Fluid Properties - Notes | Study Mechanical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Mechanical Engineering

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FLUID PROPERTIES

Definition of Fluids:- A fluid is a substance which flow continuously under the action of shear force (however small the force may be), as long as shear force is there the fluid moves or deforms.
E.g: - Liquids, gases, vapour etc.
For a static fluid shear force = 0 

  • Density or mass density (S):- Mass per unit volume of a fluid is called its density
    s = (m/v)
  • Density of water is maximum at 4ºC. 
  • Density of water at 4ºC = 1000 kg/m3.
     
  • Ideal Fluid (Perfect Fluid)
    • Non-viscous, friction less & incompressible. 
    • Does not offer shear resistance against flow. 
    • Bulk modulus is infinite 
    • Used in mathematical analysis and flow problems. 
    • Ideal fluid has no surface tension
       
  • Real Fluid 
    • Possess the properties such as viscosity, surface tension and compressibility. 
    • Offers resistance against flow.
       
  • Specific gravity (G or S)
    • G or S = Density of substance / Density of water at 40C
    • Specific gravity for water is 1.0 at 4ºC and  that of mercury is 13.6  
    • Specific gravity varies with temperature therefore it should be determined at specified temperature (4ºC)
       
  • Specific weight (unit weight) or weight density (g')
    g'=rg
    r = mass density
    g = due to gravity, acceleration
     

Newton's Law of Viscosity

 Fluid Properties - Notes | Study Mechanical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Mechanical Engineering

Fluid Properties - Notes | Study Mechanical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Mechanical Engineering

 

Non-Newtonian Fluids 

Fluid Properties - Notes | Study Mechanical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Mechanical Engineering

  • These do not follow Newton's law of viscosity. The relation between shear sterss and velocity gradient is

Fluid Properties - Notes | Study Mechanical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Mechanical Engineering

Where A and B are constants depending upon type of fluid and condition of flow.(i) For Dilatant Fluids: n > 1 & B = 0
Ex. Butter, Quick sand
(ii) For Bingham Plastic Fluids: n = 1 & B ¹ 0 Ex. Sewage sludge, Drilling mud These fluids always have certain minimum shear stress before they yield.
(iii) For Pseudoplastic Fluids: n < 1 & B = 0 Ex. Paper pulp, Rubber solution, Lipsticks, Paints, Blood, Polymetric solution etc.
(iv) For Thixotropic Fluids : n < 1 & B ¹ 0 Viscosity increase with time.
Ex. Printers ink and Enamels.
(v) For Rheopectic Fluids: n > 1 & B ¹ 0 Viscosity decreases with time
Ex. Gypsum solution in water & Bentonite solution.

 Fluid Properties - Notes | Study Mechanical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Mechanical Engineering

  • Viscosity 
    • Due to viscosity a fluid offers resistance to flow. It is due to cohesion and intermolecular attraction.
      (i) Dynamic Viscosity ( m) Its SI unit is Pascal second or N-s/m2 Its CGS unit is Poise = Dyne-sec/cm2 1 poise = 0.1 N–s/m2
      (ii) Kinematic Viscosity
       Fluid Properties - Notes | Study Mechanical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Mechanical Engineering

Its SI unit is m2/s.
Its CGS unit is cm2/s or stoke
1 Stoke = 10–4 m2/s 

  • Viscosity of liquids decrease with temperature whereas viscosity of gases increase with temperature. 
  • fluids with increasing order of viscosity are air, gasoline, water, crude oil, castor oil. 
  • Viscosity of water at 1ºc is 1 centipoise. 
  • Viscosity of fluids is due to cohesion and molecular momentum transfer.
     
  • Surface Tension (S) 
    • Surface tensions is due to cohesion only. 
    • Surface tension decrease with increase in temperature and it alos act when fluid is at rest 
    • It is a surface phenomenon 
    • At critical point liquid and vapour are at same state thus suface tension is zero swater = 0.0736 N/m at 20ºC
      Smercury = 4.51 N/m
    • (i) Pressure inside a liquid drop, in excess of atmospheric pressure                                                                          

p= 4s/d,                                                                                                                                             where s is surface tension d is dia. of drop                                                                               

  • (ii)Pressure inside a soap bubble, in excess of atmospheric pressure
    p= 8s/d                                                                                                                                                                                
  • (iii) Pressure inside jct                                                                                                                                                      

     p = 2s/d

  • Capillary Action 
    • Capillary action is due to adhesion and cohesion, both.
    • Height of water in capillary tube

Fluid Properties - Notes | Study Mechanical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Mechanical Engineering

where,
g = Specific weight,
h = rise in capillary

ρ = density of fluid
S = surface tension of water & glass
r = radius of tube
θ = angle of contact between the liquid and the material
θ — 0º for water and glass
θ — 128º for mercury and glass

For capillary action dia of tube should be less than 3cm. 

  • When a liquid surface supports another liquid of density " rb ", then rise in capillary is given as

 Fluid Properties - Notes | Study Mechanical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Mechanical Engineering

 Compressibility 

  • It refers to change in volume/density due to change in pressure. 
  • The compressibility reciprocal of bulk modulus of elasticity (K).

Compressibility  = 1/k

  • In compressible fluids the velocity of sound is given by

 Fluid Properties - Notes | Study Mechanical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Mechanical Engineering

C = velocity of sound in fluid
K = Bulk modulus of fluid

The document Fluid Properties - Notes | Study Mechanical Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Mechanical Engineering is a part of the Mechanical Engineering Course Mechanical Engineering SSC JE (Technical).
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