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Forces & Changing Shape

  • For stationary objects, more than one force has to be applied to change their shape
  • Their shape can change by:
    • Stretching (forces in opposite directions away from the object)
    • Bending (forces that distort the object)
    • Compressing (forces in opposite directions towards the object)
  • A combination of all three shape changes can also occur

Compression

  • An example of compression is placing a mass on top of a spring placed on a flat surface
  • The two forces are:
  • The weight of the mass
    • The reaction force from the surface to the spring
  • These two forces are towards each other
    The compression or stretching of a spring requires two forces
    The compression or stretching of a spring requires two forces

Stretching

  • An example of stretching is placing a mass on the bottom of a vertically hanging spring
    • The two forces are:
    • The weight of the mass
  • The tension in the spring
  • These two forces are away from each other
    • These opposite forces are a result of Newton's Third Law

Bending

  • An example of bending is a diving board bending when a swimmer stands at the far end
    • The two forces are:
    • The weight of the swimmer
  • The reaction force from the block to the dividing board
  • These two forces act towards each other, but at different points on the object
  • Bending can also be caused by two forces at an angle to each other
    Forces on a diving board cause it to be bend when a swimmer stands on one end
    Forces on a diving board cause it to be bend when a swimmer stands on one end

More than one force on an object can cause it to bendMore than one force on an object can cause it to bend

  • When some objects, such as springs or rubber bands, are stretched they will return to their original shape and length once the forces are removed
    • Other materials, such as plastic, remain permanently distorted (stretched)
      Elastic materials return to their original shape and size after stretching whilst plastic materials don’t

      Elastic materials return to their original shape and size after stretching whilst plastic materials don’t

  • A change of shape is called a deformation and can either be:
  • Elastic
  • Inelastic

Elastic Deformation

  • Elastic deformation occurs:
    When objects return to their original shape when the stretching force is removed
  • Examples of materials that undergo elastic deformation are:
    • Rubber bands
    • Fabrics
    • Steel springs

Inelastic Deformation

  • Inelastic deformation occurs:
    • When objects remain stretched and do not return completely to their original shape even when the stretching force is removed
  • Examples of materials that undergo inelastic deformation are:
    • Plastic
    • Clay
    • Glass
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