character.It is significant that such
religions as Judaism, Christianity and Islam came to Kerala by sea.Thus the
isolation to which Kerala was subjected by the Western Ghats lying on its
eastern borders was more than compensated by the extensive foreign contacts
facilitated by its lond seacoast on the west.
CLIMATE AND RAINFALL.
Kerala falls in the region of tropical monsoon climate. On the basis of
hydrometeorological conditions, four seasons are identified namely,
premonsoon or hot weather period (MarchMay), Southwest monsoon (June
73
September), Northeast monsoon (OctoberDecember) and winter (January
February). The Southwest monsoon constitutes the principal and primary rainy
season which gives 75% of the annual rainfall while Northeast monsoon provides
a secondary rainy season. The winter months are characterized by minimum
clouds and rainfall, and the premonsoon is a period of increasing thunderstorm
activity. The total annual rainfall of the state varies from about 4500 mm in the
northern Kerala to about 2000 mm in the south (average 3010 mm).The
Ernakulam (3210mm) and Trissur District (3160mm) receive rainfall a little
above the state average.The atmospheric temperature is maximum (.>32
o
C)
during premonsoon period and from June onwards it gradually decreases due to
heavy rainfall. An increasing trend of temperature is noticed again during
OctoberNovember.
Our knowledge about the palaeoclimate of Kerala is very limited, for
researches in the area are in a desideratum as yet. On the basis of the
planktonic foraminiferal (Micro size life forms that float on water) frequency
changes four intervals of major climatic cooling have been recognized in Indian
Ocean region, one in late Pliocene (23 my B.P.), and three in the Pleistocene; i.e.
at 1.6 my (immediately above the PliocenePleistocene foundary), at 0.6 my and
during the late Pleistocene. A detailed account of oceanographic and climatic
changes during late Quaternary period worked out on the basis of the temporal
variation in the composition of faunal assemblages from inner shelf sediments
offKerala coast, is available now. The account shows a weak upwelling in
association with a weak monsoon between 23000 and 18000yrs B.P. However,
the intensity of upwelling and monsoonal strength had increased gradually
around 1800015000 yrs B.P. followed by a brief interval of weak monsoon. A
strong monsoon from 12000 to 10000 yrs B.P. has also been predicted.The
Southwest monsoon was weaker around 5000 yrs B.P. with minor fluctuations
in its strength.
Based on pollen analysis of core samples from sediments offCochin, a
lesser mangrove pollen from 22000 to 18000 yrs B.P. suggesting dry climatic
condition has been observed (Van Campo, 1980). However, a good frequency of
74
mangrove taxa of around 11000 yrs B.P.suggesting humid climatic conditions
has been recorded. The decline of mangrove vegetation after 6000 yrs, B.P. is
largely attributed to biotic influence. Based on carbon isotopic record of tropical
peats of Nilgiris, it has been suggested that the predominance of C4 plants was
due to a very arid phase and weak monsoons during LGM i.e. 20000 – 16000
B.P. The early Holocene (100006000 years B.P) is again marked by a shift
towards C4 vegetation, indicating a progressively more arid climate.
Notwithstanding the limited nature of scientific observations some facts
about the winds of Kerala can be presented.The curious persistence with which
the wind flows from the Northwest even in the socalled Southwest monsoon, is
noticeable.The explanation is that the monsoon current, which approaches the
Peninsula of India from an almost westerly direction, there encounters an
elevated land surface, the trend of which is toward the SouthSoutheast, and,
though a considerable portion surmounts the ghats and enters India, yet a large
part of the surface air is deflected southwards and becomes a northwesterly
wind.Originating in the Indian Ocean between Australia and Malagasi the
monsoon winds blow Southwest for six months and Northeast for the remaining
portion of the year.Towards the end of the month of May when the sun is in the
northern hemisphere the higher plateau gets over heated and as a result of this,
the atmospheric pressure of the region lowers.This makes the air above the
southern sea move northward to the continent.Thus is formed the monsoon
wind.When these winds reach equatorial Africa they get tilted eastwards
unobstructedly, reaching straight to the Malabar coast of India.These winds
have been a regular phenomenon.
The Southwest monsoon breaks early in June and after the first violent
burst persistent rain sets in.On the coast the air current is steady rather than
strong.But inland as it advances nearer to the Palakkad Gap, its velocity
increases, and furious gusts sweeps the rain along almost parallel with the
ground.In September the current grows weak, and from October onwards
growing stronger as the weather gets hotter, land winds blow at night and in the
mornings. In the month of February, March and April a hot wind rushes in the
75
Palakkad region from the burning plains of Coimbatore.The Northwest monsoon
sometimes fails, the Southwest never; and, the latter brings three quarters of the
rainfall to the Malabar region.
76
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