It is a science of energy transfer and its effect on the properties of a system.
A system is a region containing energy and/or matter that is separated from its surroundings by arbitrarily imposed walls or boundaries. In a thermodynamic analysis, the system is the subject of the investigation.
Everything external to the system is the surroundings.
A boundary is a closed surface surrounding a system through which energy and mass may enter or leave the system.
Closed system
Open System
Isolated system (Special case of Closed system)
An isolated system is a thermodynamic system that cannot exchange either energy or matter outside the boundaries of the system. There are two ways in which this may occur:
An extensive property is a property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample. The mass of an object is a measure of the amount of matter that an object contains.
An intensive property is a property of matter that depends only on the type of matter in a sample and not on the amount.
Example: colour, temperature, density, and solubility.
Example: Heat transfer to finite temperature difference, Free expansion.
A system will be in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium if the condition for the following three types of equilibrium is satisfied.
(i) Mechanical equilibrium
The net force on a system should be 0, i.e. all the forces should be balanced.
(ii) Chemical equilibrium
All the chemical reactions occurring inside a system should cease after reaching an equilibrium state.
(iii) Thermal equilibrium
There should be no heat transfer between the system and surroundings.
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